This presentation provides an overview of grapes, including their taxonomic classification, general information, uses, floral biology, and breeding objectives and methods. It discusses grapes belonging to the genus Vitis, key information like their fruit being berries and predominant sugar being fructose. It also summarizes the objectives of grape breeding including developing varieties resistant to diseases and suitable for different training systems. The methods discussed include introduction, selection, hybridization and difficulties in breeding like unsuitable rootstocks.

2. PRESENTATION ON
GRAPES

3. INTRODUCTION
1 . Taxonomic classification of grapes
2 . General information of grapes
3 . Uses
4 . Floral biology
5 . Breeding objectives
6 . Breeding methods
7 . Difficulties in grape breeding

4. TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF GRAPESS
Kingdome – Plantae
Sub Kingdome – Tracheobionta
Division – Magnoliophyta
Class - Magnoliopsida
Sub Class - Rosidae
Order – Vitales
Family – Vitaceae
Genus - Vitis
Subgenus – Euvitis (38) & Muscadinia (40)
Species – Vitifera

5. GENERAL INFORMATION
 Inflorescence – Panicle
 Fruit – Berry
 Edible portion – Pericarp & Placenta
 Cultivation - Viticulture
 Study of Wine – Viriculture
 Science of wine making – Enology
 Introduced by – Christian missionaries in 1832 from France
 Grape aroma & flavour – Methyl anthranilate
 Resveratrol – Anti oxidant ( red wine )
 Predominant sugar – Fructose
 Red colour of grape - Anthocyanins
 Flowers – Laterally on axial of leaves on current season growth
 Origin - Black to Caspian sea
 Growth curve - Double sigmoid growth curve
 Maharashtra - Max area and production

6. USES
Raisin making :
Fruits with high sugar content
are used for raisin making .

7. WINE MAKING :
1. France
2. Italy
3. Spain are leading
producers

8. SYRUP making : grapes
has medicinal properties .

9. Grape jam & grape vinegar

10. Red wine
Red wine consumption is
associated with lower the bad
cholesterol ( LDL ) and higher the
good cholesterol ( HDL ) .

11. As cosmetic ….
Grape seed oil contain vit – E
, an anti oxidant that helps in
promotes hair growth & skin
care .

12. Has medicinal value , used as anti –
carcinogenic , anti allergic pain reliver .
An active ingredient from grapevine
sap known as viniferine , having the
cosmetic properties .

13. Grape flower Panicle

14. FLORAL BIOLOGY
 3 TYPES OF FLOWERS : 1. FEMALE
2. MALE
3. BISEXUAL
 PERFECT FLOWERS : Pistil functional
Stamens erect & produce fertile pollen
 FEMALE FLOWERS : Pistil well developed
Stamens refluxed & may produce abundant pollen
But absence of germ spores .
 MALE FLOWERS : Stamens are erect & anthers produce
Well developed fertile pollen
Pistil is rudimentary

15.  Stamens – 2 – 7
 Majority of flowers – 5 stamens
 2 Types of stamens are their
 1 . Stamens having upright filament
 2 . Filaments are best backwords & downwards soon after the cap
fall .
 PETALS – 5 fused
 Petals are detach from the base forming a cap like structure
called CALYPTRA .
 SEPALS – 5 fused

16.  ANTHESIS : Starts at early morning beyond 5 am
 Peak at – 6 – 10 am .
 Time taken for completion of anthesis varies from half min to 1
day .
 It depends on variety & temperature .

17. FLORAL DIAGRAM
FLORAL FORMULA :
1. Calyx – (4-5) ,
2. Corolla – (4-5) ,
3. Actinomorphic flower ,
4. Bisexual flower ,
5. A –( 5) ,
6. G –(5) ,
7. Inferior ovary .

18. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
 Development of locally adaptable , high yielding cultivars with desirable
quality for intended use .
 Earliness .
 Resistant to downy mildew , anthracnose ,Powdery mildew , Mealy bug .
 Developing rootstocks resistant to salt & nematodes .
 Developing cultivars having lesser apical dominance , vigour & capacity to
bear on basal nodes so that it suits for low cost of training system .

19. BREEDING METHODS
1. Introduction & selection
2. Hybridisation
3. Clonal selection
4. Mutation breeding
5 . Polyploidy breeding

20. 1. INTRODUCTION : After 13th century , many introductions
were made & found to be promising even now in certain parts of
India .
Eg : Anab – e – shahi into middle east
Bhokri , Pandhari sahabi .
2 .SELECTION FROM OPEN POLLINATED SEEDS :
1. Cheema sahabi
2 . S – 94 at Punjab is based on this method only .

21. 3. CLONAL SELECTION
INSTITUTE CLONAL SELECTION FROM
IARI Pusa seedless Thomson seedless
Haryana
Agriculture university
HS – 37 – 6
Early maturing clone
Perlitte
NRS Grapes , Pune Manjari naveen Centennial seedless
NRS Grapes , Pune Krishmish Rozavis White Krishmish Rozavis

22.  Other examples :
 Tas – a – ganesh - elongated berries .
 Sonaka - much elongated berries than Tas – a – ganesh .
 Raosahebi – Cheemasahebi
 Dilkush – A bud spot of Anab – e – Shahi .
 4 . MUTATION BREEDING :
 Physical mutagens : x – rays , gama rays .
 Chemical mutagens : Ethyle Methyle Sulphonate , N – nitroso –
N – methyle urethase .

23. 4 . EXAMPLE FOR MUTATION BREEDING :
 New Perlette
 Red Niagara
 Robin cardinal
5 . POLYPLOIDY BREEDING : In table grapes breeding , this
technology is highly viable to get increased berry size .
Important varieties evolved are
 Marvel seedless from Delight , Early gaint from camphell .
 Muscat commonhall from Muscat Alexandria & Wallis gaint from
concord .

24. 6 . HYBRIDISATION : steps
1 . Emasculate the perfect flower
2 . Make it as female flower
3 . Bagging the male flower
4 . Cross between them
5 . Seeds - scarified at 4 dc for 75 to 90 days
6 . Juvinile period – 3-6 years (shortened by PGRs) .

25. IIHR ( BANGLOOR ) VARIETIES
Arka vati Black ×Thompson seedless Suitable for table & raisin purpose
Arka
Kanchan
Anab – e – shahi × Queen of vine
yards
Suitable for table wine purpose & late
maturing
Arka shyam Bangalore blue × Black champa Suitable to juice and wine purpose
Arka hans Anab – e – shahi × Bangalore blue Wine purpose
Arka swetha Anab – e shahi × Thompsonseedless Table& raisin purpose
Arka
neelamani
Black champa × Thompsonseedless Table purpose

26. VARIETY PARENTASE FEATURE
Arka majestic Angur Kalyan × black champa S to head system of
training
Arka soma Anab – e – shahi × queen of
vineyards
T to anthracnose ,
downy mildew ,
powdery mildew
Arka thrishna Bangalore blue × convent large
black
Good wine yield
Arka Krishna Black champa × Thompson
seedless
Juice making
Arka Chitra Angur Kalyan × anab – e -
shahi
-

27. IARI VARIETIES
 Pusa Urvashi – hur beauty seedless ×
 Pusa navrang – madaline angavine ruby red ×

28. CAULIFORNIA USA
 1 . Fantasy Seedless – 6 parents
 2 . Crimson Seedless – multiple crossing
 3 . Black Emerald - multiple crossing and both are early season
varieties .

29. OTHER INDIAN VARIETIES
 1 . Bhokri
 2 . Gulabi
 3 . Perlette
 4 .delight
 5 . Pusa seedless
 6 . Beauty seedless
 Fantasy Seedless , Red Globe , Autumn Royal are USA varieties
now gaining Importance in India .

30. SEEDLESSNESS
SEEDLESSNESS OF grapes is due to stenospermocarpy
It is a type of parthenocarpy
The term coined by – Stout .
1 . If crossing between seeded female & seeded male -16.6 to 27.54
% of seedless fruits are obtained .
2. If crossing between seeded female & seedless male – not much
important .

31. DIFFICULTIES IN GRAPE BREEDING
 The root stocks which are tolerant to any biotic or abiotic stresses
or susseptlable some other problems .
 The released rootstocks are not suitable to all types of
environmental conditions , soils .
 Pollen storage for hybridisation technique .

32. Reference :
1.N. Kumar text book
2. Instant Horticulture –S . N. Gupta
3. Fruit Crops – Dr . T . Radha & Dr . L .Mathew
4. www google.com in…

33. Presented by :
Yaddanapudi Pooja ,
RHM / 17 – 28 .

34. SUBMITTED TO :
Basheeruddihin sir

35. THANKYOU