Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of India. Over the past decade, guava production has increased substantially. Common guava varieties grown in India include Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow 49, and Lalit. Guava can be propagated through seed or vegetative methods like stooling, air layering, and grafting. Stooling involves taking shoots from the mother plant and rooting them to form new plants. Air layering is done by girdling branches and promoting root formation under moist soil or moss. Grafting techniques like approach grafting are also used to propagate new plants.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.7 cultivation practices of mangoRai University
Mango is India's national fruit and India ranks first in area and production of mangoes worldwide. Some popular mango varieties grown in India include Alphonso, Dashehari, Kesar, Langra, and Neelum. Mango trees require well-draining soil and a warm climate to grow. Proper cultivation practices like irrigation, fertilization, training, pruning, and pest management are needed to maximize mango production. The document provides details on mango botany, cultivation, varieties, and common diseases affecting the crop.
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptxjana861314
Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of India. Over the past decade, guava production has increased substantially. Common guava varieties grown in India include Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow 49, and Lalit. Guava can be propagated through seed or vegetative methods like stooling, air layering, and grafting. Stooling involves taking shoots from the mother plant and rooting them to form new plants. Air layering is done by girdling branches and promoting root formation under moist soil or moss. Grafting techniques like approach grafting are also used to propagate new plants.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.7 cultivation practices of mangoRai University
Mango is India's national fruit and India ranks first in area and production of mangoes worldwide. Some popular mango varieties grown in India include Alphonso, Dashehari, Kesar, Langra, and Neelum. Mango trees require well-draining soil and a warm climate to grow. Proper cultivation practices like irrigation, fertilization, training, pruning, and pest management are needed to maximize mango production. The document provides details on mango botany, cultivation, varieties, and common diseases affecting the crop.
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptxjana861314
Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
This document provides information on the cultivation of pomegranate. It discusses that pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the world's largest producer, with Maharashtra producing 73% of India's pomegranate. It requires hot, dry climates and is commercially cultivated in several Indian states. Several popular varieties are described along with their characteristics. Cultural practices like propagation, planting, irrigation, training, pruning, harvesting and post-harvest care are outlined. Finally, the document discusses pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar, and diseases like leaf spot and fruit rot along with their management.
This document provides information on the pointed gourd plant. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, management practices including fertilization, irrigation, and pest and disease control. It notes that pointed gourd is high in nutrients and widely cultivated in parts of India. Varieties released include Swarna Rekha, Swarna Alaukik, and Kashi Alankar.
This document provides information on the production technology of brinjal. It discusses that brinjal is a warm season crop cultivated in India for over 4,000 years. It then covers details on brinjal cultivation areas, climate and soil requirements, common varieties grown in India including long, round and oblong varieties, nutritional composition and uses of brinjal. The document also describes the botanical features of brinjal including its leaves, flowers, fruits and varieties.
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is a delicious juicy fruit of excellent quality. Botanically it
belongs to Sapindaceae family. Litchi fruit is famous for its attractive red colour, excellent
quality characteristics and pleasant flavor.
Soil and climate:
Litchi is a sub-tropical fruit and thrives best under moist sub-tropical climate. It usually
prefers low elevation and can be grown up to an altitude of 800 m. (m.s.l.). Deep, well drained
loamy soil, rich in organic matter and having pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.0 is ideal for the crop.
Litchi cannot tolerate frost during winter and dry heat in summer. The temperature should not
go beyond 40.5 0C in summer and below freezing point in winter. Prolonged rain may be harmful
especially at the time of flowering, when it interferes with pollination.
Cultivars:
A large number of varieties are grown in different parts of India. Bambia, Ellaichi,
Muzaffarpur, Seedless early, Seedless late, Shahi, Pottee, Rose scented, China, Purbi, and Kasab
are the suitable varieties for NE region.
Propagation:
Air layering is the most common method of propagation. Select healthy and vigorous one
year old twigs and remove 2 cm wide ring of bark just below a bud. IBA or Rooton may be
applied at cut portion for early and more rooting. The cut is surrounded by mud ball containing
moss (2 parts damp moss and 1 part of soil from the basin of old litchi tree) and wrapped with
polythene sheet. Both ends are tied with fine rope to make it air tight. When sufficient roots are
formed in about 2 months, the branch is cut below the soil or sphagnum moss and potted in a
nursery. July to October is the most appropriate time. About 6 months old air-layered plants
should be planted in permanent field in monsoon.
Planting:
Pits of 90 x 90 x 90 cm in dimension are dug at the spacing of 8 – 10 m apart in square
system. Pits are filled with topsoil mixed with about 40 kg decomposed compost, 2 kg
neem/karanj cake, 1 kg bone meal/single super phosphate and 200-300 g muriate of potash.
Incorporation of about 2 baskets of soil from the root zone of old lychee trees encourages the
mycorrhiza growth. Planting is done during June to July. At the time of planting a hole the size
of ball of earth is made in the centre of the pit at the marked point where the plant is fixed and
the soil is pressed to remove air. Watering is done immediately after planting for proper
establishment. Subsequently the plant is regularly irrigated till it is properly established.
Training and pruning:
Training of the plant in the initial stage is essential to provide the required framework.
Unwanted branches should be pruned to provide definite shape and to promote growth of the
trunk and crown of the tree. Three to four branches 60-75 cm from ground opposite to each other
are allowed to form the proper frame of the tree. Further, crowded and crisscross branches are removed to facilitate better growth.
Ridge gourd is a climbing vine grown for its edible fruit. It is commonly called Sirola in Gujarati, Dodka in Marathi, and Beerakaya in Telugu. It is a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals that can aid in weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and improve digestion. Several commercial varieties of ridge gourd have been developed for cultivation in different parts of India, with yields ranging from 10 to 30 tons per hectare depending on the variety and growing conditions. Ridge gourd thrives in warm temperatures between 25-35°C and requires well-draining soil with ample sunlight for optimal growth.
This document provides information about guava, including its taxonomy, varieties commonly grown in India and other countries, production statistics for major Indian states, nutritional value, uses of different parts of the plant, and methods of propagation. It discusses the common name, scientific name, family, and chromosome number. It also lists several varieties of guava from India and other countries, describing their key features. Production data from 2011-2014 is presented for the major guava producing states in India. The document outlines guava's origins, soil and climate requirements, and propagation techniques including seed propagation, cuttings, air layering, and stooling.
This document provides information on the production technology of watermelon. It discusses the origin and varieties of watermelon including Sugar Baby, Asahi Yamato, Pusa Bedana, and Arka varieties. It also outlines soil preparation, sowing methods, fertilizer use, pruning, weed and water management, and harvesting. Key requirements are warm weather, well-drained soil, and regular irrigation. Yields average 200-250 quintals per hectare for varieties and 300-400 quintals for hybrids.
This document provides information on the pomegranate plant. It begins with the scientific classification of pomegranate and mentions that its common names include pomegranate, granada, and grenade. It is native to Iran and adapted to semi-arid climates with hot summers and cool winters. The document then discusses the world and Indian production scenarios of pomegranate. It also provides details on the botany, cultivation practices such as propagation, planting, training, pruning, fertilization and irrigation of pomegranate plants. Finally, it describes the pests and diseases that affect pomegranate and their management strategies.
This document provides information about guava and pomegranate breeding objectives, germplasm resources, floral biology, and breeding methods and achievements. It discusses the development of seedless guava varieties, high keeping quality, and disease resistance as breeding objectives. It notes that over 100 guava genotypes are available in Indian collections. For pomegranate, objectives include developing varieties with small, soft seeds and attractive arils. It outlines floral structures and types of flowers in both crops. Breeding methods that have led to new varieties include clonal selection, hybridization, and polyploidy breeding. Promising selections and hybrids from various research institutions are mentioned.
This document provides information about guava and pomegranate breeding objectives, germplasm resources, floral biology, and breeding methods and achievements. It discusses the development of seedless guava varieties, high keeping quality, and disease resistance as breeding objectives. It notes important guava growing states in India and over 100 guava genotypes in collections. For pomegranate, it outlines objectives like small soft seeds and disease resistance. It describes floral structures and types of both crops and concludes with discussing selection of varieties in India and hybridization results.
Okra is a warm season vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. There are several varieties developed by different agricultural universities in India with varying characteristics such as fruit size, color, ridges and resistance to diseases. Proper soil preparation, seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control and mulching are important cultivation practices for higher yield. Hybrid varieties exploit heterosis to produce higher yields than open pollinated varieties.
Carrots are a biennial plant grown as an annual for its taproot. The main edible part is the orange-colored root which is rich in beta-carotene and other nutrients. There is wide variability in root colors including white, yellow, red, purple, and black depending on the variety. Major carrot producing countries include China, India, and the United States. Carrots are commonly used raw in salads or cooked in dishes like halwa, pickles, and juices. The three main types are long rooted, half-long rooted, and short stump rooted which perform best in different soil conditions. Popular commercial varieties in India include Pusa Kesar, Pusa Yamdagni, and P
1) Brinjal is an important vegetable crop cultivated in India for its fruits. It requires warm weather and well-drained soil to grow.
2) There are several popular varieties developed by state agricultural universities and research institutes that differ in fruit size, color, and yield. High yielding varieties can produce 35-60 tonnes per hectare.
3) Proper soil preparation, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are needed to maximize brinjal production. Pests and diseases also require management.
This document summarizes breeding techniques used to develop new guava hybrids and varieties. It discusses the origin and distribution of guava species, wild relatives, and important cultivated varieties. Major breeding objectives are listed as developing dwarf plants, uniform fruit size and quality, and disease resistance. Breeding methods discussed include introduction, selection, hybridization, polyploidy, aneuploidy, and mutation breeding. The goal is to combine traits for commercial production and develop new varieties with improved traits.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information about sweet potatoes, including their botanical details, distribution, production levels in India and major producing states, differences between tuberous and ordinary roots, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. Some key points:
- China is the largest global producer and consumer of sweet potatoes. India accounts for 3.22% of global area and 1.88% of production.
- Sweet potatoes are highly heterozygous and hexaploid plants that produce tuberous roots for food.
- They are nutrient-dense and rich in vitamin C, B6, dietary fiber, and beta-carotene depending on variety.
- Common varieties grown in India differ in root shape, size
This document provides an overview of pea production technology. It discusses the origin, description, botany, taxonomy, cultivation practices and varieties of peas. Key points include:
- Peas are a cool season legume crop grown for their edible pods and seeds. Major producers include India, where they are grown in northern plains and hills.
- Peas fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules. They have a taproot system and bear compound leaves with tendrils. Flowers are self-pollinated and develop into edible pods.
- Cultivars are classified by seed type, plant height, and maturity period. Popular varieties include Arka Ajit, Bonneville, and Ar
- Wild muskmelon originated in Africa and was introduced to Asia, Europe, and the Americas by travelers. It is now cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
- India is a major producer of muskmelon, which is valued there for its cooling effect in summer and used both as a dessert fruit and cooked vegetable. The fruit provides vitamins, minerals, and purported health benefits.
- Successful muskmelon cultivation requires warm, dry, sunny conditions with fertile, well-drained soil between pH 6-7. Several popular Indian varieties like Arka Jeet and Pusa Sharabati have been developed through selective breeding.
This document provides information on the cultivation of pomegranate. It discusses that pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the world's largest producer, with Maharashtra producing 73% of India's pomegranate. It requires hot, dry climates and is commercially cultivated in several Indian states. Several popular varieties are described along with their characteristics. Cultural practices like propagation, planting, irrigation, training, pruning, harvesting and post-harvest care are outlined. Finally, the document discusses pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar, and diseases like leaf spot and fruit rot along with their management.
This document provides information on the pointed gourd plant. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, management practices including fertilization, irrigation, and pest and disease control. It notes that pointed gourd is high in nutrients and widely cultivated in parts of India. Varieties released include Swarna Rekha, Swarna Alaukik, and Kashi Alankar.
This document provides information on the production technology of brinjal. It discusses that brinjal is a warm season crop cultivated in India for over 4,000 years. It then covers details on brinjal cultivation areas, climate and soil requirements, common varieties grown in India including long, round and oblong varieties, nutritional composition and uses of brinjal. The document also describes the botanical features of brinjal including its leaves, flowers, fruits and varieties.
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is a delicious juicy fruit of excellent quality. Botanically it
belongs to Sapindaceae family. Litchi fruit is famous for its attractive red colour, excellent
quality characteristics and pleasant flavor.
Soil and climate:
Litchi is a sub-tropical fruit and thrives best under moist sub-tropical climate. It usually
prefers low elevation and can be grown up to an altitude of 800 m. (m.s.l.). Deep, well drained
loamy soil, rich in organic matter and having pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.0 is ideal for the crop.
Litchi cannot tolerate frost during winter and dry heat in summer. The temperature should not
go beyond 40.5 0C in summer and below freezing point in winter. Prolonged rain may be harmful
especially at the time of flowering, when it interferes with pollination.
Cultivars:
A large number of varieties are grown in different parts of India. Bambia, Ellaichi,
Muzaffarpur, Seedless early, Seedless late, Shahi, Pottee, Rose scented, China, Purbi, and Kasab
are the suitable varieties for NE region.
Propagation:
Air layering is the most common method of propagation. Select healthy and vigorous one
year old twigs and remove 2 cm wide ring of bark just below a bud. IBA or Rooton may be
applied at cut portion for early and more rooting. The cut is surrounded by mud ball containing
moss (2 parts damp moss and 1 part of soil from the basin of old litchi tree) and wrapped with
polythene sheet. Both ends are tied with fine rope to make it air tight. When sufficient roots are
formed in about 2 months, the branch is cut below the soil or sphagnum moss and potted in a
nursery. July to October is the most appropriate time. About 6 months old air-layered plants
should be planted in permanent field in monsoon.
Planting:
Pits of 90 x 90 x 90 cm in dimension are dug at the spacing of 8 – 10 m apart in square
system. Pits are filled with topsoil mixed with about 40 kg decomposed compost, 2 kg
neem/karanj cake, 1 kg bone meal/single super phosphate and 200-300 g muriate of potash.
Incorporation of about 2 baskets of soil from the root zone of old lychee trees encourages the
mycorrhiza growth. Planting is done during June to July. At the time of planting a hole the size
of ball of earth is made in the centre of the pit at the marked point where the plant is fixed and
the soil is pressed to remove air. Watering is done immediately after planting for proper
establishment. Subsequently the plant is regularly irrigated till it is properly established.
Training and pruning:
Training of the plant in the initial stage is essential to provide the required framework.
Unwanted branches should be pruned to provide definite shape and to promote growth of the
trunk and crown of the tree. Three to four branches 60-75 cm from ground opposite to each other
are allowed to form the proper frame of the tree. Further, crowded and crisscross branches are removed to facilitate better growth.
Ridge gourd is a climbing vine grown for its edible fruit. It is commonly called Sirola in Gujarati, Dodka in Marathi, and Beerakaya in Telugu. It is a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals that can aid in weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and improve digestion. Several commercial varieties of ridge gourd have been developed for cultivation in different parts of India, with yields ranging from 10 to 30 tons per hectare depending on the variety and growing conditions. Ridge gourd thrives in warm temperatures between 25-35°C and requires well-draining soil with ample sunlight for optimal growth.
This document provides information about guava, including its taxonomy, varieties commonly grown in India and other countries, production statistics for major Indian states, nutritional value, uses of different parts of the plant, and methods of propagation. It discusses the common name, scientific name, family, and chromosome number. It also lists several varieties of guava from India and other countries, describing their key features. Production data from 2011-2014 is presented for the major guava producing states in India. The document outlines guava's origins, soil and climate requirements, and propagation techniques including seed propagation, cuttings, air layering, and stooling.
This document provides information on the production technology of watermelon. It discusses the origin and varieties of watermelon including Sugar Baby, Asahi Yamato, Pusa Bedana, and Arka varieties. It also outlines soil preparation, sowing methods, fertilizer use, pruning, weed and water management, and harvesting. Key requirements are warm weather, well-drained soil, and regular irrigation. Yields average 200-250 quintals per hectare for varieties and 300-400 quintals for hybrids.
This document provides information on the pomegranate plant. It begins with the scientific classification of pomegranate and mentions that its common names include pomegranate, granada, and grenade. It is native to Iran and adapted to semi-arid climates with hot summers and cool winters. The document then discusses the world and Indian production scenarios of pomegranate. It also provides details on the botany, cultivation practices such as propagation, planting, training, pruning, fertilization and irrigation of pomegranate plants. Finally, it describes the pests and diseases that affect pomegranate and their management strategies.
This document provides information about guava and pomegranate breeding objectives, germplasm resources, floral biology, and breeding methods and achievements. It discusses the development of seedless guava varieties, high keeping quality, and disease resistance as breeding objectives. It notes that over 100 guava genotypes are available in Indian collections. For pomegranate, objectives include developing varieties with small, soft seeds and attractive arils. It outlines floral structures and types of flowers in both crops. Breeding methods that have led to new varieties include clonal selection, hybridization, and polyploidy breeding. Promising selections and hybrids from various research institutions are mentioned.
This document provides information about guava and pomegranate breeding objectives, germplasm resources, floral biology, and breeding methods and achievements. It discusses the development of seedless guava varieties, high keeping quality, and disease resistance as breeding objectives. It notes important guava growing states in India and over 100 guava genotypes in collections. For pomegranate, it outlines objectives like small soft seeds and disease resistance. It describes floral structures and types of both crops and concludes with discussing selection of varieties in India and hybridization results.
Okra is a warm season vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. There are several varieties developed by different agricultural universities in India with varying characteristics such as fruit size, color, ridges and resistance to diseases. Proper soil preparation, seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control and mulching are important cultivation practices for higher yield. Hybrid varieties exploit heterosis to produce higher yields than open pollinated varieties.
Carrots are a biennial plant grown as an annual for its taproot. The main edible part is the orange-colored root which is rich in beta-carotene and other nutrients. There is wide variability in root colors including white, yellow, red, purple, and black depending on the variety. Major carrot producing countries include China, India, and the United States. Carrots are commonly used raw in salads or cooked in dishes like halwa, pickles, and juices. The three main types are long rooted, half-long rooted, and short stump rooted which perform best in different soil conditions. Popular commercial varieties in India include Pusa Kesar, Pusa Yamdagni, and P
1) Brinjal is an important vegetable crop cultivated in India for its fruits. It requires warm weather and well-drained soil to grow.
2) There are several popular varieties developed by state agricultural universities and research institutes that differ in fruit size, color, and yield. High yielding varieties can produce 35-60 tonnes per hectare.
3) Proper soil preparation, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are needed to maximize brinjal production. Pests and diseases also require management.
This document summarizes breeding techniques used to develop new guava hybrids and varieties. It discusses the origin and distribution of guava species, wild relatives, and important cultivated varieties. Major breeding objectives are listed as developing dwarf plants, uniform fruit size and quality, and disease resistance. Breeding methods discussed include introduction, selection, hybridization, polyploidy, aneuploidy, and mutation breeding. The goal is to combine traits for commercial production and develop new varieties with improved traits.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information about sweet potatoes, including their botanical details, distribution, production levels in India and major producing states, differences between tuberous and ordinary roots, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. Some key points:
- China is the largest global producer and consumer of sweet potatoes. India accounts for 3.22% of global area and 1.88% of production.
- Sweet potatoes are highly heterozygous and hexaploid plants that produce tuberous roots for food.
- They are nutrient-dense and rich in vitamin C, B6, dietary fiber, and beta-carotene depending on variety.
- Common varieties grown in India differ in root shape, size
This document provides an overview of pea production technology. It discusses the origin, description, botany, taxonomy, cultivation practices and varieties of peas. Key points include:
- Peas are a cool season legume crop grown for their edible pods and seeds. Major producers include India, where they are grown in northern plains and hills.
- Peas fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules. They have a taproot system and bear compound leaves with tendrils. Flowers are self-pollinated and develop into edible pods.
- Cultivars are classified by seed type, plant height, and maturity period. Popular varieties include Arka Ajit, Bonneville, and Ar
- Wild muskmelon originated in Africa and was introduced to Asia, Europe, and the Americas by travelers. It is now cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
- India is a major producer of muskmelon, which is valued there for its cooling effect in summer and used both as a dessert fruit and cooked vegetable. The fruit provides vitamins, minerals, and purported health benefits.
- Successful muskmelon cultivation requires warm, dry, sunny conditions with fertile, well-drained soil between pH 6-7. Several popular Indian varieties like Arka Jeet and Pusa Sharabati have been developed through selective breeding.
Similar to Advances in Production Technology of Guava.pdf (20)
The document summarizes biochemical responses in plants during abiotic stress conditions. It discusses how abiotic stresses like drought, salinity and temperature fluctuations can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. The plant defenses against ROS include antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and non-enzymatic compounds. Primary metabolites like proline and secondary metabolites play important roles in stress tolerance. The accumulation of stress proteins, amino acids and compatible solutes help plants adapt to stressful conditions.
IMPORTANT VARIETIES AND POST HARVEST QUALITY REQUIREMENTS OF GYPSOPHILA, CALL...Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
This document discusses the post-harvest quality requirements for three flowering plants: gypsophila, calla lily, and goldenrod. It provides information on important varieties for each plant and their characteristics. For gypsophila, it describes pre-treatments like STS that extend vase life and recommends storage at 0-1°C and 90% humidity. For calla lilies, it provides grading guidelines and advises harvesting when the spathe has opened. For goldenrod, it notes varieties that remain upright and lists post-harvest treatments like sucrose that extend vase life to 13 days.
1. Plants are exposed to various stresses from both human activities and natural causes that can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant tissues.
2. ROS are generated during normal plant metabolic processes and photosynthesis, but stress situations increase their toxic production.
3. Plants have developed complex antioxidant defense systems using enzymatic and non-enzymatic components like ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics and antioxidant enzymes to scavenge ROS and protect against oxidative damage.
This document discusses mutation breeding techniques for several flower crops. It begins by explaining naturally occurring and induced mutations. Various mutagens like radiation and chemicals are described. Examples of mutation breeding programs for petunia, chrysanthemum, tulip, carnation, rose and gladiolus are provided where mutants with new flower colors and morphologies were obtained. The conclusion states that mutation breeding is a beneficial tool for plant breeders to generate novel traits and expand genetic diversity in crops.
This document provides an introduction to floriculture, which is the cultivation and marketing of ornamental plants. It discusses the subdivisions of floriculture including commercial floriculture, arboriculture, and landscape gardening. Floriculture includes the production of cut flowers, loose flowers, cut greens, potted plants, and products for the perfume, pigment, and dry flower industries. The largest flower producer is the Netherlands, while India has potential to expand its small share of the global floriculture trade and areas of production include Tamil Nadu which is a leading producer of jasmine and other loose flowers.
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Hibiscus - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Crossandra - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Cut Chrysanthemum- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Scented rose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
1. Botanical name : Psidium guajava L.,
Family : Myrtaceae
Origin : Tropical America
Chromosome No. : 2n =22
Apple of the Tropics and Poor man̕̕̕̕s apple
Production technology of Guava
Dr. M. Kumaresan (Hort.)
Floriculture and Landscaping
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced
Studies (VISTAS)
Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu -600117
2. Introduction
• Ideal fruit – Nutritional security in India
• Rich source of vitamin C (260-300 mg/100 g) and contains a fair amount of calcium
• Fruits give the best jelly because of rich pectin content.
• Guava cultivation in India ranks the fourth position in terms of area and production.
• Popular and widely cultivated in UP and Bihar.
• Type of fruit – Multiple Seeded Berry
• Highly cross pollinated crop (Honey bees)
• Best quality guava is obtained from winter season (Night temperature less than 100C)
• Flowers produce on the current season growth in the axils of leaves.
• Current season growth takes one or two months to bear flowers.
3. Composition and uses
• The fresh fruits are very rich in vitamin C (228 mg/100g pulp)
• Vit-A (624 IU),Vit B2 (0.067mg), and minerals like Calcium(18mg), P(11mg), acidity
2.4 %, carbohydrates 9-10 %, TSS-13 %, pantothenic acid, riboflavin(0.040 mg),
thiamin and niacin(1.084mg), also rich source of pectin
• The fresh ripe fruits are used as table/salad fruits
• Fruits are rich in pectin
• The best quality jelly can be prepared; fruits can be canned in sugar syrup or made in to
fruit butter, juice preparation and in ice-creams
• The leaves yield a dye and are used in dying industry and also have medicinal values for
curing diarrhea
• Lycopene –Arka Kiran
4. Origin and Distribution
• A native of tropical America, guava was spread rapidly throughout the world’s
tropics by the Spanish and Portuguese
• Major guava producing countries are South Asian countries, the Hawaii Islands
Cuba and India
• In India it is grown in 1.30 lakh hectares in Uttar Pradesh (largest area and
production), Bihar, M.P, Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh
5. Based on seed content
• Seeded varieties – highly seeded to less seeded types – diploids (Allahabad safeda,
Lucknow-49, Arka Mridula and Red fleshed etc. )
• Seedless varieties - Autoploidy (Triploids) (Nagapur seedless and Saharanpur
seedless) produces 2 types of fruits
Partially seeded and
Completely seedless
Based on the flesh colour
i. Red fleshed
ii. White fleshed
Among these two, white fleshed are more common and red-fleshed are less common.
Classification of varieties
6. Species and Cultivars
• There are more than 150 species available in guava and some of the important species are
Psidium guajava
• It is the commercially cultivated species, rest of them do produce fruits but small size, inferior
quality and with high acid content.
Common name Scientific name Specific features
Brazilian guava / Guinea guava Psidium guineese Small fruits with poor quality
Strawberry / cattleya guava Psidium cattleianum Small fruits with purplish red color
costa – Rica – Guava / China
guava
Psidium friedrichsthalianum Small fruits globose in shape, dwarf
rootstock and resistant to nematode, guava
wilt
Guisaro guava Psidium molle -
Mountain guava Psidium montanum -
- Psidium pumilum Highest sugar content
- Psidium cujavillis Highest Vit – C
8. L-49 (Lucknow-49)
• Prolific bearer, greenish yellow with milky
white sweet pulp and rough surface.
• Contains fairly soft few seeds in inner
portion of pulp.
• Number of seeds is less, keeping quality is
medium
• Very popular in Maharashtra and Andhra
Pradesh.
• Suitable for table purpose and yields about
25t/ha.
9. Allahabad Safeda
• Most famous variety grown in Uttar
Pradesh for table purpose
• Tree is medium in height (5.8-6.5m) with
vigorous branching and dense foliage
• Fruits are medium in size (180g), round
in shape with few seeds
• Fruit is white fleshed with good keeping
quality
10. Banarasi
• Variety attains a height of 4.0 to
5.5 m with a broad crown and
fruits are round, light-yellow in
colour.
• Mainly cultivated for table
purpose
11. Chittidar and Harijha
Chittidar
• Similar to the Safeda except that it has many
pinkish red dots of the size of a pinhead on the
surface of the fruit.
Harijha
• Variety attains a height of about 3.5 to 4.5 m and is
sparsely branched
• Fruits are round, greenish yellow in colour with
sweet taste
12. Arka Kiran and Arka Rashmi
Arka Kiran
• Hybrid: Kamsari x Purple Local
• Fruits are slightly pear shaped weighing on an average about 200 g
• Pulp is pink in colour with high Lycopene content and seeds are soft (<10 kg/
cm2 hardness) with a TSS of 12°Brix
Arka Rashmi
• Hybrid: Kamsari x Purple Local
• Fruits are round, weigh about 200 g
• Pulp is deep pink in colour with high ascorbic acid and lycopene content
• Seeds are medium soft (8-10 kg/ cm2 hardness) with a TSS of 11-12°Brix
13. Arka Mridula
• Variety is a selection from open pollinated seedlings of Allahabad Safeda
• Plants are semi-tall in nature and spreading
• Fruits are round in shape and weigh about 180g
• Skin is yellow in colour and smooth
• Flesh is white in colour
• The TSS is around 12 Brix
• Fruits are soft seeded and have a good keeping quality
• Good for processing due to high contents of pectin (1.041%)
14. Arka Amulya and Red Fleshed
Arka Amulya
• A progeny from the cross of Allahabad Safeda x Triploid
• Plants are medium in vigor and spreading type
• Fruits are round in shape
• Skin is smooth and yellow in colour
• Grown in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab
Red Fleshed
• Tree attains 3-5m height
• The branches are spreading with roundish oval fruit, which has yellowish skin with
pink colour flesh
15. Arka Poorna
• Developed from the progeny
selection of the cross Purple local
X Allahabad Safeda.
• Semi- vigorous in growth habit
with prolific bearing, hence suitable
for medium to high density planting.
• The fruits are round, medium to big
in size ( 200-230 g) with smooth,
shiny pericarp.
• Pulp is firm, white with thick outer
rind, good flavour and keeping
quality.
• Dual purpose variety suitable for
both table and processing
16. Lalit
• Selection from half sib population of Apple Colour
• Variety with wide adaptability in different agro ecological zones of the country
• Fruit yield is 100 kg/plant at the age of 6 years, which is higher than any other
commercial guava variety
• Fruits are of saffron yellow in colour with red flash and weighing 185-200 g/fruit,
flesh firm and pink with good blend of sugar and acid.
• Content of vitamin 'C' in fruit is 250 mg/100 g
• Suitable for both table and processing purposes
• Pink colour in the beverage remains stable for more than a year during storage
17. Hisar Safeda and Hisar Surkha
Hisar Safeda
• Cross between Allahabad Safeda x Seedless guava developed at CCS HAU, Hisar.
• Tree growth upright with compact crown, leaves oblong in shape
• Fruits are round in shape, medium in size, smooth and yellowish green surface, pulp creamy white
with few soft seeds.
Hisar Surkha
• Cross between Apple Colour x Banarasi Surkha
• Trees are medium in height with broad to compact crown, leaves oblong in shape
• Fruits are medium in size, round shape, smooth and yellowish green surface with pink pulp.
• Haryana, Punjab
18. TRY (G) 1 (2005)
• Elite mother plant from assembled unknown population at ADAC&RI, Trichy
• Off season bearing, shiny greenish yellow fruit with desirable aroma
• Fruits are having high TSS (10o Brix) & ascorbic acid (180.8 mg/100 g)
• Resistant to fruit fly and tolerant to mealy bug, scale, mite and wilt
• Withstands drought and sodicity tolerant
• Having a yield potential of 40.52 kg/tree (163.048 t/ha)
• Grown throughout in Tamil Nadu particularly under salt affected soil and stress
conditions
19. Climate and Soil
Climate
• Subtropical and tropical fruits which requires a distinct winter for developing good quality.
• Grows well both in wet and dry regions but it does better under irrigation in the dry tracts.
• Grown upto 1000 m altitude.
• Optimum temperature: 23-260C.
• With stand upto 460C.
Soil
• Deep and well drained soils are best soil for guava cultivation.
• Hardy fruit which can tolerate salinity and alkalinity.
• pH: 4.5 -7.5
20. Propagation
• In India, guava is commercially propagated by air-layering (marcottage) during
monsoon
• Application of auxin (IBA 3000-5000 ppm) increased percentage of success and
survival
• Propagation by veneer grafting and patch budding have also been standardized
• Central Institute of subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow standardized the technique
of wedge grafting for rapid multiplication of guava
• Success of technique was reported to be 70-92% in green house and 37-77% in open
21. Seed propagation
• Seedling can be raised in nursery or in polythene bags from freshly extracted seeds
of fully matured fruits.
• Seed viability declines very quickly after extraction from fruits.
• Which may be extended by treatment with potassium nitrate or ferulic acid
22. Air layering
• Shoots selected for air-layering should be 1 cm in diameter and preferably from previous
year growth
• A ring of bark about 3 cm long is removed
• Cover ring with media (soil: leaf mould; 1:1) or with Sphagnum moss, previously soaked in
water
• Wrapped with polyethylene film
• Takes 30-40 days for rooting during mansoon
• Air layers treated with IBA at 5000 ppm and found 90% rooting in month of June, 80% in
May, 70% in April, and further decreased gradually to 10% in the month of December
• Air-layering in guava is most successful between April and June in warm and humid climate.
23. Grafting - Rootstocks
1. Chinese guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum)
• Resistant rootstock for wilt disease of guava
• Rootstock is also resistant to nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita)
2. Psidium pumilum
• Trees grafted on Psidium pumilum showed a dwarfing effect
3. Psidium cattleianum
• Cv. Allahabad Safeda on P. cattleianum showed higher yield than on P. pumilum and
P. cujavalis
4. Pusa srijan (aneuploid no. 82 rootstock of guava)
• Potentially dwarf rootstock identified at IARI, New Delhi
24. Planting
• Traditionally guava is planted in square system at a distance of 6 x 6 m to 8 x 8 m
• Canopy management from first year of planting, planting density of 3 x 6 m (555 plants
per ha) has been found most suitable and highly productive for cv. Allahabad Safeda
• Guava is highly suitable for high density plantation, because bearing is on current
seasons growth and flowers appear on axils of new leaves
• Guava can also be planted in a hedgerow system at a spacing of 6m x 3m or 6m x 2m.
• Hedgerow plantations gave almost double the crop per unit area than 6m x 6m spacing
26. Meadow Orchard system
• Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture has developed Meadow Orchard system for guava which
accommodates 5000 plants per ha (1 x 2 m) coupled with regular topping and hedging
• In this system, trees are trained to dwarf structure during initial stage of planting
• Provide dwarf tree stature, plants are topped to a uniform height at 2 months after planting (October) for
emergence of new shoots below the cut end
• After appearance of flowers on new shoots, 50% of the semi-hard wood portion of these shoots is pruned in
May
• Renewal growth is initiated, flowers differentiate, and original size of well-feathered tree is recovered by
the end of September
• Entire portion of tree is re-pruned in October for initiation of new shoots
• These new shoots, which resulted from May pruning produced fruits in the following season
• An average yield of 12.5 t per ha is obtained in the first year and it reaches to 45 t per ha after four years
31. Manures and fertilizers
• Guava responds well to both inorganic fertilizer and organic manure application.
Nutrient requirements for different guava growing states have been worked out
• Recommended rates of fertilizers range from 360–1000 g N, 300-1000g P and 300-1000
g of kg per plant per year
• Integrated nutrient management for bearing trees has also been standardized
• It is suggested to apply vermicompost 10 kg along with neem cake 5 kg and
Azospirillum 20 g plant per year in the month of August
• Foliar spraying of 3% Urea, 1% Calcium phosphate (monobasic) and 2% muriate of
potash two times a year (June and October)
32. Micronutrients spray for controlling
bronzing of leaves
▪ A combined spray containing ZnSO4, MgSO4 and MnSo4 @ 0.5% and CuSO4 and
FeSO4 @ 0.25 % plus Teepol @ 1ml per 5 lit of solution on various stages as
follows
1. New flush 2.One month after 3. Flowering 4. Fruit set
33. Training
• Initial training is necessary for development of a strong framework for which the first 60 to 90 cm
from the base of the trunk should be cleaned
• Keep 4 – 5 scaffold branches at an interval of 20 – 25 cm
• When the plant attained a height of about 1.5 m to 1.8 m, it is then headed back to make the centre
open
• In some parts of India (Maharashtra and south Bengal) bending system of training gets practiced for
increasing yield
• As the flower and fruits are borne on current season’s growth, a light annual pruning is considered
necessary to encourage new shoots after harvesting
• All dead, diseased, crowded growth and suckers coming up from the base and sides of the
framework should be pruned back annually
34. • Hedgerow system needs regular pruning to keep the plant in desired size
• Open centre systems or delayed open centre is generally recommended
• Pruning consists of removal of suckers arising from the base of the trunk
• Dried twigs and branches have to be removed and the cut ends may be applied with Bordeaux paste
• In Tamil Nadu, it is recommended that the tips of 10-12 cm lengths of past seasons shoots are
pruned during September and February every year to encourage more laterals
• Pruned trees give large fruits and early ripening.
• When the trees become old, the branches are pollarded leaving 30 cm in length at their origin. The
cut branches produce plenty of shoots and flowers and ultimately high yields
Training and Pruning
36. Bending
• Pruning of past season’s terminal growth to a length of 10-15 cm is to be done
during September-October and February – March to encourage more laterals
• The erect growing branches are to be bent by tying on to pegs driven on the ground
• Old unproductive but healthy trees can be rejuvenated may be either pollarded or
cut back to 75 cm from ground level or dehorned by cutting the secondary branches
at a distance of 75 cm from their origin
38. Flowering-bahar treatment
▪ There are three distinct flowering seasons with corresponding harvesting periods-
rainy, winter and spring
▪ In South India the rainy season crop is preferred even though it is of poor
quality, since the price is high at this time
▪ In North India, winter crop is of better quality and the fruits also escape the
attack of white flies
▪ In Western India, root pruning of guava to regulate the season of harvesting, as is
done in the case of mandarins, is recommended in heavy soils only
▪ In lighter soils, withholding of water serves the purpose
39. ▪ Guava, flowering occurs on current season's growth, even though the crop is
available around the year
▪ For the purpose of commercial production, three distinct flowering seasons
were identified in northern and southern parts of India
▪ In north India, flowering occurs twice in a year i.e. during February and June
▪ The February or spring flowering is known as Ambe-bahar. Fruiting can be
obtained from this crop during June to September (i.e during a rainy season)
▪ The second or monsoon flowering (flowering during June) is called as Mrig-
bahar and its crop is available during November to March.
Flowering-bahar treatment
40. ▪ In southern and western parts of India, third flowering occurs in October (Hasta-
bahar) and yields can be obtained from this crop during the spring season
1. Ambe Bahar (Feb.- Mar.) – Rainy season
2. Mrig Bahar (June- July) – Winter season
3. Hasth Bahar (Oct.) – Summer season
• Bahar treatment in guava is achieved by with hold of irrigation, root exposure or
root prunning
• Application of NAA @400- 800 ppm or ethephon @ 1000- 1500 ppm or Urea (15-
20 %) following may pruning
Flowering-bahar treatment
41. Fruit set
• About 80-90 per cent flowers of guava set fruit initially of which 35 to 60 per cent
reaches maturity
• The formation of fruit-set is noticed after 10-12 days of flowering
• Spraying of GA3 at 15 to 30 ppm increased the fruit-set
42. Harvesting
• Guava, being a climacteric fruit, it ripens after harvesting; the fruits are harvested
throughout the year (except during May and June) in one or the other region of the
country
• However, peak harvesting periods in north India are August for rainy season crop,
November-December for winter season crop and March April for spring season crop
• In the mid climatic conditions of other parts of the country, the peak harvesting periods
are not so distinct
• Change in colour of fruits from dark green to pale green is the indication of maturity,
the fruits are harvested at their full yellow but firm for local market, whereas half yellow
fruits should be picked for distant markets
• The fruits are harvested selectively by hand along with the stalk and leaves.
Harvesting and Yield
43. Yield
• The tree reaches its peak bearing stage with in fifteen to sixteen years after planting
a mature tree yields about 90-150kg fruits or 10-15t/ha
• Sardar variety gives about 25t/hectare
44. Post Harvest Handling and storage
• Because of their perishable nature, guavas are disposed off immediately after
harvesting in the local market and a very small quantity is sent to distant market,
they are not kept in cold storage
• However, shelf-life of guava can be extended up to 20 days by keeping them at low
temperature of 50C and 75-85% relative humidity
• It can also be stored for about 10 days at room temperature (18 -230C) in
polybags, providing a ventilation of 0 .25%
45. Pests and Diseases
Pests
• Fruit fly- Chaetodacus spp- It is severe during rainy season crops
• Mealy bugs- Cryptolems spp
• The other pests causes problems to this crop are scale insects, Tea mosquito, shoot & bark
borer
Diseases
• Guava wilt- Fusarium spp.
• Anthracnose- Colletotrichum psidii- It is also severe during rainy season crops
• Fruit canker- Pestlotia psidii
• Cercospora leaf spot- Cercospora sawadal
46. Disorders
• Fruit drop is a serious disorder in guava resulting in about 45-65% loss due to different
physiological and environmental factors. Spraying of GA has been found to be effective in reducing
the fruit drop in guava.
• Bronzing of guava has been observed in places having low soil fertility and low pH. Affected
plants show purple to red specks scattered all over the leaves. Under aggravated condition, total
defoliation and fruits characterized with brown coloured patterns on the skin, with reduced yield are
noticed
• Foliar application of 0.5% diammonium phosphate and zinc sulphate in combination at weekly
intervals for two months reduces the bronzing in guava
• Pre-flowering sprays with 0.4% boric acid and 0.3% zinc sulphate increase the yield and fruit
size. Spraying of copper sulphate at 0.2 to 0.4% also increases the growth and yield of guava.