Capsicum is a cool season crop suitable for protected cultivation in greenhouses. It has high yields of 100-120 t/ha compared to open field yields of 20-40 t/ha. Hybrid varieties with thick fleshy fruits like Indira, Mahabharat and Orobelle are well-suited for greenhouse production. Seedlings are raised in nursery beds and transplanted to growing beds in greenhouses at a spacing of 45x30 cm. Drip irrigation and fertigation are provided. Pruning and training plants on twine supports maintains 4-6 fruiting branches per plant. Harvesting starts at 60 days and continues until plants cease bearing at 180-270 days. Yields of 10-12 kg/
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
cultivation practices in Potato, true potato seed (TPS)and its commercial usageBrahmesh Reddy B R
the presentation gives in brief idea and in depth information on cultivation practices in the horticultural crop of potato and its production through true potato seed technique. the physiological disorders in potato and irradiation in potato are also been explained
It is a minor vegetable crop ,can be used in place of cucumber as salad ,still lot of work possibility are there in standardization of inputs in this crop .
Production technology of vigna mungo,mash beanscience book
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Introduction
• Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) also known as bell
pepper or sweet pepper , leading vegetable grown in green houses
• It is rich in vitamin A, C and minerals
• Gaining popularity in peri-urban production systems because of easy
access to urban markets
• Yield gap between (field 20-40 t/ha) and (greenhouse 100-120 t/ha)
• Superior quality, substantial reduction in the use of pesticides and eco-
friendly proposition
• Mainly grown in HP, UP, MH, KA and hilly regions of TN
3. Climate
• Capsicum is a cool season crop and day temperature less
than 30°C is favourable
• Higher temperature results in rapid plant growth and affects
fruit set
• Ideal temperature for flowering is 26-28°C day and 16-18°C
night
• Shading is required during summer to avoid temperature
build up in the greenhouses and moderately high RH
(50-60%) is preferred
4. Soil
• Red or sandy loam soil
• Soil with pH of 5.5-6.8 is ideal
• High acidic soil reclaimed by using lime
• Capsicum has bidirectional root system, so soil
should be loose
5. Hybrids
• Hybrids with indeterminate growth habit, as these hybrids
grow to a height of 2 m and above
• Commercial hybrids with a yield potential up to 100t/ha
and more are suitable for greenhouse cultivation.
• Capsicum fruits with Green, Yellow, Red, Orange and
recently Black colours are in great demand in urban
markets
7. SELECTION OF VARIETIES
• Thick fleshed best for roasting and cooking,
• thinner - suitable for eating as raw.
• Four lobbed peppers with square shapes are more suitable
• Green and violet are the strongest in flavour
• Yellow, red and orange coloured are milder and sweeter.
• Nun-3020 (Yellow), Nun-3019 (Red), Bharat, Mahabharat (both red),
Golden Summer (yellow), Bomby (red), Orobellee (yellow), Indira (red),
Heera (red) and Tanvi etc.
8. IIHR, Bangalore
• Indeterminate plant habit
• Thick fleshed, 2-3 lobed conical
fruits
• Average fruit weight 50-80 g
• Yield potential -16 t/ha
• Duration -150 days.
• Suitable for long distance
transport
9. • Indeterminate plant habit with
green foliage
• Thick fleshed, 3-4 lobed green
blocky fruits
• Average fruit weight 130-150 g
• Fruits erect which turn orange
yellow on ripening
• Yield potential -16 t/ha
• Duration -150 days
10. Indo American Hybrid Seeds
Mahabharat
• 3-4 lobed, blocky dark
green fruits
• Good shelf life
• High yielding
11. INDIRA
• Fruit is dark green, thick-walled and glossy
• Average weight 170 g (12 x 10 cm)
• Having 3 - 4 lobes
• Longer shelf life
• Ideal for long distance transportation
• High export potential
OROBELLE
• Fruits are blocky, almost square (10 x 9 cm) with a
medium-thick wall.
• Average fruit weight is 150 g
• Suitable for green house cultivation
syngenta
12. NS 280
Relative days to
maturity
: 70 - 75
Fruit colour : Green to red
Fruit size (g) : 200-230
Fruit shape : blocky
Plant habit : vigorous
Remarks : Very good quality
fruits, suitable for
Red fruit harvest
Namdhari seeds
13. NS 281
Relative days to
maturity
: 65 - 70
Fruit colour : Green to Yellow
Fruit size (g) : 200-220
Fruit shape : blocky
Plant habit : vigorous
Remarks : Very good keeping
quality, turns to
Yellow on maturity
14. Nunhems hybrid seeds
Flavio
Maturity : Early to Mid-Early
Fruit Colour : Deep green going to
deep red
Plant
Characteristics
: Good plant vigour
and leaf cover
Fruit
Characteristics
: Semi blocky/short
type
Adaptation : Suited for Spring-
Summer
15. Nursery
• Pro-trays (98 cells) are filled with growing medium and tapped
gently to fill the cells properly
• Shallow depressions of about 5mm depth are made in each cell
• Commercial cocopeat having enough moisture is used, no
irrigation is required till seeds germinate
• Filled trays are staked one above the other and covered with a
plastic sheet to create warmth and humidity require for
germination
• Seedlings are raised in seedling trays placed inside a net house
or polyhouse
16.
17. Growing beds
• Digging loosens the soil, then clods are broken and soil is
brought to fine tilth
• Beds of 100 cm width and 15 cm height are prepared leaving
50 cm working space between the beds
• Well decomposed organic manure, at the rate of one bamboo
basket per square meter of the bed is added, mixed
thoroughly and the beds are levelled
• In heavy soils mixing sand up to 25% is required to
provide aeration at the root zone
18. Disinfecting the growing beds
• Beds are drenched using 4% formaldehyde (4 lit/m2
) of the bed
and covered with polyethylene sheet
• Care should be taken to wear mask, gloves and apron to avoid
direct contact with formaldehyde fumes
• Four days after formaldehyde treatment, the polyethylene cover
removed, the beds are raked repeatedly every day
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Application of neem cake and Trichoderma
• Neem cake is slightly watered to moisten and kept for two days,
and then it is mixed with Trichoderma formulation at the rate of
1 kg/100kg neem cake
• Mixture is closed with plastic sheet and turned thoroughly on
alternate days
• After 15 days, the neem cake + Trichoderma formulation will be
ready for application
• Neem cake plus Trichoderma formulation is applied before
planting but after formaldehyde fumes are exhausted completely
@ of 200 g/ m2
24. Fertilizer application
• Commercial fertilizers supplying 50:50:50 N:P2O5:K2O
kg/ha, are applied to the growing beds
• Two furrows are opened in the growing beds and
fertilizer mixture is applied in the furrows and furrows
are closed
25.
26. Laying of drip line
• Place one inline drip lateral at the centre of the bed
• Inline lateral having an emitting point for every 30
cm interval with discharge of 2 L/hr.
• Run drip system with water to check each emitting
points for uniform discharge of water
27.
28. Mulching
• 100 micron thick polyethylene mulch film of 1.2 m width is
used to cover the planting bed
• Holes of 5 cm diameter are made on the mulch film as per
recommended spacing (45 x 30 cm)
• The planting beds are covered with the mulch by securing the
edges of the sheet firmly in the soil
29. Spacing
• Seedlings are planted in paired rows in one
meter wide beds with spacing of 45 x 30 cm.
30.
31. Transplanting
• Seedlings of 30-35 days old, vigorous and uniform sized are selected
• Early morning hours or preferably in the evening
• Capsicum seedlings are planted in the holes made in the polyethylene
mulch film so that the seedlings do not touch the film
• Watering the beds is done daily with a rose can till the seedlings get
established well
• Drenching with 0.3% COC if mortality of the seedlings is noticed
32.
33. Irrigation
• Drip irrigation starts 10 days after transplanting
• Drip irrigation is given daily to supply 2-3 litres of water per
square meter per day depending on local weather condition
• Capsicum extract 70-80% of water used from a depth of
0-30 cm
• Bell pepper requires 110 cm of water (Hedge, 1993)
34. Fertigation
• Water soluble fertilizers supplying 19% each of N, P2O5
andK2O is used at the rate of 2.25 g/m2
for every
fertigation, given twice a week
• Capsicum crop is sprayed with micronutrient formulation
(3g/l) 2-3 times once in 30 days starting from 60 days after
transplanting
• Capsicum is found to be susceptible to calcium deficiency
• The crop is fertigated 2-3 times with CaNO3once in 15
days if calcium deficiency is noticed
35. The total dose of 150 kg each of N: P2O5: K2O per hectare using
water-soluble fertilizers is given through fertigation for entire crop
growth period, twice a week, starting from third week after transplanting
40. The nutrient film technique
(NFT)
The closed insulated pallet system
(CIPS)
41. Pruning
• Capsicum plants are pruned to retain four stems.
• Pruning is done at weekly interval starting from 15 to 20 days
after transplanting. From 4th month onwards once in 10 days.
• Plants show dichotomous branching.
• The tip of the plant splits into two at 5th or 6th node on 15
to 20 days after transplanting (DAT). These two branches
again split into two giving rise to four branches by 25 to 30
DAT.
Operations
42. Pruning
• At every node the tip splits into two giving rise to one strong
branch and one weak branch
• Only these four main branches are maintained till the end of
the crop.
• All the flowers that appear till one month after transplanting
are removed.
• Only one fruit per node is allowed to develop.
5th
or 6th
node
43. PRUNING IN CAPSICUM
All the shoots appearing at the base of the plants are removed, as they are
not productive.
44. Pinching / Topping
• Lateral shoots or
branches are pinched on
first leaf (internodes) or
second-leaf (internodes)
49. Training
• The plants are trained along a plastic twine. Each branch
should have a separate plastic twine to train along.
• The plastic twines are tied to the GI wire grid provided at 2.5
to 3.0 meter height and then to the base of the plant.
• Tying plants to the plastic twine starts from 6th week after
planting at 20 days interval.
55. Number of fruits in different training levels under naturally ventilated
polyhouse
Number of fruits in different training levels under shade house
56. • 60 days after transplanting - green,
• 80 to 90 - yellow and red fruited hybrids.
• continues up to 170 to 180 days at 10 days interval in green
• up to 240 to 270 days
• Mature green
• Yellow when it is 75% yellow
• Red when it is 100% red
Harvesting
57. Yield
•100 to 120 t/ha
•10 to 12 kg / m2, 2.25 to 2.70 kg / plant
•Average individual fruit weight 180 g in initial harvests, 100 g in last harvests.
Packing
•Packed in card board boxes/trays using paper shreds as the padding material.
Post harvest handling and storage
•Shrink wrapping each fruit and storing at 7 to 80
C- storability up to 45 to 60
days.
60. Flat fruits
• Caused by low temperature
• Night temperatures of around
18°C ensure an ideal seed set and
fruit shape
• Low-night temperatures decrease
pollen viability
• Modify flower structure making
self pollination less effective
• Bumblebees for pollination -help
greatly to improve fruit shape
62. Blossom end rot
• Excess of nitrogen &
water stress
• Water soaked area near
blossom end
• Later become light
brown and leathery
• Spraying of 2% CaCl2
63. Fruit load and fruit growth
• Excess fruit load –cause decaying of roots
• Number of fruits/plant –light, temperature & plant size
• Good light condition - 20 to24 fruits/m²
• Poor light condition - 10 to12 fruits/m²
• 5-9 weeks after fruit set - reach full size
• After 3-4 weeks - full colour
• Total period (full bloom to coloured fruit) -7-12 weeks (45 days)
65. Sanitation
• Removal of old and diseased leaves
• Polyhouse or net house and the structure is kept clean without
any plant debries or weeds
• Allowing visitors is discouraged inside the protected structure
as it may allow insect pests and vectors to enter into the
greenhouse
• Provision is made to wash the foot and the hands with KMnO4
solution (0.5%) at the entrance of the protected structure
66. Diseases of capsicum under protected condition and their management
Disease Symptoms Control
Powdery mildew:
Laveillula taurica
Whitish patches appear on the
leaves, stem and rarely on
fruit.
Karathane (0.1%) Calixin (0.1%)
Sulfex (0.3%)
Fungal Downy Mildew
Peronospora tabacini
pale yellow areas on the upper
sides of the leaves. On the
lower side of the leaf the
downy growth appears in cool
moist weather.
Karathane (0.1%) Calixin (0.1%)
contaf(0.05%),Rubigon(0.025%)
Bacterial diseases
a) Soft rot (Erwinia carotovora)
b) Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas
versicatoria)
Which causes a soft slimy rot.
Which forms a raised rough
pimply area on the fruit, On
the leaves, the spot is first
raised and wart like, and
becomes necrotic spots with
dark margins. The affected
leaves turn yellow and drop.
*Hot water treatments, clean
cultivation
*Streptomycin spray
Viral diseases
a)Leaf curl virus
b) CMV
Yellowing, curling, mottling of
leaves and ultimately death of
plant is seen.
Clean cultivation, vector control,
etc…
Fusarium wilt
Fusarium oxysporum
Yellowing of leaves, Wilting, coller
rot, death of root
COC drench, Carbendizim,
Dithane M-45
67. Pests of capsicum under protected condition and their management
Pest Symptoms and damage Management
Thrips:
Scirtothrips dorsalis
serious during dry periods, Both adult
and nymphs suck the sap from
developing leaves. Affected leaves
curl upwards along the margin and
are reduced in size.
Acephate (Starthane 75WP) 1.5g/ or
Imidacloprid (confidor)0.5ml/l
-Application of Neem cake 250 kg/ha
to kill pupae
White or
yellow mite:
Polyphgotersonemus
latus
Damage is more in hot and humid
seasons and greenhouse (when
temperature is high).
Spray Abamectin (Vertimec) (0.5ml/l)
or Dicofol (Kelthane) (2ml/l)
4% (NSKE) in rotation.
Aphids: Aphis
gossypi,
Myzus persicae
Minute insects, colonies of aphids
suck the sap from tender leaves and
flower buds.
Aphids act as a vector for
transmitting mosaic virus disease
-Remove all the virus affected plants
and destroy.
-Spray Imidacloprid (Confidor)
(0.5ml/l) or
Dimethoate (Rogor) 1 ml/l in rotation
Fruit borer,
Helicoverpa armigera
This pest is not serious in greenhouse. Spray Nuclear PolyhedrosisVirus
(NPV) (Helicoverpa NPV)
250 LE/ha + teepol or any sticker1%
during evening to protect NPV from
UV rays
69. References
• Singh D.K and K.V. Peter. (2013). Protected Cultivation of
Horticultural crops. New India Publishing Agency. New
Delhi.
• Swain S.C. (2014). Precision Farming in Horticulture
Approaches and Strategies. Narendra Publishing House.
New Delhi.
• Selvakumar R. (2014). A textbook of Glaustas
Olericulture. New Vishal Publications. New Delhi