Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
this ppt is about hydrogel.A hydrogel is a three-dimensional(3D) network of hydrophilic polymers that can swell in water and hold a large amount of water while maintaining the structure due to chemical or physical cross-linking of individual polymer chains. applications Flexibility of hydrogels, which is because of their water content, makes it possible to use them in different condition ranging from industrial to biological fields
polymerization is a process of bonding monomer, or "single units" together through a variety of reaction mechanisms to form longer chains named Polymer.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Hydrogels are three-dimensional network of hydrophilic cross-linked polymer that do not dissolve but can swell in water or can respond to the fluctuations of the environmental stimuli
Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 90% water) natural or synthetic polymeric networks
Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content
Definition of polymer
Types of Biodegradable polymers
Examples Biodegradable polymers
Application of Biodegradable polymers
Methods of Studying Polymer Degradation
Advantages of Biodegradable polymers
Biopolymers are polymers that can be found in or manufactured by, living organisms. These also involve polymers that are obtained from renewable resources that can be used to manufacture Bioplastics by polymerization. Bioplastics are the plastics that are created by using biodegradable polymers
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
this ppt is about hydrogel.A hydrogel is a three-dimensional(3D) network of hydrophilic polymers that can swell in water and hold a large amount of water while maintaining the structure due to chemical or physical cross-linking of individual polymer chains. applications Flexibility of hydrogels, which is because of their water content, makes it possible to use them in different condition ranging from industrial to biological fields
polymerization is a process of bonding monomer, or "single units" together through a variety of reaction mechanisms to form longer chains named Polymer.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Hydrogels are three-dimensional network of hydrophilic cross-linked polymer that do not dissolve but can swell in water or can respond to the fluctuations of the environmental stimuli
Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 90% water) natural or synthetic polymeric networks
Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content
Definition of polymer
Types of Biodegradable polymers
Examples Biodegradable polymers
Application of Biodegradable polymers
Methods of Studying Polymer Degradation
Advantages of Biodegradable polymers
Biopolymers are polymers that can be found in or manufactured by, living organisms. These also involve polymers that are obtained from renewable resources that can be used to manufacture Bioplastics by polymerization. Bioplastics are the plastics that are created by using biodegradable polymers
Polymers as excipients - Introduction to polymers, classification, important properties for applications, use of polymers in conventional formulations, modified /controlled release formulations,
HPMC, Gelatin, Carbopol, Eudragit
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is one of the most successfully developed biodegradable polymers.
Among the different polymers developed to formulate polymeric nanoparticles, PLGA has attracted considerable attention due to its attractive properties: (i) biodegradability and biocompatibility, (ii) FDA and European
Medicine Agency approval in drug delivery systems for parenteral administration, (iii) well-described formulations and methods of production adapted to various types of drugs e.g. hydrophilic or hydrophobic small
molecules or macromolecules, (iv) protection of the drug from degradation, (v) possibility of sustained release,
(vi) possibility to modify surface properties to provide stealthiness and/or better interaction with biological
materials and (vii) the possibility to target nanoparticles to specific organs or cells.
What is scope of Biopolymers???
Carbon neutral…low environmental footprints
Petrochemicals will eventually deplete
Biopolymers are Renewable & Sustainable industry
the presentation is about the basic molecules of life including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, lipids and nucleic acid. these molecules paly a very key role in human body on daily base functions. if these are not taken properly the one may lead to various malfunctions.
Recently, the advantages of biopolymers over conventional plastic polymers are unprecedented, provided that they are used in situations in which they raise the functionality and generate extra benefits for human life. Therefore, biopolymers have received much attention because they play an important place in day-to-day life for their specific tunable characteristics, making them attractive in a wide range of applications. Biopolymers can produce materials with tunable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, inexpensiveness, availability, which are critically important for designing materials for use in biomedical applications. In addition to these properties, smart biopolymers could be prepared by changing the polymer components, which would create more target oriented applications. Biopolymers are potentially used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, infections, tissue engineering, wound healings, and other as wells.
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc StudentsKEVENLIAM
This note is based on polysaccharides and glycoprotein which is useful for MSc zoology students. All the points including the structure is being added.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
009 natural polymer
1. Natural Polymers
By
Mr. S. G. Laware
Asst. Prof., Dept. of Pharmacognosy,
P.R.E.S’s College of Pharmacy (For Women), Chincholi.
2. Introduction:
• The word polymer has a Greek origin, which means many units (parts).
• Polymer is defined as a chemical substance of a high molecular mass formed by the
combination of a large number of simple molecules called monomers.
From the Greek word
“Poly” “Meros”
means Many mean Parts
Many parts = Polymer
Natural Polymer Synthetic polymer
(Polymer that occurs in nature
Produced from living organism)
3. • Polymerization: The process by which the monomer get combined & transformed
into polymers is known as polymerization.
• Difference between polymers & macromolecules:
A macromolecules may or may not contain monomer units e.g. Chlorophyll
(C55H72O5N4Mg) is a macromolecule but not a polymer since there are no monomer
units present so we can conclude that “All polymers are macromolecules while all
macromolecules may not be polymers in nature”.
4. Classification of Polymers:
1. Based on source of origin:
a) Natural Polymer: Those polymers which occurs in nature (plants & animals)
e.g. Starch, cellulose, Natural rubber – Plant source
Albumin, Gelatin (Proteins) - building blocks in animals
b) Synthetic Polymer: prepared in lab with chemical reactions.
e.g. Polyethene, synthetic rubber, PVC, nylon-66, Teflon.
2. Based on structure:
a) Linear Polymer
b) Branched chain polymer
c) Cross-linked polymers or network polymer
5. 3. Based on Mode of Polymerization:
a) Addition polymers:
b) Condensation polymer:
4. Based on Molecular forces:
a) Elastomers:
b) Fibers:
c) Thermoplastics:
d) Thermosetting plastics:
6. What is Natural Polymer?
• A natural polymer is a polymer that is found in nature and is not man made all natural
or organic polymers come from living organisms.
e.g. Guar gum, cellulose, starch, Albumin, Gelatin, Chitin, Chitosan.
Why great attention for natural polymer?
• Biodegradable
• Biocompatible
• Non-toxic
8. Polysaccharides from plant source: Cellulose
• Major source of cellulose are plant fibers like cotton (cellulose content in cotton fiber
is 90%, cotton wood – 40-50%)
• Linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand ß(1-4) linked D-Glucose units
having the formula (C6H10O5)n.
• Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green
plants.
• Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard & paper.
• Smaller quantity are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as
cellophane and rayon.
• Some animals, particularly ruminants & termites, can digest cellulose with the help of
symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts.
9. • In human nutrition, cellulose is a non-digestable constituents of insoluble dietary
fiber, acting as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces & potentially aiding in
defecation.
• It used as Diluent/binder in tablet (MCC-Micro crystalline cellulose)
• Cellulose acetate fibers used as wound dressing.
• Carboxylated MCC used as film coating agent.
Polysaccharides from plant source: Agar
• Agar is a mixture of two components polysaccharides agarose & agarpectin, It forms
the supporting structure in the cell walls of certain species of algae & is released on
boiling.
• Agar can be used as a laxative, an appetite suppressant, thickeners for soups, used in
fruit preserves, ice-cream. It is used as gelling agent.
10. Polysaccharides from Animal source: Chitin
• A long chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine is a derivatives of glucose. It is a
primary component of cell wall in fungi, the exoskeletons of anthropoids such as
insects, mollusk, scales of fish.
• The structure of chitin was determined by Albert Hofmann in1929.
• It is a modified polysaccharide that contain nitrogen, It is synthesized from units of
N-acetyl-D-glucose mine. These units from covalent ß-(1-4) linkage (like the linkages
between Glucose units forming cellulose).
• Chitin may be described as cellulose with one hydroxyl group on each monomer
replaced with an acetyl amine group.
• In Agriculture, It is a good inducer of plant defense mechanisms for controlling
diseases. In Industry, It is used in food processing include the formation of edible
films & as an additive to thicken & stabilize foods.
11. Polysaccharides from Animal source: Xanthan Gum
• Source: Product of gram negative bacteria Xanthomonas Campestris
• Cellulose derivative contain a cellulose backbone (-D-glucose residue) & a
triasaccharide side chain of -D-mannose, -D-gluronic acid.
• Application: Oral & topical formulations, cosmetics, food industry as a suspending
and stabilizing agent.
Polysaccharides from Animal source: Alginate
Source: Alginate is a water-soluble linear polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed
It is used as dietary supplements, used as thickener, moisturizer in cosmetic product.
12. Proteins from Animal source: Collagen
• Source: Primary protein component of animal connective tissues. e.g. pig skin, bovine
hide, pork & cattle bones.
• 27 types of collagen exist & is composed of different polypeptide, (glycine, proline,
hydroxylproline & lysine)
• Application: Collagen films- ophthalmology DDS for slow release of drug. Tissue
engineering- skin replacement, bone substitutes & artificial blood vessels & valves.
Proteins from Animal source: Gelatin
• Properties: Translucent, colorless, A high molecular weight polypeptide. It consists of
19 amino acids, water soluble.
• It is used in tablet coating, capsule shell preparation, microencapsulation,
nanoparticles & microparticles.
13. Proteins from Plant (Vegetable) source: Wheat Gluten
• Source: Product of the starch fabrication.
• Advantages: Fastest degradation rates, biodegradable, non-toxic, available in high
quality & low cost.
• Application: Film forming agent.
Proteins from Plant (Vegetable) source: Soy protein
• Soy protein isolated from soya beans
• Health benefits: Helps in heart problems.