The document provides a comprehensive overview of hibiscus and lotus cultivation, including their varieties, uses, and horticultural practices. It discusses the ideal climate, soil conditions, propagation methods, and pest management for hibiscus species, detailing effective strategies for growth regulation and disease control. Additionally, various hibiscus species are highlighted along with their unique characteristics and applications in landscaping and beverages.

1. Hibiscus and Lotus- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate
and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –
special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index
and yield
Dr. M. Kumaresan
Assistant professor
Dept. of Horticulture
Adhiparasakthi Horticultural College
Lecture No.:10

2. • Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
• Malvaceae
• Tropical Asia
• X= 7,11,12,15,16,17,18,19,20
• Hibiscus derived from the Greek word hibiskos
Common names:
• China hibiscus, Hawaiian hibiscus, Rose of China ,China rose, Blacking plant,
shoe flower
Hibiscus

3. Uses
• Used as a landscape plant
• Grown as a Flowering potted plant
• Also popular as large patio specimens
• Flower are used to make a popular drink in Egypt called Karkade
• Dried calyces of H.sabdariffa are used for making a beverage called as Zobo
• H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa leaves are consumed as vegetables
• It is also a pH indicator.
• China rose indicator turns acidic solutions to magenta / dark pink and basic
solutions to green

4. Karkade Zobo
4

5. Species
Hibiscus rosa- sinensis:
• Large evergreen shrub
• Originated in Asia
• Large bell shaped flower in various colors
• Double Flowered varieties are also

6. Hibiscus syriacus
• Native of China
• Rose of Sharon, Tree hollyhock and althea shrub
• Thrives best in hills
• Produces single or double flowers in white, blue or mauve colors
• Solitary flowers are borne in axils of leaves

7. Hibiscus schizopetalus
• It is known as coral hibiscus
• Native to Africa
• Bears red and orange red flowers, drooping with fringed petals

8. Hibiscus mutabilis
• It is called as changeable rose or persian rose
• It is native to China
• Single or double flowers
• Pure white flower in morning and gradually turning pale pink to deep pink
in evenings

9. Varieties developed at TNAU
• Co-1 (Thilagam) with red flowers
• Co-2 (Punnangai) with yellow flowers
• Apricot colored interclonal hybrid between bright yellow and red gold
cultivars

10. Climate
• It thrives in dry climate and can withstand heavy rainfall
• A warm humid climate is ideal for its growth
• flowers throughout the year, while in the subtropics flowering ceases
during severe winter
• Under temperate conditions, it flowers during summer
• The majority of the cultivars flower through out the year under
Bangalore conditions
• Peak flowering is observed during June-October

11. Propagation
Cutting:
• Soft tip cutting of hibiscus are reported to show very good rooting with
93.3%
• Cuttings treated with IBA @ 4000ppm rooted better
• Sand has been found to be the best rooting media sphagnum moss can
also be used
• High temperature and light intensity is favourable

12. PGRS
• Cycocel: dwarf, bushy and ideal for pots - Soil drench with 2500 to
5000 ppm
• B-9 spray resulted in increase in shoot growth
• Uniconazole : suppressing stem growth and number, length of lateral
shoots. delay in flowering was also seen
• MH increased the no. of branches but with no effect on flowering

13. Pinching and Disbudding
 A soft pinch is required to maximize branching
 Done 5-6 weeks
 Multiple pinches may be given every 3-4 weeks

14. Aphids: (Aphis gossypii)
• Young and adults colonize around the growing shoots and leaves and suck
the sap. Attacked plant looses vigour and wilts while leaves malform
• neem/pongamia oil 1% Or malathion (0.1%) or dimethoate or oxydemeton
methyl @ 0.05%

15. Two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)
• Mite colonies on lower surface of leaves which are covered with webs
• Feeding results in discolored patches, browning, drying and leaf drop.
• Growth retarded and flowering stops
• Cutting and burning of infested parts ,spray of triazophos(0.06%) or
dichofol or profenofos @0.05% followed by spray of pongamiaoil 1%

16. Mealy bug (Rasstrococcus iceryoides, Ferrisia virgata)
• Adult females and nymphs suck sap from leaves and terminal shoots and
cause reduced vigor, deformation, wilting, sooty mold
• Spray with acephate 0.1%

17. Scales (Cerococcus hibisci, Coccus hesperidium)
• Severe during Aug-Nov
• young and adults cover the branches and suck the sap results in
stunted growth and leaf drop
• Coccus sps infests the lower side of the leaf
• Application of carbofeuron @ 10g/plant and spray of
chloropyriphos or methyl parathion @ 0.05% in combination with
Pongamia oil 0.05%

18. Diseases
• Hibiscus is hardy and free from serious diseases
Witches broom diseases
• The plant exhibits excessive axillary branching, small leaves and deformed
flowers
Phytoplasma
• Hibiscus also exhibits virus like symptoms
• Suspected plants have to be first treated for micro nutrient disorders.
• If the symptoms persist, then the vectors which spread the disease have to
be controlled by insecticidal sprays
• The diseased plants can be destroyed and further spread of disease can be
controlled