This document provides an overview of biodegradable polymers, specifically carbohydrate polymers. It begins with introductions to polymers and biodegradable polymers in general. It then classifies biodegradable polymers as natural or synthetic and lists examples of polysaccharide polymers in both categories. The document focuses on natural polysaccharide polymers, providing details on their properties and applications for various polymers like chitin, starch, alginic acid, xanthan gum, and inulin. It also briefly discusses synthetic biodegradable polysaccharides including poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid) and poly(ε-caprolactone).

1. CARBOHYDRATE
POLYMERS
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2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS
 INTRODUCTION TO BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
 CLASSIFICATION OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
 DETAILS OF BIODEGRADABLE
POLYSACCHARIDE POLYMERS
 REFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS
 CLASSIFICATION
OF POLYMERS :-
(According to
their properties &
characteristics.)
I. Natural &
Synthetic
Polymer
II. Organic &
Inorganic
III. Thermoplastic &
Thermosetting
 CLASSIFICATION
OF POLYMERS:-
(According to their
ultimate uses.)
I. Plastic
II. Elastomers
III.Fibers
IV. Liquid Resins
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4. TYPES OF POLYMERS
1) WATER SOLUBLE POLYMERS:-
2) BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS:-
3) NON-BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS:-
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5. INTRODUCTION TO
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
 DEFINATION OF BIODEGRADATION:-
 CRITERIA FOR BIODEGRADABILITY:-
(According to Europe Std-BS EN 13432)
I. Biodegradation:- Over 90%-In 180 days.
(ISO 14855)
II. Disintegration:-Over 90% In 3 Months.
(ISOFDIS16929)
III. Ecotoxicity:-Warm & Germination Test.
IV. Hazardous chemicals:- Absent.
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6. CLASSIFICATION OF
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
I. Natural
polymers:
A. Animal proteins:
B. Animal
polysaccharides.
C. Plant
polysaccharides
I. Synthetic
polymers:
A. Animal proteins:
B. Animal
Polysaccharides
C. Plant
Polysaccharides
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7. BIODEGRADABLE
POLYSACCHARIDE POLYMERS
 I. NATURAL
POLYSACCHARIDE
POLYMERS:-
A) Animal Polysaccharides :-
1.Chitin
2. Chitosan
3. Hyaluronic Acid
4. Chondroitin
B) Plant Polysaccharides
1. Starch
2. Dextrin
3. Dextran
4. Alginic Acid
5. Xanthan Gum
6. Guar Gum
7. Locust Bean Gum
8. Inulin
9. Pectin
10. Amylose
11. Arabinogalactan
12. Cyclodextrin
13. Xylan
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8. II] SYNTHATIC POLYSACCHARIDE
POLYMER
A) Animal polysaccharides
1. Poly(ß-HydroxybutyriAcid)
2. Poly (€-Caprlactone)
3. Polyanhydrides
B) Plant Polysaccharides
1. Poly (Ortho Ester)
2. Poly (Alkyl Cyanoacrylate)
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9. 1.CHITIN
B.S.:- Polysaccharide derivative
containing amino & acetyl groups.-
skeletal material of arthropods.
PH:- 4.0-6.0 (1% w/v aq. Sol.)
M.W.:- 1,43,000-2,10,000
M.P.:- 2030
c
SOLUBILITY:- SL- Conc.HCL
H2
SO4,aanhydrous
HCOOH , IS_Ethanol (90%)
INCOMPABILITIES :- Strong oxidising
agent.
APPLICATION:- 1. Polymer in Ph.
Formulations for drug delivery.
2. As polymer in CRDF,
mucoadhesive, Peptide drug
delivery, Gene delivery.
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10. 1.CHITOSAN
 B.S. :-Chitosan is a linear
polysaccharide composed of β-1,4
linked d-glucosamine residues
extracted froMm shellfish
exoskeletons.
 NATURE:- CATIONIC
 PH:- 4-6 1%W/V AQ SOL.
 VISCOSITY:- ACETIC A—
260mpas AT PH 4.1
 SOLUBILITY:-SL- water,
conc.solutions organic acid, &
mineral acid, Is- Ethanol(95%)
 DENSITY:-1.35-1.4 g/cm3
 INCOMPATABILITY:- IC-
Oxidising agent
 APPL:- 1. coating 2.film forming
agent 3.Disintegrat 4.mucoadhesive
5 bider6 viscosity increasing agent.
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11. 1. STARCH
 B.S.:-Polysaccharide Granules.
(solanaceae)
 Molecular Weight:-
50000—160000
 Solubility:-IS-cold water &
Ethanol(95%).
Swells-37
0
c. In H2
O (5—10%)
 Viscosity:-13.0 mpas
 Application:-
1. Binder 5-25% w/w
2. Disintegrant 3-15%w/w
3. Diluent for potent drugs
4. Mixing/Blending facilitation
5. Volume adjustment in (Dry filled
Capsules)
 Density:-T.D. 0.462 g/cm3
 Flowability:-10.8-11.7 g/s
 PH
:-4.5-7(MCR),5-8(P)
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12. 2. DEXTRIN
 B.S.:- Incomplete hydrolysis of
starch with dillute acid/ by heating dry
starch.
 SYN:- British gum
 M.W.:- 4500-85000
 M.P.:- 1780
c
 SOLUBILITY:-IS-
Chloroform,Ethanol(95%),EtherPropan-
2-ol, slowly –sl- cold water, very sl-
boiling water.
 SWELLING INDEX:-
 PH:- Acidic/Alkaline 2.8-8.0 at 5% w/w
Aq.sl.
 APPL:-
1. Adhesive&Stiffen-surgicle dressings
2. Diluent -(T&C)
3. Binder-(TB-Granulation)
4. Plastcizer&Adhesive-(sugar coat)
5. Thickening agent-(suspension)
 INCOMPABILITY:-IC-strong oxidising
agent
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13. 3.ALGINIC ACID
 B.S.:- Polyuronic acid - Algal
groth-”MacrocystisPyrifera”,Laminaria
hyperborea,Laminaria digitata-
(phaeophyceae)
 M.W.:- 20,000-2,40,000.
 Ph:- Acidic/Alkaline-1.5-3.5 for a 3% w/v
Aq.Sol.
 SOLUBILITY:- Soluble-Alkali
Hydroxides, IS-/Slightly sol-
Ethanol(95%)
 VISCOSITY:-∆se -∆se in conc.
 0.5% w/w Aq.dispsn.-20mpas
2.0%w/w Aq.dispsn-2000mpas
 INCOMPABILITIES:- IC- strong
oxidising agent.
 APPL:-1.Binder & Disintegrating agent at
conc-(1-5%w/v)-(T&C)
2.Thickening & suspending agent in
pastes ,creams & gels.
3.Hydrophillic matrix agent-CRDF.
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14. 4.XANTHAN GUM
 B.S.:- Polysaccharides-fermentation-
bacterium- “Xanthomonas Compestris”
 M.P.:- chars at 2700
c
 M.W.:- 2*106
 PH:- Acidity/Alkalinity-6-8% for
Aq.Sol.
 SOLUBILITY:- IS- Ethanol &
Ether ,SOL.-cold/Warm water.
 VISCOSITY:- 1200-1600MPAS FOR
1% W/V SOL. AT 250
C.
 INCOMPABILITIES:-
1.IC-Cationic (Surfactants ,polymers,
preserrvatives)
2. CM-Synthatic &Natural viscosity
increasing agent.
3.IC-oxidising,cmc Na,dried Al2(OH)3
gel & amitryptylien, tamoxifen,
verapamil
 APPL:- Suspending,
Stabilising,Thickening,Emulsifying
agent.
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15. 5.GUAR GUM
 B.S.:- Powders of endosperm-seeds
“Cyamopsis tetragonolobus” (leguminsae)
 SYN:- Jaguar gum
 M.W.:- 2,20,000
 VISCOSITY:- 4.86MPAS FOR-1% w/v
1% Disp.
 SOLUBILITY:- IS-Organic solvents ,in
cold& hot water-swells-Thixotropic.
 INCOMPABILITIES:- IC-Acetone,
Alcohol, Tannins, strong acids & alkalies.
COMP- Plant Hydrocolloids of
“Tragacanth”
 APPL:- 1. Binder & Disintegrant(SRDF)
2.suspending, stabilising, CR carreir.3. In
col.DDS.- a) Emulsion Stabiliser-1%,
b)Tablet Binder-10%, c)Thickener (lotion&
creams)—2.5%
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16. 6.LOCUST BEAN GUM
 B.S.:- Polysaccharides –
Endosperms –seeds of “Ceratonia
silliqua”-(Leguminosae)
 SYN:- Ceratonia, Carob bean gum
 M.W.:- 3,10,000
 SOLUBILITY:- SB- Hot water,
IS-Ethanol.
 PH:-5.4-7
 INCOMPABILITY:- Viscosity of
xanthum gum is increased in
presence of LBG(i.e. synergistic
effect) so used in CRDF.
 APPL:-1) Viscosity increasing
agent. 2) Binder(OCRDF), 3)
Thickening, 4) Stabilising agent. 5)
In foods-0.15-0.75% is used
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17. 7.INULIN
 B.S.:- Polysaccharide-bulbs of
Dehlia,” Inula helenicum
(compositae), roots of
Dandelion “taxacum officinale”
 M.W.:- 5000
 SOLUBILITY:- SL- Hot water,
IS- Organic solvents.
 APPLICATION:-
1.Used as polymer in
formulations.
2.Used as diagnostic agent.
3.preparation of culture media.
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18. 8.PECTIN
 B.S.:- polysaccharide-acid hydrolysis
of inner portion of the rind of citrus peels
i.e. ‘Citrus simon. (Rutaceae)
 M.W.:- they are of two types-1. low
molecular weight-<50 %, 2. high
molecular Weight-above 50%-100%
 SOLUBILITY:-Sl- 1) 1:20 in &
other organic solvents.
 INCOMPABILITY:- IN- High
Molecular Weight Organic Acid, Pectin sol-
ppts-with metallic ions(i.e.pb, Cu, Al, Ni,
Fe, & Ca.
 APPL:- 1. Emulsifying agent, 2.
Gelling agent inAcid Medium, 3
Thickening agent in crea,s & lotion
(in creams 7 lotion
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19. 9.CYCLODEXTRIN
SYN:- 1. Cavitron,
schardinger dextrin
Types:- 1. Þ-cyclodextrin (A)
2. ß- cyclodextrin (B)
3. Ÿ– cyclodextrin (C)
M.W.:- (A) 972
(B) 1135
(C) 1297
M.P.:- (A)250-2600
c
(B) 255-2650
c
(C) 240-2450
c
INCOMPABILITIES:- B-Cyclodextrin
reduces the activity of some antimicrobial
preservatives in aq. Solution.
SOLUBILITY:- (A) SL-1 IN 7PARTS OF
WATER AT 200
C,1 IN 3 AT 500
C. (B)
SL-1 IN 200 PARTS OF PEG, 1 IN 50 –
WATER AT 200
C, 1 IN 20 AT 500
C,IS-
ACETONE, ETHANOL(95%),
METHYLENE CHLORIDE. (C) SL-1 IN
4.4 PARTS OF WATER AT 200
C, 1 IN 2
AT 450
C
APPLICATION. :-
1.TO FORM INCLUSION
COMPLEXES WITH DRUGS
FOR SOLUBILITY
ENHANCEMENT & STABILITY
IMPROVEMENT.
2.TO MASKING THE UNPEASENT
TEST .
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20. PROPERTIES:-
1.COMPRESSIBILITY:-
21.0- 44.0 %
FOR CYCLODEXTRIN.
2.DENSITY:- (A) 1.521
(C) 1.471
3. M. C.:- (A)- 10.2%W/W
(B)-13-15%W/W
(C)-8-18 %W/W
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21. POLY(E-CAPROLACTONE)
M.W.:- 80 to 150000
VISCOSITY:- 0.7-1.3
M.P.:-58-630
C
GLASS TRANSITION TEMP.:-65TO-
600
C
SOLUBILITY:- SL- Methylene
chloride, Chloroform.
TENSILE STRENGTH:- 3000 -5000
FUNCTIONAL CATEGORY:-
Biocompatible, Biodegradable,
Bioabsorbable.
APPLICATION:- 1. Used in drug
delivery system asmicrocapsules
,microspheres,
2. use in implantable drug delivery
system such as rods, cylinders etc.
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22. POLYANHYDRIDES
These are Synthatic
polysaccharides prepared
from dicarboxylic acids such
as adipic acid, sebacic acid,
dodecanoic acid, Fumaric
acid.
Common
Polyanhydrides:-S
1.Poly(sebasic Acid)
2.Poly(fumaric acid)
3.Poly(erucic acid)
4.Poly(terephthalic acid)
5.Poly[bis(p-carboxy
phenoxy)alkanes]
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23. POLY(ORTHOESTERS)
It is synthatic plant
polysaccharides synthesised
by polycondensation of a
diol (i.e. either 1,6
hexanediol/ cis/trans 1-4-
cyclohexane dimethanol )
with an orthoester(i.e.
diethoxy tetrahydrofuran).
COMMMON
POLYORTHOESTERS:-
1.Poly orthoester-I with
cis/trans-cyclohexyl
dimethanol.
2.poly orthoester-II with
1,6-haxanediol
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24. REFERENCES
1. “Book of Polymer science”
;Introduction to polymer; By V.R.
Gowarikar; New Edge publication;
Page No.-7 To 14.
2.Mark H.F.; Giant molecules; Time-
Life books; Newyork-1996.
3.Rosato D.V., Fallon W.K., “ Markers
in Plastics” ,Reinhold , Newyork,1969.
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25. REFERENCES
4. Dubois J.H.; “Plastic History- USA,
Cahner,Boston ;1972.
5.”Handbook of Pharmaceutical
controlled release
technology”;classification of
biodegradable polymers; By Donald
L. Wise; Marcel Dekker ;Inc;Page
No.-330 to 331
By, Raymond. cRowe, Paul J
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26. REFERNCES
8.Biodegradable Polymer as drug
delivery system; “Synthatic
polysaccharides”; By-Mark
Chasin,Robert Longer Vol-45; Page
No-43-49,71-90,121-160.
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