In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups.
This is a report about Aldehydes. The content of this slideshow are as follows: What is an aldehyde, How to name aldehydes with IUPAC Nomenclature and Common Names, The Physical Properties of Aldehydes, and the examples of aldehyde and its uses. The main objective of this report is to widen the knowledge of the readers/learners concerning of the stated topic so that they can further understand the concept of aldehydes.
Report made by: Students of Sogod National High School STEM 9-Newton
Kyla Krystelle Salva
Krishia Belle Cambalon
Marycris Felicilda
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
This is a report about Aldehydes. The content of this slideshow are as follows: What is an aldehyde, How to name aldehydes with IUPAC Nomenclature and Common Names, The Physical Properties of Aldehydes, and the examples of aldehyde and its uses. The main objective of this report is to widen the knowledge of the readers/learners concerning of the stated topic so that they can further understand the concept of aldehydes.
Report made by: Students of Sogod National High School STEM 9-Newton
Kyla Krystelle Salva
Krishia Belle Cambalon
Marycris Felicilda
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably.
IUPAC nomenclature of alkynes, including iupac rules of assigning names to alkynes as well as practice activity. presentation is prepared by using authentic sources including PTB.
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably.
IUPAC nomenclature of alkynes, including iupac rules of assigning names to alkynes as well as practice activity. presentation is prepared by using authentic sources including PTB.
Aldehydes and ketones are the carbonyl compounds with general formula CnH2nO. Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group and other group is either hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl group (i.e. Aldehyde has one alkyl or aryl group and one of the hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon) with characteristics functional group -CHO.
Green chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
Green fuel, also known as biofuel, is a type of fuel distilled from plants and animal materials, believed by some to be more environmentally friendly than the widely-used fossil fuels that power most of the world. In the desperate search for alternative energy sources, green fuel has evolved as a possible fueling option as the world drains its fossil fuel resources.
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. Ketones A carbon double bonded to an oxygen is called a carbonyl group. Compounds in which the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbons
Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances
The NO2 group attached with organic chain is called as nitro functional group. All the compounds containing the nitro functional group are called as organic nitro compounds.
In Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both the biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) components of Earth.
Natural resource economics focuses on the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources to create a more efficient economy.The main objective of natural resource economics is to gain a better understanding of the role of natural resources in the economy.
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies or death in humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution.
A mineral resource is the concentration of materials that are of economic interest in or on the crust of the Earth. Almost all minerals found on Earth are used in one way or another for economic benefit. Examples of minerals include gold, gravel, sand, aluminum, copper, limestone, clay and diamond.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process by which the anticipated effects on the environment of a proposed development or project are measured. If the likely effects are unacceptable, design measures or other relevant mitigation measures can be taken to reduce or avoid those effects.
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Cosmetic products which have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost are known as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Indiaʹs FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy.
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Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. Soil is defined as the unconsolidated portion of the earth's crust modified through physical, chemical, and biotic processes into a medium capable of supporting plant growth. Soil properties influence the natural and the physical infrastructure of the landscape and ecosystems.
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The Purpose of cosmetics is intended to :
clean
perfume
change appearance
correct body odour
protect
keep in good condition
Natural Resources are all that exists without the actions of humankind. This includes all natural characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth we include sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances.
The term biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. Biodiversity includes not only species we consider rare, threatened, or endangered, but every living thing—even organisms we still know little about, such as microbes, fungi, and invertebrates. Biodiversity is important everywhere; species and habitats in your area as well as those in distant lands all play a role in maintaining healthy ecosystems.
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.
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3. Aldehydes and Ketones both have a carbon-oxygen double
bond called as carbonyl group.
Both aldehyde and ketones possess the same general formula
Cn(H2O)n.
Aldehydes and Ketones
C H C C
Aldehyde Ketone
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4. The carbon-oxygen double bond is different than carbon-
carbon double bond. Since, oxygen is more electronegative,
the electrons of the bond are attracted towards oxygen. CO
bond is shorter, stronger and more polar than C=C bond in
alkenes. Consequently, oxygen attains a partial negative
charge and carbon a partial positive charge making the
bond polar, it is proposed that carbonyl group is a resonance
hybrid.
Structure of Carbonyl carbon group
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5. Carbonyl carbon atom is joined to three atoms by sigma
bonds. Since these bonds utilize sp2 -orbitals, they lie in
the same plane and are 120° apart.
Structure of Carbonyl carbon group
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6. Difference between of Carbonyl carbon C=O bond
and alkene carbon C=C bond
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7. Boiling Points
Aldehydes and ketones are more polar, so they have a higher
boiling point than comparable alkanes or ethers.
Aldehydes and ketones can not make hydrogen bond with
each other, so their boiling point is lower than comparable
alcohol.
1- Propanol Boiling point: 970C
Methoxyethane Boiling point: 80C
Propanal Boiling point: 490C
Acetone Boiling point: 560C
Butane Boiling point: 00C
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8. Solubility of Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and ketones are good solvent for alcohols.
The lone pair of electrons on oxygen of carbonyl can
accept a hydrogen bond from O-H.
Acetaldehyde and Acetone are soluble in water
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9. Aldehyde has a greater partial positive charge on its
carbonyl carbon than ketone
Relative reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones
Increasing reactivity
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10. The carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde is more accessible to
the nucleophile. Ketones have steric hindrance than
aldehydes, greater steric hindrance is responsible for its
less stability.
Relative reactivity of Ketones
Increasing reactivity
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11. Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
The aldehyde carbon is 10 carbon. In nomenclature –e
is replaced with –al.
In nomenclature of ketone –e is replaced with –one.
In cyclic ketone carbonyl group is assigned the no. 1
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13. Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
3-methyl-pentanal-1 3-methyl -2- butanone
3-bromo-cyclohexanone
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14. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
A. Oxidation of Alcohols
B. Oxidation of Alkylbenzene
C. Reduction of Carboxylic acid
D. Reduction of Acid Chlorides(Friedel Crafts Reaction)
E. By using Grignard Reagent
F. Hydration of Alkynes
G. Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes
H. Ozonolysis of Alkenes
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15. 10 alcohol Aldehyde
n- Butyl alcohol Butanal
Oxidation of alcohol
20 alcohol
Ketone
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16. Oxidation of primary alcohols to ketone, pyridinium
chlorochromate (PCC) is used as an oxidising agent
Oxidation of alcohols
Oxidation of secondary alcohols by sodium dichromate in
sulphuric acid or by potassium permanganate give ketone.
Cyclohexylmethanol Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
Borneol CamphorSHARDA PUBLIC SCHOOL, ALMORA
18. Reduction of carboxylic acid by using Lithium Aluminium
Hydride (LiAlH4) gives aldehydes or ketones.
Carboxylic
acid
Aldehyde
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19. Reduction of acid chlorides
Acid chlorides Aldehyde
p- Nitrobenzoyl chloride p- Nitrobenzaldehyde
Lithium aluminium tri (t-butoxy) hydride is a milder reducing
agent that reacts faster with acid chlorides than with
aldehydes
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20. Lithium dialkylcuprate (Gilman reagent) transfer one of its
alkyl group in acid chloride.
Lithium
dialkylcuprate
Acid chloride Ketone
Reduction of Acid chloride
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21. Reaction between an acyl halide and an aromatic ring will
produce a ketone
Friedel- Crafts Reaction
Benzophenone
Acid chloride Ketone
Benzoyl chloride
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23. Hydration of Alkynes
Hydration of alkynes gives aldehydes or ketones, the initial
product is an enol, which quickly tautomerizes to its keto
form.
Alkynes Enol Methyl ketone
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24. Hydroboration- Oxidation of Alkynes
Hydroboration- oxidation of an alkyne gives aldehyde,
anti- markovnikov addition of water across the triple
bond.
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25. Ozonolysis of Alkenes
In ozonolysis, the double bond in alkene is cleaved by ozone,
followed by reduction, and the products are aldehydes or
ketones.
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27. If the nucleophile that adds to the aldehyde or ketone is an
Oxygen or Nitrogen, a nucleophilic-elimination reaction will
occur.
Nucleophilic addition reaction: Aldehydes and ketones react
with nucleophiles to form addition products.
Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
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28. Reduction of Aldehydes or ketones
Addition of hydride ion to an aldehyde or ketone forms
and alkoxide ion, then protonation by an acid produces
an alcohol.
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31. Reduction of aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes or
ketones
Alkanes
Aldehydes or
ketones
Alkanes
Zn(Hg), conc.HCl
NH2NH2, base
Clemmensen reduction
Wolff-Kishner reduction
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32. The Wolff-Kishner reduction
When a ketone or an aldehyde in a basic solution of hydrazine,
the carbonyl group is converted into a methylene group.
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39. Reaction with Grignard reagent
Grignard reagents react with aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic
acid derivatives
Propanal Grignard reagent
3-hexanol
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40. Examples: Reaction with Grignard reagent
Butanal 1-phenyl-1-butanol
3-pentanone
3-methyl 3-pentanol
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41. The Witting Reaction
A phosphorus ylide is used as the nucleophile in the
reaction. In this reaction, conversion of carbonyl group into a
new C=C double bond occurs.
Phosphorus ylide Trimethylphosphine
oxide
ketone Alkene
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47. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Nitrogen nucleophile
Aldehydes and Ketones react with amines to form imine and
enamine.
Aldehyde or Ketone Primary amine Imine
Aldehyde or Ketone Secondary amine enamine
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48. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Nitrogen nucleophile
Benzaldehyde ethylamine Imine
Cyclopentanone diethylamine
enamine
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51. Aldehyde or ketone + Hydroxylamine Oxime
Aldehyde or ketone + Hydrazine Hydrazone
Aldehyde or ketone + phenylhydrazine Phenylhydrazone
Aldehyde or ketone + Semicarbazone Semicarbazone
Addition of derivatives of ammonia
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54. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Nitrogen nucleophile
Hydrazine Hydrazone
SemicarbazoneSemicarbazide
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55. Addition of water
Addition of water molecule to an aldehyde or a ketone form
a hydrate (gem-diols), are unstable.
aldehyde
or ketone
water hydrate (gem-diols),
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56. Addition of alcohol
Addition of an alcohol and a ketone produce hemiketal,
after the addition of another alcohol produce ketal.
ketone
hemiketal ketal
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57. Addition of alcohol
Addition of an alcohol and an aldehyde produce hemiacetal,
after the addition of another alcohol produce acetal.
an aldehyde hemiacetal acetal
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58. Cannizzaro rection
Addition of two aldehydes (with no a- hydrogen) in presence
of strong base give one alcohol and one acid salt.
Aldehyde
(no a-Hydrogen)
Acid salt Alcohol
Formaldehydes
(no a-Hydrogen)
Formate ion Methanol
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60. Halogenation of aldehydes or ketones
When Cl2, Br2 or I2 is added to the acidic solution of an aldehyde
or a ketone, a halgoen replaces one of the a- hydrogens of the
carbonyl compound.
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61. The carbon adjacent to a carbonyl carbon is called an a- carbon,
the hydrogen bonded to a-carbon is called a-Hydrogen. The a-
hydrogen bonded to a carbon adjacent to a carbonyl carbon is
sufficiently acidic to be removed by a strong base.
An a- hydrogen is more acidic than hydrogen bonded to other
sp3 hybridized carbon, because the base formed when a proton
is removed from other sp3 hybridized carbons, the acid strength
is determined by the stability of the conjugate base that is
formed when the acid gives up a proton.
Acidity of a-hydrogen
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65. Aldol condensation
Addition of two molecules of aldehydes or two molecules of
ketones (contain a-hydrogen) form aldol (“ald”for aldehyde
and “ol” for alcohol)
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67. When two different carbonyl compounds are used in an aldol
condensation, four products are formed, these products have
similar physical properties.
Mixed Aldol or Crossed Aldol Condensation
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