Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. Ketones A carbon double bonded to an oxygen is called a carbonyl group. Compounds in which the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbons
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
PPT Describe elimination reactions, Evidences and mechanism of elimination reaction. Energy profile diagram. RELATIVE stabilities of intermediates. Comparison between E1 & E2 elimination reaction
This is the Power Point Presentation for "Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes". This is as per syllabus of University of Mumbai for S.Y. B. Pharmacy students.
PPT Describe elimination reactions, Evidences and mechanism of elimination reaction. Energy profile diagram. RELATIVE stabilities of intermediates. Comparison between E1 & E2 elimination reaction
This is the Power Point Presentation for "Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes". This is as per syllabus of University of Mumbai for S.Y. B. Pharmacy students.
Introduction to benzene, orbital picture, resonance in benzene, Huckel‟s rule
Reactions of benzene - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, Friedel- Craft‟s alkylation- reactivity, limitations, Friedel-Craft‟s acylation.
Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction.
Bonding of Carbon. Hydrocarbons. Constitutional Isomerism and Branched-Chain Alkanes. Uses of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. Substitution Reactions of Alkanes. Geometric Isomerism. Addition Reactions of Alkenes. Substitution Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3
CARBONYL COMPOUND
These are organ compounds with Carbonyl group as functional group
If the carbonyl compound is directly bonded to two alkyl groups two aryl groups or one group and one aryl group, the resulting carbonyl compound known as KETONE.
I.e. General structure of kenton can be represented as ( )where R and R' can be alkyl or aryl group
Green chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
Green fuel, also known as biofuel, is a type of fuel distilled from plants and animal materials, believed by some to be more environmentally friendly than the widely-used fossil fuels that power most of the world. In the desperate search for alternative energy sources, green fuel has evolved as a possible fueling option as the world drains its fossil fuel resources.
Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances
The NO2 group attached with organic chain is called as nitro functional group. All the compounds containing the nitro functional group are called as organic nitro compounds.
In Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both the biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) components of Earth.
Natural resource economics focuses on the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources to create a more efficient economy.The main objective of natural resource economics is to gain a better understanding of the role of natural resources in the economy.
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies or death in humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution.
A mineral resource is the concentration of materials that are of economic interest in or on the crust of the Earth. Almost all minerals found on Earth are used in one way or another for economic benefit. Examples of minerals include gold, gravel, sand, aluminum, copper, limestone, clay and diamond.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process by which the anticipated effects on the environment of a proposed development or project are measured. If the likely effects are unacceptable, design measures or other relevant mitigation measures can be taken to reduce or avoid those effects.
Vanishing creams – which can also be called stearate creams – were known for their smooth, dry feel on the skin and their pearly sheen. Chemically they are oil-in-water emulsions consisting of stearic acid, an alkali, a polyol and water.
Cosmetic products which have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost are known as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Indiaʹs FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy.
In this lecture we will discuss about the preparation of some skin care products :Creams (cold, vanishing and shaving creams), Sun-tan lotions, Face powder, Lipsticks, Talcum powder, Nail enamel,
Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. Soil is defined as the unconsolidated portion of the earth's crust modified through physical, chemical, and biotic processes into a medium capable of supporting plant growth. Soil properties influence the natural and the physical infrastructure of the landscape and ecosystems.
A "cosmetic product" is any substance or mixture intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odours and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition.
The Purpose of cosmetics is intended to :
clean
perfume
change appearance
correct body odour
protect
keep in good condition
Natural Resources are all that exists without the actions of humankind. This includes all natural characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth we include sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances.
The term biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. Biodiversity includes not only species we consider rare, threatened, or endangered, but every living thing—even organisms we still know little about, such as microbes, fungi, and invertebrates. Biodiversity is important everywhere; species and habitats in your area as well as those in distant lands all play a role in maintaining healthy ecosystems.
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Solved aldehydes and ketones
1. Aldehydes & Ketones
Question: Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of
nomenclature:
Answer:
(a). CH3CH2COCH(C2H5)CH2CH2Cl: 6-Chloro-4-ethylhexan-3-one
(b). CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CHO: 4-methylpentanal
(c). CH3COCH2COCH3: Pentane-2,4-dione
(d). CH3CH=CHCHO: But-2-en-1-al
(e). OHCC6H4CHO-p: Benzene-1,4-dicarbaldehyde
(f). CH3CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)2COCH3 : 3,3,5-Trimethylhexan-2-one
(g). (CH3)3CCH2COOH: 3,3-Dimethylbutanoic acid
Question: How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?
(i) Butane-1, 3-diol (ii) But-2-enal (iii) But-2-enoic acid
Answer:
(i) Butane-1, 3-diol: On treatment with dilute alkali, ethanal produces 3-
hydroxybutanal gives butane-1, 3-diol on reduction.
(ii) But-2-enal: On treatment with dilute alkali, ethanal gives 3-hydroxybutanal
which on heating produces but-2-enal.
(iii) But-2-enoic acid: When treated with Tollen’s reagent, But-2-enal produced
in the above reaction produces but-2-enoic acid.
2. Question: Write structural formulas and names of four possible aldol
condensation products from propanal and butanal. In each case, indicate
which aldehyde acts as nucleophile and which as electrophile.
(i) Taking two molecules of propanal, one which acts as a nucleophile and the
other as an electrophile.
(ii) Taking two molecules of butanal, one which acts as a nucleophile and the
other as an electrophile.
(iii) Taking one molecule each of propanal and butanal in which propanal acts
as a nucleophile and butanal acts as an electrophile.
(iv). Taking one molecule each of propanal and butanal in which propanal acts
as an electrophile and butanal acts as a nucleophile.
Question: What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the
reactionineach case. (i) Cyanohydrin (ii) Acetal (iii) Semicarbazone (iv) Aldol
(v) Hemiacetal (vi) Oxime (vii) Ketal (vii) Imine (ix) 2,4-DNP-derivative (x)
Schiff’s base
Answer:
(i) Cyanohydrin: Cyanohydrins are organic compounds having the formula
RR′C(OH)CN, whereR and R′ can be alkyl or aryl groups. Aldehydes and ketones
react with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of excess sodium cyanide
(NaCN) as a catalyst to field cyanohydrin. These reactions are known as
cyanohydrin reactions. Cyanohydrins are useful synthetic intermediates.
(ii) Acetal: Acetals are gem−dialkoxy alkanes in which two alkoxy groups are
present on the terminal carbon atom. One bond is connected to an alkyl group
while the other is connected to a hydrogen atom. When aldehydes are treated
3. with two equivalents of a monohydric alcohol in the presence of dry HCl gas,
hemiacetals are produced that further react with one more molecule of
alcohol to yield acetal.
(iii) Semicarbarbazone: Semicarbazones are derivatives of aldehydes and
ketones produced by the condensation reaction between a ketone or aldehyde
and semicarbazide. Semicarbazones are useful for identification and
characterization of aldehydes and ketones.
(iv) Aldol: A β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone is known as an aldol. It is produced
by the condensation reaction of two molecules of the same or one molecule
each of two different aldehydes or ketones in the presence of a base.
(v) Hemiacetal: Hemiacetals are α−alkoxyalcoholsWhen aldehydes are treated
with two equivalents of a monohydric alcohol in the presence of dry HCl gas,
hemiacetals are produced that further react with one more molecule of
alcohol to yield acetal.
(vi) Oxime: Oximes are a class of organic compounds having the general
formula RR′CNOH, where R is an organic side chain and R′ is either hydrogen or
an organic side chain. If R′ is H, then it is known as aldoxime and if R′ is an
organic side chain, it is known as ketoxime. On treatment with hydroxylamine
in a weakly acidic medium, aldehydes or ketones form oximes.
(vii) Ketal: Ketals are gem−dialkoxyalkanes in which two alkoxy groups are
present on the same carbon atom within the chain. The other two bonds of the
carbon atom are connected to two alkyl groups. Ketones react with ethylene
glycol in the presence of dry HCl gas to give a cyclic product. known as
ethylene glycol ketals.
(viii) Imine: Imines are chemical compounds containing a carbon nitrogen
double bond. Imines are produced when aldehydes and ketones react with
ammonia and its derivatives.
(ix) 2, 4−DNP−derivative: 2, 4−dinitrophenylhydragones are 2,
4−DNP−derivatives, which are produced when aldehydes or ketones react with
2, 4−dinitrophenylhydrazine in a weakly acidic medium. To identify and
characterize aldehydes and ketones, 2, 4−DNP derivatives are used.
4. (x) Schiff’s base: Schiff’s base (or azomethine) is a chemical compound
containing a carbon-nitrogen double bond with the nitrogen atom connected
to an aryl or alkyl group-but not hydrogen. They have the general formula
R1R2C = NR3. Hence, it is an imine. It is named after a scientist, Hugo Schiff.
Aldehydes and ketones on treatment with primary aliphatic or aromatic
amines in the presence of trace of an acid yields a Schiff’s base.
Question: An organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O forms 2,
4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollens’ reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro
reaction. On vigorous oxidation, it gives 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid.
Identify the compound.
Answer:
(i). It is given that the compound (with molecular formula C9H10O) forms 2, 4-
DNP derivative and reduces Tollen’s reagent. Therefore, the given compound
must be an aldehyde.
(ii). Again, the compound undergoes cannizzaro reaction and on oxidation
gives 1, 2benzenedicarboxylic acid.
(iii). Therefore, the −CHO group is directly attached to a benzene this
benzaldehyde is ortho-substituted.
(iv). The compound is 2- ethylbenzaldehyde.
Question: An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon, 11.63% hydrogen
and rest oxygen. The molecular mass of the compound is 86. It does not
reduce Tollens’ reagent but forms an addition compound with sodium
hydrogensulphite and give positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it
gives ethanoic and propanoic acid. Write the possible structure of the
compound.
5. Answer: % of carbon = 69.77 %, % of hydrogen = 11.63 %
% of oxygen = {100 − (69.77 + 11.63)}% = 18.6 %
Thus, the ratio of the number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the
organic compound can be given as: therefore, the empirical formula of the
compound is C5H10O.
Now, the empirical formula mass of the compound can be given as: 5 × 12 + 10
×1 + 1 × 16 = 86
Molecular mass of the compound = 86 Therefore, the molecular formula of the
compound is given by C5H10O.
Question:Althoughphenoxide ionhas more number of resonating structures
than carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Why?
Answer: Resonance structures of phenoxide ion are: It can be observed from
the resonance structures of phenoxide ion that in II, III and IV, less
electronegative carbon atoms carry a negative charge. Therefore, these three
structures contribute negligibly towards the resonance stability of the
phenoxide ion. Hence, these structures can be eliminated. Only structures I
and V carry a negative charge on the more electronegative oxygen atom.
Resonance structures of carboxylate ion are: In the case of carboxylate ion,
resonating structures I′ and II′ contain a charge carried by a more
electronegative oxygen atom.
Further, in resonating structures I′ and II′, the negative charge is delocalized
over two oxygen atoms. But in resonating structures I and V of the phexoxide
ion, the negative charge is localized on the same oxygen atom. Therefore, the
resonating structures of carboxylate ion contribute more towards its stability
than those of phenoxide ion. As a result, carboxylate ion is more resonance-
stabilized than phenoxide ion. Hence, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than
phenol.
6. Question: Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their
boiling points. CH3CHO, CH3CH2OH, CH3OCH3, CH3CH2CH3
Answer: The molecular masses of the given compounds are in the range 44 to
46. CH3CH2OH undergoes extensive intermolecular H-bonding, resulting in the
association of molecules. Therefore, it has the highest boiling point. CH3CHO is
more polar than CH3OCH3 and so CH3CHO has stronger intermolecular dipole −
dipole attraction than CH3OCH3 CH3CH2CH3 has only weak van der Waals
force.
Thus, the arrangement of the given compounds in the increasing order of their
boiling points is given by: CH3CH2CH3 < CH3OCH3 < CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH
Question: Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their
reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.
(i). Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.
(ii). Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.
Answer:
(i) The +I effect of the alkyl group increases in the order: Ethanal < Propanal <
Propanone < Butanone The electron density at the carbonyl carbon increases
with the increase in the +I effect. As a result, the chances of attack by a
nucleophile decrease. Hence, the increasing order of the reactivities of the
given carbonyl compounds in nucleophilic addition reactions is:
Butanone < Propanone < Propanal < Ethanal
7. (ii) The +I effect is more in ketone than in aldehyde. Hence, acetophenone is
the least reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions. Among aldehydes, the +I
effect is the highest in p-tolualdehyde because of the presence of the electron-
donating −CH3 group and the lowest in p-nitrobezaldehyde because of the
presenceof the electron-withdrawing −NO2 group. Hence, the increasing order
of the reactivities of the given compounds is:
Acetophenone < p-tolualdehyde < Benzaldehyde < p-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Question: Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i) PhCH2CH2COOH (ii) (CH3)2C=CHCOOH
Answer:
(i) PhCH2CH2COOH: 3-Phenylpropanoic acid
(ii) (CH3)2C=CHCOOH: 3-Methylbut-2-enoic acid
Question: Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be
stronger?
(i). CH2FCOOH or CH2ClCOOH
(ii). CH3COOH or CH2FCOOH
(iii). CH2FCH2CH2COOH or CH3CHFCH2COOH
Answer
(i) F has stronger −I effect than Cl. Therefore, CH2FCOOH can release proton
more easily than CH2ClCOOH. Hence, CH2FCOOH is stronger acid than
CH2ClCOOH.
(ii) The +I effect of −CH3 group increases the electron density on the O−H bond.
Therefore, release of proton becomes difficult. On the other hand, the −I effect
8. of F decreases the electron density on the O−H bond. Therefore, proton can be
released easily. Hence, CH2FCOOH is a stronger acid than CH3COOH.
(iii) Inductive effect decreases with increase in distance. Hence, the +I effect of
F in CH3CHFCH2COOH is more than it is in CH2FCH2CH2COOH. Hence,
CH3CHFCH2COOH is stronger acid than CH2FCH2CH2COOH.
Question: Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol
condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither?
(i) Methanal (ii) 2-Methylpentanal (iii) Benzaldehyde (iv) Benzophenone (v)
Cyclohexanone (vi) 1-Phenylpropanone (vii) Phenylacetaldehyde (viii) Butan-
1-ol (ix) 2, 2-Dimethylbutanal
Answer:
Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-
hydrogen undergo aldol condensation. The compounds (ii)
2−methylpentanal, (v) cyclohexanone, (vi) 1-phenylpropanone, and (vii)
phenylacetaldehyde contain one or more α-hydrogen atoms. Therefore,
these undergo aldol condensation.
Cannizzaro reactions: Aldehydes having no α-hydrogen atoms undergo
Cannizzaro reactions. The compounds (i) Methanal, (iii) Benzaldehyde,
and (ix) 2, 2-dimethylbutanal do not have any αhydrogen. Therefore,
these undergo cannizzaro reactions.
Compound (iv) Benzophenone is a ketone having no α-hydrogen atom
and compound (viii) Butan-1-ol is an alcohol. Hence, these compounds
do not undergo either aldol condensation or cannizzaro reactions.
SUBJECT EXPERT: DR. TANUJA NAUTIYAL