This document provides information on growing roses in a greenhouse. It discusses ideal soil and climate conditions, common rose varieties classified by stem length and yield, and methods of propagation including budding, grafting and layering. It also outlines best practices for bed preparation, temperature and humidity control in the greenhouse, lighting, carbon dioxide supplementation, bending, disbudding, pinching, pruning, water and fertilizer management, and harvesting and post-harvest handling of roses. The goal is to produce quality roses and maintain plant vigor through careful control of the growing environment and use of horticultural techniques.
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Scented rose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Rose is a famous and very beautiful flower; the rose flower is a symbol of love all over the world. In Greenhouse mostly dutch rose variety cultivated, Dutch rose has high demand in national and international markets. Therefore Dutch rose cultivation is increasing day by day also Indian government promoting dutch rose farming by providing the subsidy.
Direct sunlight affects dutch rose productivity the plant required bright light Hence dutch rose grows very well in the Greenhouse where the climate is in control condition.
While there is a multitude of beautiful flowers that you can choose from, obviously some are better than others.
The zinnia flower is an annual that blooms very quickly and is incredibly easy to maintain. To grow well, Zinnia doesn’t need any extravagant preparation or materials. It requires full, undulating sunlight, warmth and moist, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter.
@ truly adds more life to an environment.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
5. CLIMATE
ideal temperature 15-270c.
lower temperature 15-16˚C improves flower
quality .
Ideal humidity 60-65 %..
love sunshine and free ventilation.
5
6. LONG STEM
ROSES
• Stem length:
50-120cm
• Yield:
100-150
stems/mtr.sqr/yr
• Varieties: Vivaldi,
first red, grand
gala, confetti
MEDIUM STEM
ROSES
• Stem length:
50-70cm
• Yield:
220stems/m2/year
• Varieties:
Jaguar, golden
times, maronesse,
lambada, gabrella
Small flowered
roses
• Stem length:
30-70cm
• Yield:
250-350
stems/m2/year
• Varieties:
Motrea,coronette,
calypso,carona
VARIETIES
6
7. PROPAGATION
Roses commercially propagated by
budding(T-budding and patch budding)
Chip budding
Budded root stock
Grafting
Layering
7
8. BED PREPARATION
Raised bed always preferred
Bed size - length as per space availability x breath 1m x 45 c.m. height.
During bed preparation soil should be sterilized with formaldehyde @o.3 %
and mixed with FYM.
8
9. In temperate zones green house cultivation of
roses require heating system to maintain the ideal
temperature(15.6˚C) inside.
A central heating system is more efficient than
localized unit heaters in large green houses.
Pipe coil heat distribution systems are used with
high pressure hot water boiler.
In warmer region summer cooling system is essential.
In temperate climate cooling is often required during
winter when days are bright.
An evaporative cooling system known as fan pad
cooling is used .
It consists of pads on one wall,through which water is
circulated and exhaust fans on the opposite wall. Air
enters through the pads is 10-25 ˚C cooler than that of
out side if the humidity is low
10. It is one of the most important factor
influencing growth and flowering.
This may vary with intencity,duration,and
quality.
Under high light intensity in summer growers
cover the roof by shading material lowering light
intensity from 10000-12000 to 6000-8000.
To much shade also reduce the growth.
Less light resulted in delayed maturity of
buds.
In mild winter, 1% more light increased flower
yield by 0.6% in autumn and 0.8 % in spring.
A reduction of 12% light intensity resulted in
14% less flower yield in cultivar Sonia and
Illona.
There are many lamps that can be used for light supplement in green house.
Basically fall into 3 groups incandescent, fluorescent, and high intensity
discharge(high pressure mercury, metal halide, low pressure sodium and high
pressure sodium).
11. CO2 content of air is a limiting factor in photosynthesis.
Rose cultivar Better Times grown in a atmosphere containing 1200-2000 ppm
CO2 produced larger and grew more flowers than control plants.
CO2 enriched plants of rose cv. Sonia yield 25% more marketable blooms
over the period from DEC-MAR. than non-enriched plants.
Scientist Zeroni & Gale found that tolerance increased at high CO2.
Influence of humidity on production of rose in green house controlled at 70 ±5
RH by high pressure fogging system
In summer months there was significant increase in production both in number
and size.
An exchange of air is desirable for normal growth and development of roses.
It ensures an adequate supply of CO2 & oxygen for physiological processes
occurring in the plants and also reduces RH which may cause serious
diseases.
12. NDING OF ROSE
12
Bending helps in maintaining enough leaf area on the plants. The maximum
leaf area is required to build up a strong root system. Leaves are important for
producing carbohydrates
13. DISBUDDING
Disbudding is the practice of removing undesirable buds. It is
achieved by placing the bud between thumb and index.
13
14. PINCHING AND REMOVAL OF WILD ROOT STOCK
OF ROSE
14
Removal of part of terminal growing portion of stem is called pinching.
This operation reduce plant height but promotes auxiliary branching.
Maturity of flower bud was also prevented by this practice.
Chemical pinching also done by using
BA,Promilin(BA+GA3),ethephon,alar etc in some cultivars like sonia,
marcedes.
15. If the spent blooms are not removed in time, there is a chance of developing
fruits bearing seeds.
Once hips are formed and reach the advance stage of development, growth
and flowering are severely reduced during the season.
Cutting of faded flowers forced strong laterals which produce good quality
flowers.
16. SUPPORT SYSTEMIN ROSE PLANTATION
Support system makes intercultural operation
easy & protects the buds from being damaged,
by not allowing the stems bend into the path.
16
17. PRUNNING
Pruning is the judicious removal of plant parts to
induce production of quality flowers and to
maintain vigour of plant.
Generally pruning is done only once in a year
after monsoons.
All cuts are made at an angle of 450 about 5cm
above a strong eye.
Method of pruning adopted varies with type of
rose.
Pruning should be angled so that there should not
stagnation of moisture at the cut end.
After every pruning cut ends must be treated with
Bordeaux paste solution.
17
19. During the growing season the plant cells of a rose contain water. If a sudden
drop in temperature occurs, this water can freeze. The subsequent expansion
ruptures the cells, damaging or even killing them. On the other hand, if the rose
is allowed to go slowly into dormancy, the cell walls thicken and the water is
converted to a form that resists freezing.
Step to take in preparing roses for winter
Don't fertilize after the end of August.
Gradually reduce watering.
Clean up dead leaves and debris from around the base of the roses.
Apply a Dormant Oil spray to the canes and the soil surface( if your roses
had serious insect problems during the summer)
Avoid dehydration.
Don't do any serious pruning.
20. WATER MANAGEMENT INSIDE greenhouse
Two systems mainly followed 1.nozzles(mist) 2.Drip irrigation.
Sprinkler irrigation is not often used as it causes foliar diseases.
20
21. Greenhouse cultivation requires precise amount
of fertilizer.
Organic mixtures @15 k.g./m2 added to soil at
time of bed preparation.
Before planting a basal application of fertilizer
@2 kg SSP,1kg CAN,1/2 kg MOP incorporated
to soil.
Nitrogen and Potash are applied through
fertigation.
21
22. WEED MANAGEMENT
Weed may be controlled manually , mechanically
or chemically.
Both organic and plastic mulches are used.
However white plastic mulches are effective now-
a-days.
22
23. Harvesting
Application of bud caps before
harvesting
Harvesting with secateurs
Cut stages of roses for
domestic and export
Different types of secateurs for
harvest 23
24. POST HARVEST HANDLING
Freshly harvested cut roses Grading of roses
Bunching of graded roses Packing of bunched roses 24