These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
An introduction to emerging technology in medicinal science, "nanodrugs" a fruitful combination of nano-science and medical science. In this presentation, use of nano shells for delivery of drugs to targeted cancer cells has been explained. along with In Vivo and In Vitro studies on use of nanomaterials for biomedical application. For any information please feel free to contact me or refer to the references.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
This presentation is a simple explain of Bionanoimaging which introduce this area completely. You can use this PPTx File to present in your class and seminars as well. I prepare this file to present in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences when I was a MSc Medical Nanotechnology student. It will be useful for you too.
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
An introduction to emerging technology in medicinal science, "nanodrugs" a fruitful combination of nano-science and medical science. In this presentation, use of nano shells for delivery of drugs to targeted cancer cells has been explained. along with In Vivo and In Vitro studies on use of nanomaterials for biomedical application. For any information please feel free to contact me or refer to the references.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
This presentation is a simple explain of Bionanoimaging which introduce this area completely. You can use this PPTx File to present in your class and seminars as well. I prepare this file to present in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences when I was a MSc Medical Nanotechnology student. It will be useful for you too.
Clinical applications of bionanotechnologyHari kesavan
Bionanotechnology is a science that sits at the convergence of nanotechnology and biology. Nanobiology and nanobiotechnology are other names that are used interchangeably with bionanotechnology.
THE FUTURE OF NANOMEDINE
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines. Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials (materials whose structure is on the scale of nanometers, i.e. billionths of a meter).
Nanorobotics,
Application of Nanorobotics,
Parts of Nanorobotics, challenges
cons of nanorobots
nanorobot drug delivery
nanorobotics in cancer
nanorobot in blood clot
nanorobotics in kidney stone
use of nanorobots in cell surgery
nanotechnology in gout
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
5. Introduction
Human body is basically an extremely complex
system of interacting molecules (i.e., a
molecular machine)
therefore technology required to truly
understand and repair the body is the molecular
machine technology : nanotechnology
5
6. Nanoscale
Nanoscience: involves research and
technology development at 1 nm to 100
nm range (nanoscale)
“nano” indicates 10-9
A nanometre is 10-9 meter.
one nanometre is a billionth of a metre
or a millionth of a millimetre
a single human hair is around 80,000 nanometres
thick
A typical protein size lies between 3 to 10
nanometres (nm)
red blood cells are a standard size of about
6000‐8000 nm
6
7. Nanomedicine: Definition
The official definition of the US National Nanotechnology
Initiative says that
nanotechnology involves ‘research and technology
development at the atomic, molecular, or
macromolecular levels, in the length scale of
approximately 1 to 100 nm range.
European Science Foundation (ESF) has defined
nanomedicine as
‘the science and technology of diagnosing, treating and
preventing disease and traumatic injuries, of relieving pain,
and improving human health, using molecular tools and
molecular knowledge of human body
7
8. Aim of Nanomedicine
comprehensive monitoring, control,
construction, repair, defence and improvement
of all human biological systems, working from
the molecular level
using engineered devices and nanostructures,
ultimately to achieve medical benefit.
8
9. History
On December 29, 1959, physicist
Richard Feynman gave a radical
lecture at an American Physical
Society meeting at Caltech titled
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”.
Feynman suggested that it should be
possible to make machines at a nano-
scale that "arrange the atoms the way
we want", and do chemical synthesis
by mechanical manipulation.
This lecture was the birth of the idea
and study of nanotechnology.
9
10. History
Professor Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo
Science University, introduced the
term “nanotechnology”, in 1974
He described nanotechnology as the
processing of, separation,
consolidation, and deformation of
materials by one atom or by one
molecule."
10
11. History
In the 1980s, Dr. K. Eric Drexler, promoted nanoscale
phenomena through books:
Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology
Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery,
Manufacturing, and Computation
He was ultimately responsible for the term
nanotechnology to acquire its current sense.
he was presented the first PhD in nanotechnology.
11
12. History
Hollywood provided the
public with a glimpse of
the future of nano-
science with the release
of the film Fantastic
Voyage in 1966,
which depicted a
surgical team that was
miniaturized and injected
into a man to operate on
a blood clot in his brain
12
13. History
Bhasma, is a ayurvedic metallic/mineral
preparation, treated with herbal juices or
decoction and exposed for certain quantum of
heat as per puta system of Ayurveda
Bhasma are claimed to be biologically
produced nanoparticles (ethno-nanomedicine)
13
14. Nanotechnology: Timeline
In early 2003, the European Science Foundation launched its
Forward look on nanomedicine; a policy briefing was published on
23rd February 2005 which summarised the recommendations of the
Forward Look.
In 2004 High Level Group European Technology Platform
Nanomedicine was launched
In September 2005, its Vision Paper and Basis for a Strategic
Research Agenda for Nanomedicine was released, as a first step
towards setting up a European Technology Platform on
Nanomedicine
in 2007, the European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine was
established in Basel (Switzerland)
14
16. Nanotechnology: Timeline
The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) released their
first roadmap on nanomedicine in 2004
In 2004, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), as part of
NIH, launched the Cancer Nanotechnology Plan, a
strategic initiative to transform clinical oncology and
basic research through the directed application of
nanotechnology
16
18. Current status
The market analysis reported that market for the
nanomedicine is continuously growing at the rate
of 28 % with a 35% increase in the revenues
generated
The National Science Foundation estimated the
market for all nanotechnologies to be $1 trillion.
Huge investments are being made in
nanomedicine to develop novel therapeutic
deliveries.
Currently more than 38 nanomedicine based
products are on the market with estimated sales of
$6.8 billion and the efforts to bring them on the
market are increasing continuously
18
20. Application of Nanomedicine
• Diagnostic
Imaging and identification
• Therapeutic
Delivering medication to the exact location.
Killing of bacteria, viruses & cancer cells
Repair of damaged tissues.
20
22. Diagnostic use: Imaging
Nanomaterials are being used extensively as contrast
agents in non-invasive medical imaging tools, including
computed tomography, magnetic resonance, positron
emission tomography, single photon- emission computed
tomography, ultrasound, and optical imaging
The contrast agents used: nanosized metal oxides,
dendrimers, quantum dots, etc.
22
23. Diagnostic Use: Imaging using
Quantum dots
Quantum dots Nano crystals (nano
cadmium & nano zinc) are
semiconductors used to tag biological
molecules
have applications in medical
diagnostics, targeted therapeutics,
and high-throughput drug screening
tiny crystals, produce sequence of
colours when subjected to
ultraviolet rays
23
24. Diagnostic use
Currently in vitro diagnostics are costly and
it is hoped that new generation nanoscale “lab-on- a-
chip” will offer advantages including reduced costs,
portability, and shorter and faster analysis.
Applications may include measurements of saliva for
periodontitis, heart disease, insulin detection and
improving healthcare accessibility
24
25. Diagnostic tools
a lab-on-a- chip with the size of a postage stamp is already
commercially available and is used to monitor lithium medication
levels for manic depressive patients at home at much lower cost
and with greater convenience
Other diagnostic applications using nanotechnology and already
on the market include:
colloidal gold particles which, due to their stability, have been widely
used to rapidly test for pregnancy, ovulation, HIV and other indications
magnetic nanoparticles used for cell sorting applications in clinical
diagnostics
superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance
imaging – first approved in Europe in 1993
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles also show great promise in the
detection of Alzheimer plaques
25
26. Medical instruments
Medical instruments are also being increasingly
miniaturised, with nanomaterials for increased efficiency
carbon nanotubes may be used instead of glass
pipettes for delivery into cells
Nanosilver is increasingly incorporated into catheters
and other instruments as a coater because of its
antimicrobial effects
Wound dressings may also incorporate some sort of
nanosilver, for the same purpose
26
27. Therapeutic uses: Drug delivery
using Nanoparticles
Nanopharmacology: an application of nanotechnology to the
development and discovery of drug delivery methods.
Application
to deliver Medication to the exact location.
Lesser side effects & high efficacy
Improves bio-availability
Molecular targeting by nano engineered devices
27
28. Therapeutic uses: Drug delivery
using Nanoparticles
Nanoformulations of existing drugs can overcome common
pharmaceutical problems by increasing solubility, limiting systemic
toxicities, increasing bioavailability and improving immuno-
compatibility and cellular uptake
Nanotechnology has also been used for targeted drug delivery
which will allow
controlled drug release at just the right place and dose, improving
patient safety and compliance and reducing side effects.
Drug delivery vehicles under investigation include:
polymeric particles, dendrimers, nanoshells, liposomes, micelles and
magnetic nanoparticles
28
29. Therapeutic uses: Drug delivery
using Nanoparticles
Advantages & of a targeted drug delivery system
Encapsulation of a drug (such as in a liposome or micelle) can avoid
local irritation and decrease local and systemic toxicity,
Disadvantages
The drug delivery mechanisms may also introduce toxicities of their own
and have unintended side effects.
29
30. Therapeutic uses: Drug delivery
using Nanoparticles
Metal-based nanoparticles – Au, Ag, Cd-Se, Zn-S etc
Lipid-based nanoparticles – Liposome & Neosome based
Polymer-based nanoparticles – Dendrimer, chitosen, micelle based
Biological nanoparticles – arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) peptides
based
30
31. Liposomes
Liposomes are small spherical vesicles, composed of lipid
bilayers surrounding aqueous inner phase
Liposomes are usually composed of phospholipids or
cholesterol, which are used to encapsulate various active
drugs.
At the target site liposomes fuse with the cell membranes
and deliver the molecules
Liposomes are 200 nm or smaller
Applications
targeted drug delivery
cancer treatment
Some liposome based pharmaceuticals:
Amphotericin B, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Amikacin
31
32. PEGylated Liposomes
PEG (polyethylene glycol) makes the liposome less vulnerable to immune
system
PEGylation, by increasing the molecular weight of a molecule, can impart
several significant pharmacological advantages over the unmodified form,
such as:
Improved drug solubility
Enhanced protection from proteolytic degradation
Increased drug stability
Extended circulating life
Reduced dosage frequency, without diminished efficacy with potentially
reduced toxicity
32
33. Niosomes
Niosomes, non-ionic surfactant vesicles,
widely studied as an alternative to
liposomes
similar to liposomes in terms of their
physical properties
Niosomes alleviate the disadvantages
associated with liposomes, such as
chemical instability, variable purity of
phospholipids and high cost.
They have the potential for controlled
and targated drug delivery
Niosomes enhance the penetration of
drugs
33
34. Dendrimers
Dendrimers are manmade molecules
having a tree like structure having number
of small branching molecules around a
central core molecule.
Dendrimers measure between 2-20
nanometers across and are branching
molecules with the branching beginning at
the core.
Nano devices based on dendrimers may
be used for cancer cell recognition,
diagnosis of cancer cause, drug delivery,
reporting drug levels in tumors and
reporting cancer cell death.
34
35. Nano shells
Nano shells have a core of silica and a metallic outer layer.
Nano shells can be linked to antibodies that can recognize tumor
cells
Once the cancer cells take them up, by applying a near infra red
light that is absorbed by the Nano shells, it is possible to create
intense heat that selectively kills the tumor cells and not the
neighboring healthy cells
35
36. Carbon nanotubes
Single-wall carbon nanotubes are tiny
hollow rods that are one-atom-thick
10,000 times smaller in diameter than a
human hair
extraordinary optical, mechanical, thermal
and electronic properties
being used to produce lightweight and
extremely strong materials, which enhance
the capabilities of devices such as sensors,
and provide a novel means of delivering
drugs with great specificity.
36
45. Drug discovery
Nano and micro technologies are part of the latest
advanced solutions for decreasing the discovery and
development times for new drugs, and potentially
reducing the development costs.
High-throughput arrays and ultra-sensitive labeling and
detection technologies are being used to increase the
speed and accuracy of identifying genes and genetic
materials for drug discovery and development.
45
46. Therapeutic uses: Cancer
treatment
Thermotherapy, a form of cancer treatment that uses
heat to destroy cancer cells.
By using nanoparticles to generate the heat, the
treatment can be more successfully localised and result
in fewer side effects.
The devices use a number of different nanomaterials
including nanosized iron oxides, gold-coated silica
nanoparticles and hafnium oxide nanoparticles
46
47. Tissue repair & replacement
Implant coatings:
biocompatible nanomaterials and coatings to
increase the adhesion, durability and lifespan of
implants.
For example, nanopolymers such as polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) can be used to coat implantable devices that
are in contact with blood (e.g. artificial hearts,
vascular grafts, catheters) for dispersing clots or
preventing their formation
47
48. Tissue repair & replacement
Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds
Nanostructures are being researched for the preparation and
improvement of tissue regeneration scaffolds
For example, PVA is also being investigated for the cornea by having
corneal epithelia cells seeded in a PVA hydro gel structure.
Structure implant materials for
Bone repair: e.g. High strength nanoceramic materials, such as calcium
phosphate apatite (CPA) and hydroxyapatite (HAP)
48
49. Nanorobots – A future vision
• Nanorobots are nanodevices.
• Potential applications include
• To repair or detect targeted damages and
infections.
• early diagnosis and targeted drug delivery
for cancer,
• biomedical instrumentation, surgery
49
50. “A microscopic
machine roaming
through the
bloodstream,
injecting or taking
samples for
identification and
determining the
concentrations of
different
compounds”
50
54. Advantages of nano medicine
• Drug delivery to the exact location.
• Lesser side effects, high efficacy
• Molecular targeting by nano engineered devices
• Detection / Diagnosis of diseases relatively easy & fast
• No surgery required.
• Diseases can be easily cured.
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56. Nanotoxicity
The nanoparticles can have off target effects such as
triggering an immune response, crossing blood brain
barrier and affecting CNS or can cause tissue toxicity if not
properly eliminated
Several toxicological responses of nanomedicine based
on in-vivo characterization have been reported such as
hypersensitivity reactions, element specific toxicity and
generation of reactive oxygen species
for example multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)
were found to cause asbestos- like effects on the
mesothelium following intracavitary injection of high doses
in rodents.
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57. Nanotoxicity
In 2006, there was a disaster during the clinical trial phase-I
study;
6 healthy volunteers were recruited and administered with
TGN 1412 (CD 28 MAB) intended for the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis and lymphocytic leukaemia. It was
humanised monoclonal antibody and CD 28 receptor
agonist.
The drug was administered as intravenous infusion and within
half an hour all the subjects suffered from life threatening
conditions.
So it was concluded that in-vivo behaviour in animals is not a
true representation of humans and more work is need to be
done to reduce the risks involved in the clinical trials
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58. Nanotoxicity
There is a need for a detailed examination of the
physico- chemical properties of nanoparticles
such as size, shape and surface chemistry and
correlating them with their in-vivo behaviour
could help in understanding the most important
technical issues and also for the development
suitable models for studying nanotoxicity
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60. Regulatory issues
There are two primary regulatory problems posed by nanomedicine:
classification difficulties
lack of scientific expertise
The FDA classifies medical products for regulatory purposes as drugs,
devices, biologics, or combination products
In the long run, sophisticated nanomedical products will blur the
distinction between “mechanical”, “chemical”, and “biological”
and make it difficult to determine if a product is a drug, device,
biologic, or combination product.
Effective regulation requires that the FDA maintain expertise in
cutting edge technologies and scientific advances
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61. Environmental risks
National Science Foundation and Environmental Protection Agency
have raised concerns over potential impact of nanomaterials on
the environment and the adverse effects have been reported
The possible excretion mechanisms are suggesting that it would be
mainly disposed in water and air.
The excretory materials would mostly be suspended in air for longer
times due to their small size which can cause respiratory disorders
and affect the health of individuals
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62. Social issues
Firstly, the prices would be very high and the patients from the
low income groups would be deprived of these novel
therapeutics and the developing nations would be affected
most.
Nanomedicine will generate social and ethical debates
regarding issues such as whether implantable nano-devices
that can constantly monitor for illness compromise privacy
rights and risk abuse
whether neurobiochips that stimulate brain function give
humans machine-like qualities and steer society on a path
toward mental manipulation through implantable devices in
the brain
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63. Ethical issues
Bioethical researchers believe that nanomedicine could be
manipulated to harm the human body rather than healing it.
How would the use of a technology that can’t be seen be
regulated? What if, they say, the guiding system on the
medicine malfunctions and takes the medicine to the wrong
part of the body, such as the brain?
What if the nanomedicine technology is used for terrorism
purposes? Particles that can’t be seen or easily controlled
would enter the body and deliver harmful substances such as
toxins.
Will the materials used for the nano-medicinal technologies
be non-toxic and eco-friendly?
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64. Conclusion
• Although realization of the full potential of nanomedicine
may be years or decades away, recent advances in
nanotechnology-related drug delivery, diagnosis, and drug
development are beginning to change the landscape
medicine.
• The possibilities are endless, but will take time to develop.
• Nano therapies could, in the long term, be much more
economical, effective and safe and could greatly reduce
the cost of current medical procedures.
• So, Nanomedicine is the future medicine.
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65. To conclude …..
Richard E. Smalley, PhD, 1996 Nobel Laureate,
once said,
“Human health has always been determined on
the nanometer scale; this is where the structure
and properties of the machines of life work in
every one of the cells in every living thing. The
practical impact of nanoscience on human
health will be huge.”
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