Origin – distribution of species – wild relatives and forms – breeding objectives – major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.

1. Presentation on rose and
its breeding
SUBMITTED TO-
Dr.Kaushik kumar Panigrahi
Asst.prof.
Dept.of plant breeding and genetics
SUBMITTED BY-
Manaswinee Sahoo
3rd yr Bsc(Ag)
Adm.no-24c/14
Group-A

2.  A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant.
 It may be erect shrub,climbing or trailing with stems,often armed with sharp prickles.
 Species,cultivars and hybrids are widely grown for their beauty and fragrance.
 Roses have acquired cultural significance (symbol of love)
 Rose plants range in sizes from compact,miniature roses to climbers(upto 7m ht)
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION-
DOMAIN-Eukaryota
KINGDOM-Plantae
PHYLUM-Magnoliophyta
CLASS-Magnoliopsida
ORDER-Rosales
FAMILY-Rosaceae
GENUS-Rosoideae
SPECIES-Rosa L.

3. ORIGIN OF ROSE-Europe
DISTRIBUTION OF ROSE SPECIES-
 Mainly grown in colder countries.
 Canada,America,Russia and Japan.
 In India,Mainly in northen states.also in southern states.
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF ROSE-
1)Sweet Brier-Rosa rubiginosa 6)Rosa kordessi
2)Austrian Briar rose-Rosa foetida 7)Cherokee rose-R.laevigate
3)French rose-Rosa gallica 8) Muse rose- R.moschata
4)Manipur tea rose-Rosa gigantean 9)R.multiflora
5)Father Hugo rose-Rosa hugonis

8. WILDSPECIES OF ROSES-
1)Rosa acicularis- Asia,Europe,North america.
2)Rosa arkansana- central North america.
3)Rosa canina-Europe,Northwest Africa,Western Asia.
4)Rosa virginiana-United states.
5)Rosa woodsii-Great Basin of United states.

9. BREEDING OBJECTIVES OF ROSE:
 Free flowering
 Brilliant and fragrance of flowers.
 Uniform flower shape,form and size.
 Growth should be vigorous.
 Floriferous nature
 Winter hardiness
 Evergreen plant type and foliage attractiveness
 Long shelf life with less `petal shedding.
 Resistance to pests and diseases (powdery mildew, black spot, scale
insect)
 Thronless nature
 Developing blue and purple coloured varieties as they are in great
demand.

10. BREEDING TECHNIQUES IN ROSE
1)Selection and natural crossing-
o Rose is a cross pollinated plant and normally pollinated by insect.
o It shows high heterozygosity and different ploidy level.
o It has broad genetic base and seeds show variable progeny.
o Modern varieties of rose show complex pedigree.
o Here,new forms of rose obtained from segregating population.
o A large no of modern rose varieties have been developed through
selection.

11. 2)HYBRIDIZATION IN ROSE
Here,selection of desirable parents followed by artificial crossing.
Need of hybridization-
Abnormality in flowers.
Poor seed set.
Low seed germination.
First progenies are grown from the seeds of
planned crosses.
Then,good seed and pollen parents are selected
depending on desirable characters like disease
resistance,flower shape and colour.
The larger the population of seedlings,greater is
the chance of finding desirable characters.

12. 1. Choose six or more buds on the mother rosebush. They should still be tightly
closed.
2. Carefully remove the petals and anthers from several buds of the mother plant. Use
nail clippers for this delicate task. (The anthers are the tiny stalks clustered in the
flower center; the heads are where pollen is stored. The anthers should not be
shedding pollen yet when you remove them.) A group of pistils in the center of the
flower will remain. Cover the clipped buds loosely with a paper envelope so you can
find them again and to keep out pollinating insects.
3. Let the prepared buds sit for one day. They will be ready to hybridize when the
stigmas, or tops of the pistils, become shiny and wet. (Don't wait longer than two
days.)
4. When the prepared buds are ready, remove an opened bloom from the father plant.
(The anthers will be open and shedding powdery pollen.) Carefully snip off the petals;
leave the anthers intact. Use this flower like a paintbrush to carefully dab pollen onto
all of the prepared mother flowers. Cover again with the paper envelope. If you are
successful, the base of the mother flower will swell into a rose hip, the fruit of the
rose, within one or two weeks.
.

13. 5. Leave the rose hips until they turn dark after a frost. Then
harvest them and store them in a sealed plastic bag in the
refrigerator until spring.
6. In spring -- a month or two before the last frost date -- cut
the rose hips open, and plant the seeds in seed-starting mix
or potting soil in a plug tray. Set the tray in a 70 to 75 degree
F greenhouse or in a southern-exposure window. Keep moist
and fertilize regularly with diluted balanced fertilizer.
7. The seedlings should grow big enough to bloom within six
weeks. Choose the ones you wish to nurture into full
rosebushes (probably less than 5 percent), and send the
other scientific attempts to the compost pile. Pot the
survivors in individual pots until they can be planted in the
garden.
.

15. Breeding for disease resistance
 Black spot is a major foliar disease of roses that causes
severe losses to commercial and home gardens.
 The breeding lines ‘Spotless gold’ (Floribunda, F3
selection: Goldlocks x Rosa rugosa ), ‘Spotless Yellow’
(Floribunda, F3 selection; Goldlocks x Rosa rugosa) and
‘Spotless Pink’ (Floribudna, F3 selection: Chic x Rosa
rugosa) have been release for use a resistant parents in
breeding programmes.
 Some resistant varieties have been developed through
complex hybridization, like ‘A Mackenzie’, ‘Charles
Albart’, ‘Champlan’, ‘William Baffin’, etc. resistance to
blacks pot and Mildew.

16. Breeding for Better Red Rose
 Cyanidin imparts red colour to flower petals. But two more pigments have been
identified, ‘Chrysanthemin’ and ‘Paeonin’ which produce a red much more
brilliant and much less prone to fade than cyanidin.
 The breeder may select varieties containing large quantities of these pigments
in a breeding programme to produce the perfect red rose.
 Climbing rose varieties ‘Francois juraiville’, ‘Dorothy Perkins’ and sports have
been an important source of variation because of the ease with which they can
be isolated and vegetatively propagated.
 The rate of spontaneous mutation in nature is very slow, but it has played an
important role in the evolution of many new cultivars of roses.
 One most important bud sport is the climbing habit in Hybrid Teas. Some more
important climbing bud sports are available in ‘Crimson Glory’ and “Mrs. Sam
McGredy, Climbing Blue Moon, Climbing Cinderella.

17. 3)Induced mutation:
 Mutation breeding has now become one of the most powerful complementary methods for
development of new variety.
 More than 30 induced mutant rose varieties have been commercialized.
 Physical mutagens (radiations) like x-ray, gamma ray, different chemicals (chemical mutagen)
like ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), methyl methane sulphonate (MMS), N-notroso-Nmethyl
Urethane, sodium azide and colchicines have been widely used for evolving new cultivars.
 The chemical mutagens have significant effect on growth and flowering characters but different
concentrations of EMS mutagen were found more effective than that of MMS-
 The effect of chemical mutagens treatments was nonsignificant with respect to
number of days required for sprouting. Sprouting of buds delayed with the
increase in concentration of chemical mutagens.
 The growth characters of plant as represented by height of plant and spread of
plant were significantly decreased with the increase in concentration of
chemical mutagens.
 Leaf area was highest at lowest concentration of EMS i.e. 0.20 percent.

18.  The significant variations were observed in number of
thorns on flower stalk. The treatment T5 i.e. MMS (0.20%)
had maximum thorns
 The period of emergence of first flower bud was
significantly delayed with the increase in concentration of
chemical mutagens. The earliest emergence of flower bud
was observed in the treatment T9 (control).
 The length of peduncle was highest at the lowest dose of
treatment.
 Vase life and Petal area were highest at lowest
concentration of both chemical mutagens.
 There was no variation found in colour of flower between
treated and control plants.

19. 4)Polyploidy Breeding-
 Chromosome no of rose is 2n=14 to 56
 Early miniatures are diploid,later ones are tetraploid.
 Hybrid teas and flouribundas are tetraploids.
 Sterility of some diploid interspecific hybrids arise through genomic
differences.
 The sterile diploid R.rugosa *witchuriana:max graf spontaneously
produced
 a tetraploid seedling R.kordessi.
 Polyploidy induced in species and F1 interspecific hybrids by
colchicine to
 shoots of seedling.

20.  . An example for evolvement of tetraploid variety is “Eva”. The
cultivar ‘Eva’ had been subsequently utilized to develop the
modern roses ‘Fashion’, ‘Bonn’, ‘Berlin’, etc., Artificially,
polyploidy has been induced through colchicines treatments of
buds.
Effect of polyploidy=
 Increase flower size and flower load
 Change in growth pattern
 Increase blooming period
 Create higher diversity

21. 5)Molecular Breeding
o Genes conferring desirable traits, such as blue pigmentation,
potentially can be transferred to species where these genes previously
did not exist.
o Recent advances in recombinant DNA and allied techniques may
permit additional opportunities for plant improvement.
o In recent years, several centres have started work on genetic
engineering, using recombinant DNA technology, which offers unique
possibilities of direct manipulation of specific – plant gene(s).
it involves use of molecular markers and genetic transformation.
Molecular markers- use of marker assisted selection is not yet
available for roses.
RAPD technology utilize RAPD marker for construction of chromosome
linkage map.

22. Molecular markers-
use of marker assisted selection is not yet available for roses.
RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technology utilize RAPD marker for
construction of chromosome linkage map.
It achieve a parentage analysis in interspecific crosses between different wild
rose species.
Varietal identification is now possible through use of RFLP(Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphism),isozyme.
Genetic transformation –
 Genetic engineering in used to enhance fragrance to a
variety of plants.
 Post harvest longevity by genetic engineering strategies to
control senescence (phytoharmone ethylene).

23.  Cut flower roses are highly selected varieties which are vegetatively propagated
(budding). Improve roses means mainly to act specifically on defined traits such
as flower buds and flower qualities (shape and colour), stem length, vase life
etc.., without changing the others. The ultimate aim being to create new clones
(cultivars) with higher agronomical potential.
 Modern biology has developed new tools applicable for genetic improvement of
selected traits, among them are somaclonal variation and genetic transformation.
 In order to be efficient, somaclonal variation needs a selective pressure which is
not often available if one select for morphological traits or for flower production
for example.
 On the other hand, genetic transformation is more widely applicable but it
implies to have gene sequence(s) (promoter and gene) autologous or
heterologous to the plant which is (are) susceptible to influence the trait(s) to be
improved.
 Use of such a technology makes also necessary to be able to transform rose cells
and to regenerate entire transformed plants from them (non chimaeric plants).