Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to release energy. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products and produces more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, the electron transport chain uses these carriers to power ATP synthase and produce the majority of ATP from glucose through chemiosmosis. In total, the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule via cellular respiration can produce up to 36 ATP molecules.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Calorie The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1oC. On food labels, “Calorie” is a kilocalorie of 1000 calories.
3. Glycolysis It is the beginning process of our food “burning” to release energy. Begins process of respiration and releases a small amount of energy that leads to 2 other processes that release A LOT of energy.
4. What is Cellular Respiration? The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. There Are 3 Steps: Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport
6. Glycolysis It is a process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid and a 3 – carbon sugar.
7. ATP & Glycolysis The process releases energy, but needs a boost to get started. It takes 2 ATP’s to start glycolysis. 4 ATP’s are produced at the end. NET ATP after glycolysis = __________
8. NADH Production One of the reactions of glycolysis removes four high energy electrons and passes them to NAD+. NADH then holds those electrons with their energy.
9. Energy Output of Glycolysis The process is so fast, it can produce thousands of ATP in milliseconds. Glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen, so it can supply chemical energy to cells when oxygen is not available. PROBLEM: All the NAD+ becomes filled up with electrons and cells run out.
11. Step 1 Two phosphates are added to glucose to with an ATP investment of 2 molecules.
12. Step 2 The 2 phosphate sugar molecule is then split to form 2, 3 carbon molecules.
13. Step 3 The two phosphate, 3 carbon molecules are then converted to 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid). As this occurs electrons are transferred to NAD+ to form NADH. ATP is also formed.
15. Kreb’s Cycle After glycolysis, 90% of of the chemical energy from glucose is still left. For the Kreb’s Cycle, oxygen is necessary. The pyruvic acid will be further broken down into CO2 in a series of energy extracting steps.
16. Step 1 (Citric Acid Production) The pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and loses a CO2 molecule. The 2 carbons left attach to coenzyme A to from Acetyl CoA. The Acetyl CoA is actually what enters the Krebs Cycle.
17. Step 1 -cont- The 2 C acetyl CoA then joins with a 4 carbon molecule to make Citric Acid.
18. Step 2 The citric acid is broken down, releasing more CO2. One ATP is produced. ⌘ 3 NADH and 1 FADH is converted to FADH2 There is now a 4 carbon molecule left.
19. The Krebs Cycle must occur 2 times in order to break down both of the pyruvicaicds that were created during glycolysis.
20. NADH & FADH2 Both these molecules are electron carriers that trap most of the energy from the Krebs cycle.
21. Electron TransportOccurs in inner Membrane of Mitochondria First Step The electrons from the original glucose molecule are moved to an electron transport chain using NADH. (Electrons move to carriers that they have a stronger attraction for.)
22. Step 1 – cont. – These transfers along the chain release energy. This energy is used to pump H+ ions into the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The electrons in the chain are “pulled” toward oxygen and once there the oxygen, electrons and hydrogen combine to form water.
23. Step 2 Those H+ ions then rush back out of the membrane through ATP synthases. This energy is used to then to convert ADP to ATP. Up to 36 ATP’s can be made from one glucose molecule.