This document provides information on rice cultivation techniques and varieties in Pakistan. It discusses the botanical classification of rice, the structure of rice plants and seeds, growth stages of rice from germination to ripening, and factors that influence rice yield such as soil selection, variety selection, fertilizer use, and pest management. It also outlines different rice varieties grown in Pakistan's provinces and the soil and climate conditions suitable for rice cultivation. Methods of sowing rice nurseries and transplanting rice are described. Pests that affect rice such as stem borers and plant hoppers are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of different types of budding techniques used in grafting plants. It discusses preparation of both the rootstock and budwood, and then explains several specific budding methods - T-budding, chip budding, inverted T-budding, I-budding, flute budding, and patch budding. Each method involves making incisions in specific shapes or patterns in the bark of the rootstock and inserting a single bud from the desired scion variety to facilitate grafting. Proper preparation and a clean cut is important for successful budding across all the techniques presented.
This document discusses seed processing equipment and techniques. It begins with an introduction to seed science and processing. It then describes the basic steps in seed processing as pre-conditioning and cleaning, bulk storage, upgrading, treating, and packaging. Various machines used at each step are explained, including scalpers, indent cylinders, gravity separators, color sorters, and fluidized bed dryers. The advantages of processing are also summarized. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key equipment and steps involved in seed processing.
seed moisture content, different methods of moisture testing, moisture content standards of agricultural crops according to Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standard
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
Sowing involves placing seeds in soil at a proper depth and spacing. Common sowing methods include broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and transplanting. Seed drills are machines that open furrows, place seeds at a controlled depth and rate, and cover them. Planters are used for larger seeds and perform similar functions. Components include a hopper, metering device, furrow opener, and covering mechanism. Planters can be calibrated to achieve the desired seeding rate. Factors like plate speed, cell size, and seed uniformity impact accuracy. Specialized planters exist for crops like potatoes and sugarcane. Proper equipment selection and operation help ensure efficient sowing and establishment of crops.
Crop regulation, also known as bahar treatment, involves giving fruit crops a resting period through methods like withholding water or using chemicals. This alters the natural flowering cycle to produce higher yields at specific times. For pomegranate, bahar treatment can induce flowering in June-July, September-October, or January-February depending on rainfall patterns. For guava, bahar involves restricting water from February to May to induce heavy flowering and winter crop yields of higher quality fruit. Methods like root exposure, deblossoming of rainy season crops, and growth regulators like urea or potassium iodide are used to regulate guava flowering cycles.
This document provides information on rice cultivation techniques and varieties in Pakistan. It discusses the botanical classification of rice, the structure of rice plants and seeds, growth stages of rice from germination to ripening, and factors that influence rice yield such as soil selection, variety selection, fertilizer use, and pest management. It also outlines different rice varieties grown in Pakistan's provinces and the soil and climate conditions suitable for rice cultivation. Methods of sowing rice nurseries and transplanting rice are described. Pests that affect rice such as stem borers and plant hoppers are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of different types of budding techniques used in grafting plants. It discusses preparation of both the rootstock and budwood, and then explains several specific budding methods - T-budding, chip budding, inverted T-budding, I-budding, flute budding, and patch budding. Each method involves making incisions in specific shapes or patterns in the bark of the rootstock and inserting a single bud from the desired scion variety to facilitate grafting. Proper preparation and a clean cut is important for successful budding across all the techniques presented.
This document discusses seed processing equipment and techniques. It begins with an introduction to seed science and processing. It then describes the basic steps in seed processing as pre-conditioning and cleaning, bulk storage, upgrading, treating, and packaging. Various machines used at each step are explained, including scalpers, indent cylinders, gravity separators, color sorters, and fluidized bed dryers. The advantages of processing are also summarized. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key equipment and steps involved in seed processing.
seed moisture content, different methods of moisture testing, moisture content standards of agricultural crops according to Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standard
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
Sowing involves placing seeds in soil at a proper depth and spacing. Common sowing methods include broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and transplanting. Seed drills are machines that open furrows, place seeds at a controlled depth and rate, and cover them. Planters are used for larger seeds and perform similar functions. Components include a hopper, metering device, furrow opener, and covering mechanism. Planters can be calibrated to achieve the desired seeding rate. Factors like plate speed, cell size, and seed uniformity impact accuracy. Specialized planters exist for crops like potatoes and sugarcane. Proper equipment selection and operation help ensure efficient sowing and establishment of crops.
Crop regulation, also known as bahar treatment, involves giving fruit crops a resting period through methods like withholding water or using chemicals. This alters the natural flowering cycle to produce higher yields at specific times. For pomegranate, bahar treatment can induce flowering in June-July, September-October, or January-February depending on rainfall patterns. For guava, bahar involves restricting water from February to May to induce heavy flowering and winter crop yields of higher quality fruit. Methods like root exposure, deblossoming of rainy season crops, and growth regulators like urea or potassium iodide are used to regulate guava flowering cycles.
This document summarizes the floral biology of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Okra is an erect, herbaceous annual plant originating from tropical Asia and Africa that grows 1-2 meters tall. It produces solitary, axillary flowers with yellow petals and crimson spots. The flowers have 5 united stamens, superior ovaries, and capsular fruits. Pollination is primarily by insects, though self-pollination can occur at a rate of 19%. Fertilization takes place within 2-6 hours of pollination.
Greenhouse cooling is needed to remove excess heat trapped inside the greenhouse by the cover. There are several methods for greenhouse cooling, including ventilation, evaporative cooling, and heat prevention. Ventilation works by replacing warm inside air with cooler outside air through openings. Evaporative cooling uses the evaporation of water to lower air temperature. Heat prevention techniques like shading or radiation filters aim to reduce the solar heat load entering the greenhouse. Composite systems that combine multiple approaches, such as using the earth's constant underground temperature via earth-to-air heat exchangers or aquifer water, can also help cool greenhouse air.
This document provides information about seed processing equipment and techniques used to clean and upgrade seed quality. It discusses the principles of seed processing which include complete separation of contaminants, minimizing seed loss, upgrading quality by removing damaged or low quality seeds, and achieving high efficiency. It then describes the specific steps and various types of equipment used in seed processing, including scalpers, hullers, debearders, air screen cleaners, aspirators, gravity separators, magnetic separators, and electrostatic separators. The goal is to separate seeds from contaminants based on differences in size, weight, shape and other physical properties to produce clean, high quality seed.
This document provides details of a seminar on canopy management in fruit crops. It includes an introduction to canopy management, objectives, techniques like pruning and training, and examples of canopy management for grapes, guava, and mango. Proper canopy management provides advantages like increased productivity, improved fruit quality, regular yields, and easier maintenance.
Carrots have the botanical name Daucus carota and are native to Europe and southwest Asia. There are two main methods for carrot seed production - root-to-seed and seed-to-seed. The root-to-seed method involves growing mature carrot roots in one season, selecting healthy roots, and transplanting them to grow seeds. Multiple inspections and roguing of plants is required to maintain high quality. Carrots are cross-pollinated and honeybees are effective pollen vectors. Isolation distances of at least 1000m for foundation seeds and 800m for certified seeds must be maintained.
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and AbroadParshant Bakshi
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India and abroad. It discusses how protected structures like greenhouses, net houses, and plastic tunnels allow crops to be grown under controlled climatic conditions, leading to early production, higher quality, and protection from pests and diseases. In India, protected cultivation is a relatively new technology introduced around 30 years ago, while countries like China, Israel, the US, and several European nations have practiced it for over a century. The document also outlines the various types of protected structures used for different fruit crops and describes the environmental parameters that can be controlled inside structures like polyhouses to optimize plant growth.
This document is an assignment on the floral biology of pigeon pea submitted by Jay Khaniya, an M.Sc. (Agri.) student, to their professor Dr. C. A. Babariya. It contains diagrams and descriptions of the pigeon pea flower from immature to mature stages, including its raceme structure and the parts of the flower such as the standard, wings, keels, staminal column, ovary, style and stigma.
Production technology of chili and capsicumkuldeepgarwa
Chilli is one of India's most important crops and is grown throughout the country, with major producing states accounting for 80% of national production. Chilli belongs to the genus Capsicum and there are over 400 varieties found worldwide, with the species C. annuum being the most widely cultivated. India is a major global producer, consumer and exporter of chilli.
This document discusses seed drying methods and factors that affect the drying process. It describes drying as the evaporation of moisture from seed surfaces through movement to the surface from within. The drying temperature depends on the initial seed moisture content, with lower temperatures used for higher moisture contents. Methods mentioned include solar drying, shade drying, forced air drying, vacuum drying, and batch or continuous flow drying using heated air. Factors noted as influencing drying include the initial moisture content, humidity, temperature, air flow, seed properties, and drying system design.
This document provides information on greenhouse design and construction. It discusses the various uses and benefits of greenhouses, as well as classifications based on cost and cooling systems. Key factors for crop production like soil, water, environment and seeds are outlined. Details are provided on greenhouse frameworks, glazing materials, shapes, orientation and more. Maintenance of the frame and cover are also summarized.
Seed production involves multiplying superior seed varieties while maintaining genetic purity and high quality standards. Key aspects of seed production include defining classes of seeds from nucleus to certified seeds; ensuring seeds meet testing standards for germination, purity and health; and involving various national and international organizations to facilitate quality seed availability and trade. Seed technology aims to harness a seed's genetic potential through scientific production, processing, and distribution methods.
Seed refers to a fertilized ovule containing an embryo that can develop into a new plant. Scientifically, seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule covered by a seed coat. There are several types of propagating materials that are also considered seeds, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, and grafts. Seeds are classified into different categories based on their origin and intended use, including nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seeds, with each subsequent category representing a larger scale of multiplication while maintaining genetic and physical purity standards.
This document discusses the production technology of coffee. It begins by providing the botanical names and origin of coffee, as well as the major producing states in India. It then discusses topics like production and productivity, varieties grown at different elevations, propagation through seeds and cuttings, nursery practices, training and pruning, soil management, harvesting, processing, and plant protection measures for pests and diseases. The document provides detailed information on the various steps involved in coffee cultivation.
Rejuvenation techniques like pruning, manuring, thinning shoots, and controlling pests and diseases can help restore productivity and vitality to old orchards. Top working methods such as cleft grafting and wedge grafting involve grafting desirable scions or shoots onto the branches or trunks of existing trees to convert them to more profitable varieties. Bridge grafting can repair tree injuries by grafting scions between the damaged section and healthy crown to restore nutrient transport.
This document provides information on seed production techniques for cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and broccoli. It discusses the origin and importance of cole crops, as well as details on their scientific names, chromosome numbers, pollination type, and plant parts used. It then describes the methods of seed production for cabbage and cauliflower, including the in situ method, transplanting method, stump method, and head intact method. It also covers vernalization, special approaches like blanching and tying, and disbudding and staking. Finally, it discusses genetic mechanisms for hybrid seed production like self-incompatibility and cytoplasmic male sterility in cole crops.
This document provides information on coconut production technology. It discusses the origin of coconut, major producing regions, varieties, climate and soil requirements, planting methods, management practices including irrigation, fertilization, intercropping. It also describes pests, diseases, harvesting, yield, post-harvest processing of copra, and value-added products from coconut. The key points covered are that coconut is considered an important crop that provides many necessities, Kerala is the top producing state in India, and proper selection of planting material, site, and management is required for successful coconut cultivation.
The document discusses seed sampling and testing procedures. It explains that obtaining a representative sample is crucial, as test results can only reflect the quality of the sample. It describes different types of samples taken from a seed lot, including primary samples, composite samples, submitted samples, and working samples. The document outlines equipment and methods used for sampling, including deep bin samplers, triers, and hand sampling. It discusses dividing samples for testing in the laboratory and storing samples. Finally, it summarizes seed testing objectives and procedures, including receiving samples, moisture testing, preparing working samples, conducting routine tests, and maintaining records.
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Beans crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document describes the symptoms and causes of various diseases that affect bean crops. It discusses 18 different diseases including Alternaria leaf spot, Anthracnose, Bacterial wilt, Downy mildew, Powdery mildew, Chocolate spot, Black root rot, Fusarium root rot, Rust, White mold, and Bacterial brown spot. For each disease, it provides details on the symptoms caused, the causal organism such as a fungus or bacterium, and sometimes management recommendations. The diseases can cause spots, lesions, wilting or death of leaves, stems, pods and roots.
All about production technology of Papaya (Climate, soil, varieties, propagation, planting & spacing, nutrient management, irrigation and fertigation, training and pruning, intercultural operations, papain extraction, harvesting and yield, major diseases, major pests, major disorders)
This document summarizes the floral biology of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Okra is an erect, herbaceous annual plant originating from tropical Asia and Africa that grows 1-2 meters tall. It produces solitary, axillary flowers with yellow petals and crimson spots. The flowers have 5 united stamens, superior ovaries, and capsular fruits. Pollination is primarily by insects, though self-pollination can occur at a rate of 19%. Fertilization takes place within 2-6 hours of pollination.
Greenhouse cooling is needed to remove excess heat trapped inside the greenhouse by the cover. There are several methods for greenhouse cooling, including ventilation, evaporative cooling, and heat prevention. Ventilation works by replacing warm inside air with cooler outside air through openings. Evaporative cooling uses the evaporation of water to lower air temperature. Heat prevention techniques like shading or radiation filters aim to reduce the solar heat load entering the greenhouse. Composite systems that combine multiple approaches, such as using the earth's constant underground temperature via earth-to-air heat exchangers or aquifer water, can also help cool greenhouse air.
This document provides information about seed processing equipment and techniques used to clean and upgrade seed quality. It discusses the principles of seed processing which include complete separation of contaminants, minimizing seed loss, upgrading quality by removing damaged or low quality seeds, and achieving high efficiency. It then describes the specific steps and various types of equipment used in seed processing, including scalpers, hullers, debearders, air screen cleaners, aspirators, gravity separators, magnetic separators, and electrostatic separators. The goal is to separate seeds from contaminants based on differences in size, weight, shape and other physical properties to produce clean, high quality seed.
This document provides details of a seminar on canopy management in fruit crops. It includes an introduction to canopy management, objectives, techniques like pruning and training, and examples of canopy management for grapes, guava, and mango. Proper canopy management provides advantages like increased productivity, improved fruit quality, regular yields, and easier maintenance.
Carrots have the botanical name Daucus carota and are native to Europe and southwest Asia. There are two main methods for carrot seed production - root-to-seed and seed-to-seed. The root-to-seed method involves growing mature carrot roots in one season, selecting healthy roots, and transplanting them to grow seeds. Multiple inspections and roguing of plants is required to maintain high quality. Carrots are cross-pollinated and honeybees are effective pollen vectors. Isolation distances of at least 1000m for foundation seeds and 800m for certified seeds must be maintained.
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and AbroadParshant Bakshi
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India and abroad. It discusses how protected structures like greenhouses, net houses, and plastic tunnels allow crops to be grown under controlled climatic conditions, leading to early production, higher quality, and protection from pests and diseases. In India, protected cultivation is a relatively new technology introduced around 30 years ago, while countries like China, Israel, the US, and several European nations have practiced it for over a century. The document also outlines the various types of protected structures used for different fruit crops and describes the environmental parameters that can be controlled inside structures like polyhouses to optimize plant growth.
This document is an assignment on the floral biology of pigeon pea submitted by Jay Khaniya, an M.Sc. (Agri.) student, to their professor Dr. C. A. Babariya. It contains diagrams and descriptions of the pigeon pea flower from immature to mature stages, including its raceme structure and the parts of the flower such as the standard, wings, keels, staminal column, ovary, style and stigma.
Production technology of chili and capsicumkuldeepgarwa
Chilli is one of India's most important crops and is grown throughout the country, with major producing states accounting for 80% of national production. Chilli belongs to the genus Capsicum and there are over 400 varieties found worldwide, with the species C. annuum being the most widely cultivated. India is a major global producer, consumer and exporter of chilli.
This document discusses seed drying methods and factors that affect the drying process. It describes drying as the evaporation of moisture from seed surfaces through movement to the surface from within. The drying temperature depends on the initial seed moisture content, with lower temperatures used for higher moisture contents. Methods mentioned include solar drying, shade drying, forced air drying, vacuum drying, and batch or continuous flow drying using heated air. Factors noted as influencing drying include the initial moisture content, humidity, temperature, air flow, seed properties, and drying system design.
This document provides information on greenhouse design and construction. It discusses the various uses and benefits of greenhouses, as well as classifications based on cost and cooling systems. Key factors for crop production like soil, water, environment and seeds are outlined. Details are provided on greenhouse frameworks, glazing materials, shapes, orientation and more. Maintenance of the frame and cover are also summarized.
Seed production involves multiplying superior seed varieties while maintaining genetic purity and high quality standards. Key aspects of seed production include defining classes of seeds from nucleus to certified seeds; ensuring seeds meet testing standards for germination, purity and health; and involving various national and international organizations to facilitate quality seed availability and trade. Seed technology aims to harness a seed's genetic potential through scientific production, processing, and distribution methods.
Seed refers to a fertilized ovule containing an embryo that can develop into a new plant. Scientifically, seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule covered by a seed coat. There are several types of propagating materials that are also considered seeds, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, and grafts. Seeds are classified into different categories based on their origin and intended use, including nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seeds, with each subsequent category representing a larger scale of multiplication while maintaining genetic and physical purity standards.
This document discusses the production technology of coffee. It begins by providing the botanical names and origin of coffee, as well as the major producing states in India. It then discusses topics like production and productivity, varieties grown at different elevations, propagation through seeds and cuttings, nursery practices, training and pruning, soil management, harvesting, processing, and plant protection measures for pests and diseases. The document provides detailed information on the various steps involved in coffee cultivation.
Rejuvenation techniques like pruning, manuring, thinning shoots, and controlling pests and diseases can help restore productivity and vitality to old orchards. Top working methods such as cleft grafting and wedge grafting involve grafting desirable scions or shoots onto the branches or trunks of existing trees to convert them to more profitable varieties. Bridge grafting can repair tree injuries by grafting scions between the damaged section and healthy crown to restore nutrient transport.
This document provides information on seed production techniques for cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and broccoli. It discusses the origin and importance of cole crops, as well as details on their scientific names, chromosome numbers, pollination type, and plant parts used. It then describes the methods of seed production for cabbage and cauliflower, including the in situ method, transplanting method, stump method, and head intact method. It also covers vernalization, special approaches like blanching and tying, and disbudding and staking. Finally, it discusses genetic mechanisms for hybrid seed production like self-incompatibility and cytoplasmic male sterility in cole crops.
This document provides information on coconut production technology. It discusses the origin of coconut, major producing regions, varieties, climate and soil requirements, planting methods, management practices including irrigation, fertilization, intercropping. It also describes pests, diseases, harvesting, yield, post-harvest processing of copra, and value-added products from coconut. The key points covered are that coconut is considered an important crop that provides many necessities, Kerala is the top producing state in India, and proper selection of planting material, site, and management is required for successful coconut cultivation.
The document discusses seed sampling and testing procedures. It explains that obtaining a representative sample is crucial, as test results can only reflect the quality of the sample. It describes different types of samples taken from a seed lot, including primary samples, composite samples, submitted samples, and working samples. The document outlines equipment and methods used for sampling, including deep bin samplers, triers, and hand sampling. It discusses dividing samples for testing in the laboratory and storing samples. Finally, it summarizes seed testing objectives and procedures, including receiving samples, moisture testing, preparing working samples, conducting routine tests, and maintaining records.
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Beans crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document describes the symptoms and causes of various diseases that affect bean crops. It discusses 18 different diseases including Alternaria leaf spot, Anthracnose, Bacterial wilt, Downy mildew, Powdery mildew, Chocolate spot, Black root rot, Fusarium root rot, Rust, White mold, and Bacterial brown spot. For each disease, it provides details on the symptoms caused, the causal organism such as a fungus or bacterium, and sometimes management recommendations. The diseases can cause spots, lesions, wilting or death of leaves, stems, pods and roots.
All about production technology of Papaya (Climate, soil, varieties, propagation, planting & spacing, nutrient management, irrigation and fertigation, training and pruning, intercultural operations, papain extraction, harvesting and yield, major diseases, major pests, major disorders)
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptxjana861314
Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
Banana all agricultural practices including the season to season fertiliser,...JobanjotSingh5
Banana is the 4th most important food crop in India. India is the world's largest banana producer, with production concentrated in states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat. Grand Naine and Robusta are the most common commercial varieties due to their high yields and market acceptability. Bananas grow well in tropical and subtropical climates with adequate rainfall and temperature between 15-35°C. Proper soil management, fertilization, irrigation, desuckering and pest management are important cultivation practices.
This document provides an overview of banana production in Malaysia. It discusses the climate, soil, and variety requirements for growing bananas. The main varieties grown are Cavendish and Berangan. Production involves preparing the land, planting suckers or tissue cultured plantlets, fertilization, pruning, bunch management, and harvesting based on fruit color. Post-harvest operations include grading, packing, pre-cooling and storage to maximize shelf life. With proper care, average yields range from 13-36 metric tons per hectare depending on the variety and crop year.
Indian spinach (Basella alba) is a popular leafy vegetable grown in tropical areas for its nutrient-rich leaves and shoots. It is high in vitamins A, C, calcium, and iron. The plant has fleshy red or green stems and leaves and is cultivated in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is used medicinally to treat constipation, headaches, and skin irritation. The crop grows best in loose, organic-rich soil and requires moderate temperatures and moisture to produce succulent leaves and stems within 8-10 weeks.
Grapes are one of the most widely produced fruits worldwide. They originate from Central Asia but are now grown in temperate and subtropical regions, including parts of India. Major grape producing states in India include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. Grapes are used both as table fruits and for making wines, raisins, juice, and jams. Proper pruning, training, irrigation, and fertilization are required to maximize grape yields. Harvesting occurs when the grapes reach full color, sugar content, and softness.
This document provides information about sweet potatoes, including their botanical details, distribution, production levels in India and major producing states, differences between tuberous and ordinary roots, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. Some key points:
- China is the largest global producer and consumer of sweet potatoes. India accounts for 3.22% of global area and 1.88% of production.
- Sweet potatoes are highly heterozygous and hexaploid plants that produce tuberous roots for food.
- They are nutrient-dense and rich in vitamin C, B6, dietary fiber, and beta-carotene depending on variety.
- Common varieties grown in India differ in root shape, size
- Wild muskmelon originated in Africa and was introduced to Asia, Europe, and the Americas by travelers. It is now cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
- India is a major producer of muskmelon, which is valued there for its cooling effect in summer and used both as a dessert fruit and cooked vegetable. The fruit provides vitamins, minerals, and purported health benefits.
- Successful muskmelon cultivation requires warm, dry, sunny conditions with fertile, well-drained soil between pH 6-7. Several popular Indian varieties like Arka Jeet and Pusa Sharabati have been developed through selective breeding.
This document provides information on the banana plant. It discusses the botanical details of banana, its origin in Southeast Asia, suitable soil and climate conditions, popular varieties in India, propagation through suckers and tissue culture, planting methods, fertilizer requirements, and nutritional deficiencies. The key points are that banana is propagated vegetatively, requires fertile soil and a warm humid climate, and common varieties in India include Cavendish, Robusta, and Poovan.
Kokum is a native tree of Western India that produces an oblong or oval fruit used to make products like syrup and dried rind. It grows well in coastal regions receiving over 250 cm of rainfall annually in lateritic or alluvial soil. Propagation is primarily through seed germination or softwood grafting, with two main varieties released in Maharashtra. Kokum is often intercropped with coconut or arecanut and requires minimal care once established. Mature trees bear hundreds of fruits annually from April to May that are processed into products extending their shelf life.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
This document provides information on the production technology of asparagus. It discusses the botanical details of asparagus, describes common varieties, and outlines best practices for growing conditions, planting, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting. The key steps include planting crowns or seedlings in well-drained soil, maintaining adequate moisture during establishment, controlling weeds through cultivation, and harvesting spears for 2-3 weeks after 2 years of growth to allow the root system to develop fully. Pests like asparagus beetle and diseases like purple spot and rust require integrated management to maximize yield.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
characterisation and cultivation og pink taiwan guava indian varietyanujavadgave8080
Taiwan pink guava is an important cash crop for farmers in India that provides high yields of sweet fruit. It was introduced to India 20 years ago and has become the most exported guava variety. The fruit has attractive pink flesh and glossy pale green-yellow skin. Taiwan pink guava plants grow well in various soil types and climates with minimal care. They are fast-growing and pest-resistant when organic fertilizers and controls are used. The plants can yield up to 9,000 kgs of fruit per acre, which have a long shelf life of 15 days without refrigeration. Taiwan pink guava is considered a very profitable crop that will remain important in the future.
Similar to Advances in production technology of Banana.pdf (20)
The document summarizes biochemical responses in plants during abiotic stress conditions. It discusses how abiotic stresses like drought, salinity and temperature fluctuations can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. The plant defenses against ROS include antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and non-enzymatic compounds. Primary metabolites like proline and secondary metabolites play important roles in stress tolerance. The accumulation of stress proteins, amino acids and compatible solutes help plants adapt to stressful conditions.
IMPORTANT VARIETIES AND POST HARVEST QUALITY REQUIREMENTS OF GYPSOPHILA, CALL...Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
This document discusses the post-harvest quality requirements for three flowering plants: gypsophila, calla lily, and goldenrod. It provides information on important varieties for each plant and their characteristics. For gypsophila, it describes pre-treatments like STS that extend vase life and recommends storage at 0-1°C and 90% humidity. For calla lilies, it provides grading guidelines and advises harvesting when the spathe has opened. For goldenrod, it notes varieties that remain upright and lists post-harvest treatments like sucrose that extend vase life to 13 days.
1. Plants are exposed to various stresses from both human activities and natural causes that can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant tissues.
2. ROS are generated during normal plant metabolic processes and photosynthesis, but stress situations increase their toxic production.
3. Plants have developed complex antioxidant defense systems using enzymatic and non-enzymatic components like ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics and antioxidant enzymes to scavenge ROS and protect against oxidative damage.
This document discusses mutation breeding techniques for several flower crops. It begins by explaining naturally occurring and induced mutations. Various mutagens like radiation and chemicals are described. Examples of mutation breeding programs for petunia, chrysanthemum, tulip, carnation, rose and gladiolus are provided where mutants with new flower colors and morphologies were obtained. The conclusion states that mutation breeding is a beneficial tool for plant breeders to generate novel traits and expand genetic diversity in crops.
This document provides an introduction to floriculture, which is the cultivation and marketing of ornamental plants. It discusses the subdivisions of floriculture including commercial floriculture, arboriculture, and landscape gardening. Floriculture includes the production of cut flowers, loose flowers, cut greens, potted plants, and products for the perfume, pigment, and dry flower industries. The largest flower producer is the Netherlands, while India has potential to expand its small share of the global floriculture trade and areas of production include Tamil Nadu which is a leading producer of jasmine and other loose flowers.
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Hibiscus - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Crossandra - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
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1. Production Technology of Banana
Dr. M. Kumaresan (Hort.)
Department of Horticulture
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS)
Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu -600117
2. Banana- Musa sp
Apple of paradise, “Adam’s fig or tree of wisdom - Banana
➢ Edible bananas are mostly hybrids of the two species
➢ M. acuminata, M. balbisiana
➢ Family :Musaceae
➢ Origin: South East Asia
➢ Banana is one of the oldest fruit known to mankind and also important food for
man
➢ Rich source of energy (137 K. Ca/100g)
➢ It is a good laxative
➢ They set fruits by parthenocarpy
➢ Banana by virtue of its, multiple uses is popularly known as Kalpataru
3.
4. Climatic and soil requirements
• Banana humid tropical plant
• They can be cultivated at a temperature range of 10-40°C
• Optimum temperature range of 23-30°C
• Less than 10°C- “Choke” or impeded inflorescence
• Chilling injury occurs at temperatures below 12ºC
• Banana comes up well at altitudes ranging from sea level to 1500 m above
mean sea level.
• It requires well drained soils having a depth of at least 1 m. Sandy,
Alluvial soil
• The ideal pH is around 5.5 to 8.0
5. Genomic constitution
In India bananas are distributed in southern, eastern, central and north eastern parts within 800 and 300 N latitudes.
Major genomic groups and cultivars are AA group
• AA- Anaikomban, Matti, Kadali, Tongat, pisanglilin
• AB- Ney poovan (Elakki bale), Kunnan, Nathu Poovan. Thaen kunnan, Adakka Kunnan
• AAB- Poovan, Rasthali, Pachanadan/Kaali/Galibale, Nendra paditha, Rajapuri, Virupakshi/Sirumalai,
Nendran/Rajeli, Chinali
• AAA- Dwarf Cavendish/Basrai, Giant Cavendish, Robusta, Gross michel, Grand naine, William, Nagabale,
Chenkadali/Red banana, Chakkarakeli, Amrit sagar
• ABB- Nalla Bontha, Monthan/Kanchkela, Keribontha, Peyan, Karpuravalli, Sugandhi
• AAAA- Bodles Altafort, IC-2
• ABBB- Klue Taparod
• AABB- Kalamagol
• AAAB- Atan, Goldfinger (FHIA)
6. Dessert bananas
Commercially grown in the plains and hills
Exclusively for their fresh edible fruits
Plains : Robusta, Dwarf Cavendish, Rasthali, Poovan, Nendran,
Red Banana, Karpooravalli, CO.1, Matti, and Neypoovan
Hilly areas : Virupakshi, Sirumalai and Namarai, Red Banana,
Manoranjitham (Santhana vazhai) and Ladan
7. Culinary bananas
• The varieties viz., Monthan, Nendran, Vayal Vazhai,
Ash Monthan and Chakkia are grown for their fruits
which are cooked and prepared
8. CO.1 BANANA
Ladan (AAB) X Musa balbisiana (BB)
F1 (AB) X Kadali (AA)
CO.1 (AAB)
• The fruits have flavour and taste similar to hill banana, at the same time the plants can be
grown in plains
• The plants are medium tall (2.7 m)
• The bunch weighs on an average 10.5 kg having 7 hands with a total number of 80-85 fruits
full ripening
• Crop duration 14-15 months
10. • Semi-tall variety, grown mostly in Tamil Nadu and some parts of Karnataka for
table purpose
• It is a high yielding and produces bunch of large size
• Fruit is very sweet with a good aroma
• Bunch weighs about 25-30 kg
• Requires propping
• Fruit has a poor keeping quality leading to a quick breakdown of pulp after
ripening, hence not suited for long distance transportation
• Robusta is highly susceptible to Sigatoka leaf spot disease in humid tropics.
Robusta (AAA)
12. Rasthali (Silk AAB)
• It is a medium tall variety commercially grown in Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Bihar
• Highly prized cultivar for table purpose
• Fruit is very tasty with a good aroma
• Longer crop duration, severe susceptibility to Fusarium wilt,
requirement of bunch cover to protect fruits from sun cracking
14. • It is a leading commercial cultivar grown throughout the country
• It is generally cultivated as a perennial crop
• Tamil Nadu is the leading producer of Poovan cultivar
• Poovan is also commercially cultivated for leaf industry throughout Tamil Nadu
and in certain parts of Kerala
• Medium sized bunch, closely packed fruits, good keeping quality and resistant to
fruit cracking
• But it is highly susceptible to Banana Bract Mosaic Viral (BBMV) disease and
Banana Streak Virus, (BSV), which cause considerable reduction in yield
Poovan (Mysore AAB)
16. Nendran (AAB)
• It is a popular variety in Kerala
• Fruit used for processing
• Bunch has 5-6 hands weighing about 12-15 kg
• Fruits have a distinct neck with thick green skin turning yellow
on ripening
• Fruits remain as starchy even on ripening
• Nendran is highly susceptible to Banana Bract Mosaic Virus
(BBMV), nematodes and borers.
18. Red Banana (AAA)
• Red banana is the most relished and highly prized variety in Kerala
and Tamil Nadu
• Its commercial cultivation is prominent in Kanyakumari and
Tirunelveli
• It is a robust plant with bunches weighing 20-30 kg
• Fruits are sweet, orange yellow coloured and with a pleasant aroma
• Highly susceptible to bunchy top, fusarium wilt and nematodes
20. Virupakshi (AAB)
• It is an elite variety in South India especially grown for table purpose in Palani and
Shevroy hills of Tamil Nadu under perennial cultivation
• It is a vigorous and hardy variety
• Fruits show a typical curvature, possess a pleasant aroma and delightful taste
• Virupakshi has the characteristic flavour only when they are cultivated in higher
elevation
• In the mixed cultivation it is well suited as a shade plant for young coffee
• It has many ecotypes like 'Sirumalai' (grown on hills), 'Vannan', 'Kali' etc.
• Well suited for cultivation in plains
22. Monthan (ABB)
• It is a widely cultivated variety for processing
• Monthan is a tall and robust plant bearing bunches of 18-20 kg after 12
months
• Pseudostem core is a highly relished vegetable with many medicinal
properties
• Monthan is also cultivated for production of leaves in Trichy and Tanjore
• It has many desirable qualities like immunity to Banana Bunchy Top Virus
(BBTV) diseases, salt tolerance and normal bunch mass even under
marginal condition, but it is highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt disease.
24. Karpuravalli (ABB)
• It is a popular variety grown for table purpose in medium rich soils
• Its commercial cultivation is spread over in Central and Southern districts of Tamil
Nadu and Kerala
• In Bihar, cultivation is in patches under the name 'Kanthali'
• It is sweetest among Indian bananas
• Karpuravalli is occasionally seeded depending on the seasonal variability
• Its ash coated golden yellow and sweet fruits have good keeping quality
• Karpuravalli is highly susceptible to wilt disease, tolerant to leaf spot disease and
well suited for drought, salt affected areas and for low input conditions
25. Propagation
Banana is propagated through suckers or whole bits of rhizomes of the parent
plant.
There are two types of suckers i) sword suckers ii) water suckers
• Sword suckers: more vigorous and produce bigger and heavier bunches in
11 months, the water suckers did in more than 15 months
• Four-month old suckers and split rhizomes weighing 2 Kg produced heavier
• Micropropagation: Due to the variation in age and size of sucker the crop is
not uniform, harvesting is prolonged and management becomes difficult.
26. Propagation
Sword suckers Water suckers
Well developed base, conical shape
with narrow shaped leaf blades
Weighting 1.5-2.0 Kg
Developed at flowering stage of the
parent material is the best planting
material
Small under size corms and broad
leaves.
If water suckers are used as planting
material this will produce small
bunches
Well developed
base
Narrow shaped leaf
blades
Small under
size corms
Broad leaves
27. Important criteria’s to select the suckers for planting
• The orchard/mother block should be disease free
• The weight of the suckers should be 1.0- 1.5 or 2 kg
• The mother plant should be heavy yielder
• Always select sword suckers for planting
• Select the suckers free from rhizome weevils
• Age of suckers: 3-4 months
• The whole or split rhizomes can also be used when suckers are not available.
• Bits of rhizomes may also be used as a planting material
• Tissue cultured plants were also used as planting material on commercial scale.
28. ▪ The pseudo-stem is cut leaving 20 cm from the corm
▪ The roots and superficial damaged portion of the corm is trimmed
▪ The corms are dipped for 5 min in carbendazim 0.1% (1g/lit) to avoid any
diseases.
▪ Pralinage is done with 30 g of Carbofuran 3G granules per sucker (Dip the corm
in slurry solution of 4 parts clay plus 5 parts water and sprinkle Carbofuran to
control nematodes).
Pairing &Prolinage (Sucker treatment)
35. Main field preparation and planting
• Ploughing is done at four times using chisel plough (one time), disc plough (one time) and cultivator
(twice)
• The raised beds are formed at 60 cm width along the lateral lines
• The pits of 45 cm3 size are dig out along the raised bed at 1.8 m intervals
• The pits are filled with top soil mixed with 10 kg FYM, 250 g Neem cake, 20 g Furadon and 220 g
super phosphate.
• At the time of planting 25 g of Pseudomonas fluorescence is applied in each pit.
• Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each at 20 g per pit is applied during planting and at 5th month
after planting
• Pre emergence weedicide of Fluchloralin @ 2 lit per ha is sprayed through high volume sprayer
36. Methods of planting
Pit method
• Pit method are commonly followed
• The pit size of 60cm3 should be opened at 1.8 x 1.8m or 2 x 2m (Tall varieties)
adopting square system
• These pits are filled with top soil with 20-30 kg.
• FYM should be applied at least 15- 30 days prior to planting
• During planting each pit will be supplied with 250gm neem cake and 50 gm of
trichoderma to prevent nematode & rhizome rot problems
• Planting of suckers at the centre of pit and irrigate immediately after planting
37. Furrow method
• This is the most common method of planting. Furrows of 15-20cm deep are opened at a regular
distance and rhizomes are planted in the furrows
• Paired row planting in tissue culture plants
Tissue Culture
• Banana is also grown commercially by using tissue cultured plants, these plants required much care
throughout the growth period compare to suckers and yields about 10-20 per cent more than suckers
• In recent years the concept of HDP is being practiced, suckers are planted at closer spacing or
planting two suckers per pit by accommodating more number of plants at specified spacing to get
higher yield and reduced cost of production
• The cultivar Robusta and Dwarf Cavendish spaced at 1.5 x 1.5m accommodates 4444 plants/ha is
recommended by IIHR was recorded highest yield
Methods of planting
38. Banana planting
Wet lands
– Poovan, Rasthali, Monthan, Karpooravalli and Ney Poovan can be cultivated during
February – April. Nendran and Robusta can be cultivated during April – May
Garden lands
– Banana can be cultivated in garden lands during January – February and November –
December
Padugai lands
– In Padugai lands, the crop can be cultivated during January – February and August –
September
Hill Banana
– April – May (lower Palani hills), June – August (Sirumalai) are the suitable seasons for
cultivating hill banana.
39. System of planting
System of planting Varieties
Spacing
(m)
No. of
plants/ha
Garden land Dwarf Cavendish, Robust,
Nendran
1.5 X 1.5
1.8 X 1.8
2.0 X 2.0
4444
3086
2500
Wet land Poovan, Rasthali, Monthan, Ney-
vannan
2.1 X 2.1 2310
Padugai (Perennial) Monthan, Poovan 3.0 X 3.0 1110
Contour planting Sirumalai, Virupakshi, Hill
banana
3.6 X 3.6 772
40. 3 suckers/pit – 4800 / ha
1 sucker/ pit- 2500 /ha 3m
High density planting
41. 3- Plants /Hill
1.8 X 3.6 m (4800 pi/ha)
Paired row system
1.2x1.2x2.0m (5200 pl/ha)
42. Fertigation
• For banana, a dose of 200:300 g of NK/plant is applied throughout the
cropping period through split application and phosphorus alone is applied
as basal dose at the time of planting
• The split doses of N & K are applied once in every three days through
fertigation
• Water requirement - 25 lit per plant (normal density); 40 lit per plant (2
suckers / pit); 50 lit per pit (3 suckers/pit)
43. • Irrigate immediately after planting
• Give life irrigation after 4 days
• Subsequent irrigations are to be given once in a week
for garden land bananas and once in 10 – 15 days for
wetlands
Nearly 40 % savings in water - drip systems
• 15 lit of water/ plant/ day from planting to 4th month
• 20 lit/plant / day from 5th month to shooting
• 25 lit/plant/day from shooting till 15 days prior to
harvest
Irrigation
44. • Mulching (both organic and inorganic) – increase productivity
• Uses
✓ Conserve moisture
✓ Increase no. of feeder roots
✓ Improve nutrient and water use efficiency
✓ Suppression of weed growth
✓ Enhances yield by 30-40%
Types of Mulches
• Dead organic mulch – sugarcane trash, banana leaf trash, farm waste
• Polyethene mulch 300-400 gauge thickness (increased yield in Robusta compared to dead mulch)
• Living mulch- legumes
MULCHING
45. ➢ Intercrops can be easily raises in banana plantations at the early stages of
growth. It is a subsistence farming or cash economy in banana culture.
➢ Radish, cauliflower, cabbage, spinach, chilli, brinjal, colocasia, yam,
dioscorea, bhendi, marigold and tube rose are grown as intercrops. Mixed
cropping with arecanut and coconut is a common practice in south India.
Intercropping
46. PGR application
• Spraying of NAA at 100 ppm after 5 and 7 months of planting markedly
increases fruit size and yield
• Spraying of 2-4 D @ 20ppm increased the quality of fruits
• It is poured in the growing apex, than bunch will have more of female
flowers/fingers.
• Application of GA at 50mg/L resulted in maximum yield and required less
number of days for fruit maturity in Giant Governor Banana
47.
48. • Suckers are produced from the rhizome of banana. The number of suckers produced
per clump varies depending on cultivar, soil fertility, environment etc. Removal of
unwanted suckers is one of the most critical operations in banana cultivation and
known as desuckering.
• Removal of unwanted suckers: reducing internal competition with mother plant.
• Desuckering should be done regularly until shooting. However in areas where ratoon
is also taken for the second crop
• Follower should be opposite to the inflorescence. It should not be far apart from the
main plant. Desuckering is done at 3 times in a year
De-suckering
51. • Earthing up should be given during rainy season to provide drainage and
to avoid waterlogging at the base.
• During summer and winter season, the plants should be in furrow and on
the ridge during the rainy season.
• Earthing up should be done at 3-4 months after planting i.e. raising the
soil level around the base of the plant by 10-12”.
• It is advised to prepare a raised bed and keep the drip line on bed 2-3”
away from the plant. It also helps to protect plants from wind damage
and production losses to some extent.
Earthing up
52. • The lodging of banana plants particularly at matured stages results in heavy
loss.
• The falling of the pseudostem may occur due to strong wind, rhizome rot,
burrowing nematode or tall cultivar. So, bunch propping or bunch support is
necessary.
• Propping can be done with bamboo or wooden poles.
Propping
53. • Removal of male buds helps fruit development and increases bunch
weight.
• Male buds are removed from the last 1-2 small hands with a clean cut
keeping a single finger in the last hand.
Removal of male buds (De-navelling)
54. • Bagging is cultural technique used by planters of Africa
• The main purposes are the protection of bunches against cold, sun
scorching, against the attack of thrips and scarring beetle
• It also improves certain visual qualities of the fruits. Transparent
polyethylene sleeves with 2 - 4 % ventilation
• Bunch covering with dry leaves is a common practice in India,
Which, however may be the source of inoculam for post-harvest
diseases
• The right stage of bunch covering is when the last hand has
opened and the male bud has to be removed at that time
Bunch covering
58. Mattacking
After harvesting, the pseudostem should be cut leaving a
stump of about 60 cm height. This practice is called
‘mattacking’
The food material stored in the left out stump continues to
nourish the daughter sucker till it withers and dries up
60. • Its a serious disorder in Nendran
• The plant shows poor growth, delayed shooting, bunch with few fingers and
unfilled fingers – NAA 250 ppm
Neer vazhai
61. • Poovan is mostly affected.
• Enlarged ovules and immature dark green frutis
• Spray 2,4 – D at the rate of 25 ppm within 20 days after opening of last hand
(1 g/40 lit/200 bunches) or 1.2 g of Sodium salt of 2,4 – D dissolved in 40 lit of water
for 200 bunches.
Kotta vazhai
63. Choke throat
• This disorder results from low temperature
• The low temperature at the time of flowering effects the bunch formation
• The maturity time of bunch is extended up to 5-6 months than 3.5-4
months
• This order is called choke throat because in the inflorescence distal part
comes out but the basal part becomes tapered at the throat
• The management of choke throat includes the use of varieties that tolerate
low temperature and the use of eucalyptus as a shelter belt check the effect
of cold wind
64. Chilling injury
• The chilling of banana occurs or results when the pre-or post-harvest temperature
falls below 14oC
• The symptoms include uneven ripening, watery dark patches on skin, dull yellow to
smoky yellow color of the ripening fingers
• Brown streaks are also observed on the vascular bundle of the sub epidermal layer
• These are resulting from enzymatic oxidation of dihydroxy phenyl alanine
• Avoid to store the fruits at temperature below 13 o C
• This disorder can be easily circumvented in Mussa cultivars by storing at a
temperature above threshold level
65. Peel splitting
• In this disorder the peel of the fruit is splitted into bisects and consequently
the pulp is exposed as the cracks widens
• Provide ventilation and temperature of 18o C to the fruits for ripening
• Use ethylene (1ml/L) for the ripening of fruits for 24-48 hours at on
temperature of 14-18 oC and 90-95% relative humidity
• Use carton for the packing of the fruit bunches
66. Fruit maturity
• Under favorable conditions, banana starts flowering in 9-12 months and
fruits matures in about 4-5 months depending upon varieties, climate etc.
• Maturity of the fruit is assessed by change of peel color from dark green
to pale green, disappearance of angularity, finger length and diameter.
• Banana are harvested at 3/4th maturity stage for distant markets or for chips
making purpose while, for local markets are harvested at full maturity
67. The following are the indications of maturity of
banana
• Changing of fruit colour from green to light green
• The floral ends of fruits are shed with slight hand touch at apices
• Fruit become plumpy and angles are filled & disappear
• One or two fruits ripe at the basal end (yellow colour)
• Starch content of the fruit (22-25%)
• The bunches are to be harvested by leaving 2 ft of peduncle on the bunch
68. • Fruits are harvested when the ridges on the surface of the skin change from
angular to round (after attaining ¾th maturity)
• Dwarf banana cultivars are ready to harvest within 11-14 months after
planting.
• While tall cultivars take about 14-16 months to harvest
• A bunch usually takes 90-120 days to mature after shooting(flowering),
depending on the climate and cultural practices
Harvesting
69. Yield
• The fruit bunches are harvested when the angularity of fruits
disappears
Duration Bunch weight
Cavendish 12months 25 to 30kg
Ney poovan 11 months 12 kg
Rasthali 13 months 12 kg
70. Post harvest management
• For fruit ripening, the fruit bunches are sprayed with ethrel 5000 ppm (5ml/lit) with sodium
hydroxide pellets
• Banana can be stored at about 13 0C with the Relative Humidity of 85-95 per cent for 3 weeks
and is ripened in a week at 16.5-210 C. The fruits should not be stored / shifted under
refrigerated condition
• Shrink film wrapping or Waxol (12 per cent) treatment can extend shelf life up to 3 weeks
• Bananas are not usually allowed to ripen on the tree; Smoking done with straw, leaves & cow
dung in a closed chamber for 18-24 hours in summer and 48 hours in winter and later shifted
to ventilated room for uniform ripening
• The exogenous application of 100 ppm ethylene gas in an enclosed chamber for 24 hrs for
will produce uniform colour and ripening
71. Pests
Rhizome weevil
• Nendran is highly susceptible, damaged corms show feeding tunnels filled with mass of rotten
tissues
• Application of Furadan 3G @ 20 gms or Phorate 10G @ 12 gms or Neem cake @ 1/2 Kg. per pit at
planting.
Banana aphid
• Vector of the virus disease bunchy top
• Fruit and leaf scarring beetle
• The beetle feeds on young leaves and skin of young fruits, occurance is maximum in rainy season
• Spray Dimethoate (75ml/100lit) or Diazinon (1.5ml/lit) or Acephate (1.3g/lit) on infested plants and
suckers
72. Diseases
Panama wilt
• Fusarium oxysporium F. sp cubens, It is the
most severe and important disease of banana.
Rasthali is highly susceptible cultivar
• It is serious in poorly drained soil.
• Resistant varieties are Robusta & Dwarf
Cavendish
• Application of 2 per cent of Carbendazim as
injection of Carbendazim 50 ml capsule
application
73. Diseases
Leaf spot/Sigatoka
• It is a fungal disease, initially, presence of
light yellowish spots on the leaves under
sever condition formation of brown spots
and lator dies, turning light grey surrounded
by a brown ring
• The Gros Michel and Cavendish group are
all (AAA ) highly susceptible to sigatoka,
While, all ABB clones are resistant
• Spray Bordeaux mixture 1 per cent +
linseed oil 2 %
• Spray Copper oxychloride or Zineb with
gas oil or mobile oil or white oil
74. Diseases
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV)
• Transmitted by aphid vector, Pentalonia nigronervosa
• The dwarf banana cultivars are very Susceptible
• The leaves are bunched together like a rosette at the top, the margins are wavy and
slightly rolled upward
• Dark green streaks of the lamina or midrib. The plants are stunted and do not produce
bunch of commercial value
• Some of the other diseases are Pseudostem heart rot, Diamond spot, Anthracnose, Cigar
end tip rot, Crown rot, Bacterial soft rot, Bacterial wilt or moko disease, banana streak
virus, banana bract mosoic virus etc., causing damage to banana plants
• The diseased trees should be injected with 4 ml of Fernoxone solution(50g in 400 ml of
water)
76. Ripening
• By exposure to Ethylene gas (1000 ppm for 24 hr) in sealed banana
ripening rooms
• Storage temperature13°C@ 85-95%
• To delay ripening in banana – skin coating with waxol (12% wax
emulsion).