This document discusses biodegradable polymers. It begins by defining biodegradation as the process of converting polymers into harmless gaseous products via microorganisms and enzymes. It then notes that biodegradable polymers eliminate the need for disposal systems by degrading through natural biological processes. The document outlines the need for biodegradable polymers due to the large amount of non-biodegradable plastic waste produced annually. It proceeds to discuss various biodegradable polymers like biopol, polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and their characteristics, production processes, uses, and degradation mechanisms.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
In the recent years, bio-based and biodegradable products have raised great interest since sustainable development policies tend to expand with the decreasing reserve of fossil fuel and the growing concern for the environment. Bio-Polymers are a form of polymers derived from plant sources such as sweet potatoes, soya bean oil, sugarcane, hemp oil, and corn starch. These polymers are naturally degraded by the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae. Bio-plastics can help alleviate the energy crisis as well as reduce the dependence on fossil fuels of our society. They have some remarkable properties which make it suitable for different applications. This paper tries to give an insight about Bio-plastics, their composition, preparation, properties, special cases, advantages disadvantages, commercial viability, its life cycle, marketing and pricing of these products.
As a result, the market of these environmentally friendly materials is in rapid expansion,
10 –20 % per year.
Definition of polymer
Types of Biodegradable polymers
Examples Biodegradable polymers
Application of Biodegradable polymers
Methods of Studying Polymer Degradation
Advantages of Biodegradable polymers
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
In the recent years, bio-based and biodegradable products have raised great interest since sustainable development policies tend to expand with the decreasing reserve of fossil fuel and the growing concern for the environment. Bio-Polymers are a form of polymers derived from plant sources such as sweet potatoes, soya bean oil, sugarcane, hemp oil, and corn starch. These polymers are naturally degraded by the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae. Bio-plastics can help alleviate the energy crisis as well as reduce the dependence on fossil fuels of our society. They have some remarkable properties which make it suitable for different applications. This paper tries to give an insight about Bio-plastics, their composition, preparation, properties, special cases, advantages disadvantages, commercial viability, its life cycle, marketing and pricing of these products.
As a result, the market of these environmentally friendly materials is in rapid expansion,
10 –20 % per year.
Definition of polymer
Types of Biodegradable polymers
Examples Biodegradable polymers
Application of Biodegradable polymers
Methods of Studying Polymer Degradation
Advantages of Biodegradable polymers
The above Presentation discusses about the chapter polymers.Its definition, Types and important applications.It also covers about the process of bio degradation of polymers in the body.
Applications of Poly (lactic acid) in Tissue Engineering and Delivery SystemsAna Rita Ramos
Applications of Poly (lactic acid) in Tissue Engineering and Delivery Systems
Poly (lactic acid) is a thermoplastic derived from renewable resources and is at present, one of the most promising biodegradable and nontoxic biopolymers. In addition to its versatility and consequent large-scale production, PLA can be processed with a large number of techniques.
Due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, this polymer is becoming largely applied in the biomedical field such as in tissue engineering for scaffolds and in delivery systems in the form of micro and nanoparticles. Furthermore, because it’s relatively cheap and an eco-friend, it has been considered as one of the solutions to lessen the dependence on petroleum-based plastics and solid waste problems.
In order to maximize the knowledge and development of this polymer, it is necessary to understand the material synthesis, proprieties, manufacturing processes, main applications, commercialization and its market state, which will be presented in this review.
The chemical contamination of water from a wide range of toxic derivatives, in particular heavy metals, aromatic molecules and dyes, is a serious environmental problem owing to their potential human toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies that can remove toxic pollutants found in wastewaters .Among all the treatments proposed, adsorption is one of the more popular methods for the removal of pollutants from the wastewater..
Recent Development of Biodegradation Techniques of Polymer's.
Introduction, Biodegradation, Biodegradable polymers, Factors affecting biodegradation of polymers,
Techniques useful in biodegradation tracking and biodegradable polymers characterization.
Usage of certain micro-organisms and enzymes to degrade polymers are classified as the biodegradating method of polymers. Very small variations in the chemical structures of polymer could lead to large changes in their bio-degradability. The bio-degradability depends on the molecular weight, molecular from and crystallinity.
liposomes are novel drug delivery dosage systems, where the drug is entrapped in phospholipid bilayered vesicles. the release of drug from the vesicles can be controlled or sustained.
the follwing presentation contain structure, classification and preparation methods, characterization and applications of liposomes.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
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2. INTRODUCTION
Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the process of converting
polymer material into harmless, simple, gaseous products
by the action of enzymes, micro-organisms and water.
Biodegradable Polymer
Biodegradable polymers degrade as a result of
natural biological processes, eliminating the need to
create a disposal system which can cause harm to our
environment.
3. NEED FOR BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS
• Polymers have become an essential part of our daily
life.
• Having its numerous advantages, it finds it use in
every field.
• But these polymer products account for approx. 150
million tons of non biodegradable waste every year.
• Such large amounts of waste leads to various
problems, not to mention, a general lack of
cleanliness in the neighbourhood.
6. ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION
Enzymatic degradation takes place with the
help of various enzymes.
The type of enzymes used for degradation
depends upon the type of polymer:
• Fungi – ‘ Fusarium Moniliformae’
• Yeast- ‘Cryptococcus
• Enzymes from moulds such as ‘Penicillium’
7. POLYMER DEGRADATION AND
EROSION
Degradation ----- Chain Cleavage
Erosion ------- Loss of Mass
1. Bulk Erosion
2. Surface Erosion
Degradation in two Phases
1.-Water penetration (Rate Determining) 2.-Rapid loss of polymer
-Attacking Chemical bonds -Enzymatic attack
-Shorter water soluble fragments -Solubilisation
8. EROSION
Type I Erosion :
• Evident with water soluble polymers cross linked to form three dimensional
network.
• Cross linking still intact.
• Network insoluble.
• Swelling.
• Solubilisation by cleavage of water soluble backbone or crosslinking
Type II Erosion :
• Polymers first are water insoluble but converted to water soluble by reaction
with pendant group.
Type III Erosion :
• Polymers with high molecular weight are broken down and transformed to
smaller water soluble molecules.
12. BIOPOL
BIOPOL is a copolymer of
3-hydroxy butyric acid and
3-hydroxy valeric acid.
PRODUCTION :
It is produced by
fermentation of
glucose by
Acaligenes
eutrophus
species.
13. POLYHYDROXYBUTARATE-
HYDROXYVALERATE
(PHB-HV)
• It is a type of
Biopolymer.
• Molecular Formula:
C27H42O12
• Monomer Weight:
558.62 amu
14. Properties of Biopol :
• Water insoluble and relatively resistant to hydrolytic degradation.
Good oxygen permeability.
• Good ultra-violet resistance but poor resistance to acids and bases.
• Soluble in chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons.
• Biocompatible and hence is suitable for medical applications.
• Melting point 175 C., and glass transition temperature 2 C.
• Tensile strength is 40 MPa close to that of polypropylene.
• Sinks in water (while polypropylene floats), facilitating its anaerobic
biodegradation in sediments.
• Nontoxic.
• Less 'sticky' when melted, making it a potentially good material for
clothing in the future
15. POLYCAPROLACTONE
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester.
Preparation of Polycaprolactone:
Properties Of Polycaprolactone:
• It has a low melting point of around 60 C.
• It has a glass transition temperature of about −60 C.
16. Uses Of Polycaprolactone:
• The most common use of polycaprolactone is in the
manufacture of speciality polyurethanes.
• Polycaprolactones impart good water, oil, solvent and
chlorine resistance to the polyurethane produced.
• This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to
improve their processing characteristics and their end
use properties.
• Being compatible with a range of other materials, PCL
can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase
biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric
plasticizer to PVC.
17. Degradation Of Polycaprolactone:
• PCL is degraded by hydrolysis of its ester
linkages in physiological conditions (such as in
the human body).
• It has therefore received a great deal of
attention for use as an implantable biomaterial.
• In particular it is especially interesting for the
preparation of long term implantable devices,
owing to its degradation which is even slower
than that of polylactide (or polylactic acid).
18. POLYLACTIC ACID
• Polylactic acid or polylactide
(PLA) is a thermoplastic
aliphatic polyester derived from
renewable resources, such as
corn starch, tapioca products
(roots, chips or starch) or
sugarcane.
• It can biodegrade under
certain conditions, such as the
presence of oxygen, and is
difficult to recycle.
• The name "polylactic acid" does not comply with IUPAC standard
nomenclature, and is potentially ambiguous or
confusing, because PLA is not a polyacid (polyelectrolyte), but
rather a polyester
19. Formation of Polylactic Acids:
Bacterial fermentation is used to produce
lactic acid from corn starch or cane sugar.
20. Uses of Polylactic Acids:
Mulch film made of PLA-blend Biodegradable PLA cups
bio-flex in use at an eatery
Due to PLA's relatively low
glass transition
temperature, PLA cups
cannot hold hot liquids.
However, much research is
devoted to developing a heat
resistant PLA.
21. POLYGLYCOLIC ACID
• Polyglycolide or
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is a
biodegradable, thermoplastic
polymer and the simplest linear,
aliphatic polyester.
• It is a tough fibre-forming
polymer. Due to its hydrolytic
instability its use has been
limited. • It also exhibits an
• It has a glass transition elevated degree of
temperature between 35-40 C. crystallinity, around 45-
• Its melting point is in the range 55%, thus resulting in
of 225-230 C. insolubility in water.
22. Preparation of Polyglycolic Acids:
Polyglycolide can be obtained through several different
processes starting with different materials:
• Polycondensation of glycolic acid
• Ring-opening polymerization of glycolide
• Solid-state polycondensation of halogenoacetates
23. Degradation of Polyglycolic Acids:
• Polyglycolide has hydrolytic instability due to the presence of the
ester linkage in its backbone.
• The degradation process is erosive and appears to take place in
two steps during which the polymer is converted back to its
monomer glycolic acid:
1. First water diffuses into the amorphous (non-crystalline)
regions of the polymer matrix, cleaving the ester bonds.
2. Second step starts after the amorphous regions have been
eroded, leaving the crystalline portion of the polymer susceptible to
hydrolytic attack. When the crystalline regions collapse, the polymer
chain dissolves.
• When exposed to physiological conditions, polyglycolide is
degraded by hydrolysis, and broken down by certain enzymes.
• The degradation product, glycolic acid, is nontoxic.
• Studies undergone using polyglycolide have shown that the
material loses half of its strength after two weeks and 100% after
four weeks. The polymer is completely resorbed by the organism in
a time frame of four to six months.
25. NATURAL POLYMERS
These are the polymers obtained from natural resources, and
are generally non-toxic.
NATURAL POLYMERS
PROTEINS Polysaccharides
Ex: COLLAGEN Ex : DEXTRAN
ALBUMIN CHITOSAN
FIBRIN STARCH
ADVANTAGES : 1) Readily & Abundantly Available.
2) Comparatively Inexpensive.
3) Non toxic products.
4) Can be modified to get semi synthetic
forms.
26. Reference
• S. P. Vyas, Roop K. Khar; Controlled Drug Delivery –
Concepts And Advances; First Edition, Reprint 2010; Vallabh
Prakashan; Page No. 97 – 154
• N. K. Jain; Advances in Controlled & Novel Drug Delivery;
First Edition, Reprint 2003; CBS Publishers & Distributors;
pg. no. 1 – 17
• Mark Chasin, Robert Langer; Biodegradable Polymers as
Drug Delivery Systems; First Indian Edition, Reprint 2008;
Marcel Dekker.
• PowerPoint presentation by Mr. Shrikant Sharma.
• Internet sites:
– www.wikipedia.com
– www.athurstream.com
– www.slideworld.com
– www.google.com