BUILDING CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY Classification of Building Based on Structure:- Design Loads A Building can be broadly divided into two parts; 1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit load to ground<foundation>) 2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level) Building components can be summarized as; •Foundations •Plinth •Walls •Columns & Beams •Floors •Doors & Windows (Openings) •Stairs & Lifts •Roof •Lintels and Arches Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items

1. BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
Prepared by,
Sujith Velloor S,
Lecturer,
Civil Department.
Engineering College Tuwa.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON
OCCUPANCY
National Building Organisation Classification:-National Building
Code(NBC) (SP :7 – 1983) Of India classifies the building structure based on
occupancy, into 9 Different Groups represented from Group A to Group I
Group A : Residential Buildings
These shall include any building in which sleeping accommodation is
provided for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking
or dining or both facilities, except any building classified under
Group C.
Residential types of building are further sub divided as per following
A-1 Lodging or rooming houses
A-2 One-or two-family private dwellings
A-3 Dormitories
A-4 Apartment houses (flats)
A-5 Hotels

3. Group B : Educational Buildings
These shall include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes
involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not
covered by Group D.
Group C : Institutional Buildings
These shall include any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes,
such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or
mental illness, disease or infirmity; care of infants, convalescents or aged
persons and for penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of the
inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping
accommodation for the occupants.
Institutional types of building are further sub divided as per following
C-1 Hospitals and sanatoria
C-2 Custodial institutions
C-3 Penal and mental institutions

4. Group D :Assembly Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building, where groups of people
congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil,
travel and similar purposes, for example, theaters, motion picture houses,
assembly halls, auditoria, exhibition halls, museums, skating rinks, gymnasiums,
restaurants, places of worship, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations and
terminals of air, surface and marine
public transportation services, recreation piers and stadia, etc.
Assembly types of building are further sub divided as per following
D-1 Buildings having a theatrical stage and fixed seats for over 1000
persons
D-2 Buildings having a theatrical stage and fixed seats for less than
1000 persons
D-3 Buildings without a stage having accommodation for 300 or more
persons but no permanent seating arrangement
D-4 Buildings without a stage having accommodation for less than 300
persons
D-5 All other structures designed for assembly of people not covered by
subdivisions D-1 -to D-4

5. Group E : Business Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for
transaction of business (other than that covered by Group F and parts of
buildings covered by 3.1.1); for keeping of accounts and records and similar
purposes, professional establishments, service facilities, etc. City halls, town
halls, court houses and libraries shall be classified in this group so far as the
principal function of these is transaction of public business and keeping of
books and records
Business types of building are further sub divided as per following
E-1 Offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of
architects,engineers, doctors, lawyers, etc.
E-2 Laboratories, research establishments and test houses.
E-3 Computer installations.

6. Group F : Mercantile Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building, which is used as shops,
stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise, either holesale or retail.
Mercantile types of building are further sub divided as per following
F-1 Shops, stores, markets with area up to 500 m’.
F-2 Underground shopping centres, departmental stores with area
more than 500 m2 Storage and service facilities incidental to the
sale of merchandise and located in the same building shall be
included under this group.

7. Group G : Industrial Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building or structure, in which
products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled,
manufactured or processed, for example, assembly plants, laboratories, dry
cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries, gas
plants, refineries: dairies and saw-mills.
Industrial types of building are further sub divided as per following
G-1 Buildings used for low hazard industries
G-2 Buildings used for moderate hazard industries
G-3 Buildings used for high hazard industries.

8. Group H : Storage Building
These shall include any building or part of a building, used primarily for the
storage or sheltering (including servicing, processing or repairs incidental to
storage) of goods, wares or merchandise (except those that involve highly
combustible or explosive products or materials), vehicles or animals, for
example, warehouses,‘ cold storage, freight depots,transit sheds, storehouses,
truck and marine terminals, garages, hangars (other than aircraft repair
hangars), grain elevators, barns and stables.
Storage properties are characterized by the presence of relatively small number
of persons in proportion to the area, Any new use which increases the number of
occupants to a figure comparable with other classes of occupancy shall change
the classification of the building to that of the new use, for example, hangars
used for assembly purposes, warehouses used for office purposes, garage
buildings used for manufacturing.

9. Group J : Hazardous Buildings
These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for the
storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible or
explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity
and/or which may produce poisonous fumes or explosions; for storage,
handling, manufacturing or processing which involve highly corrosive, toxic or
noxious alkalis, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flame, fumes and
explosive,poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases; and for the storage, handling
or processing.of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which
result in the division of matter into tine particles subject to spontaneous
ignition.

10. Classification of Building Based on Structure:-
Based on structure the building are divided into
3Groups:
1. Load bearing Structure
2. R.C.C framed Structure
3. Composite Structure

11. 1. Load bearing Structure

12. Load bearing wall is constructed to
support the load other than its own.
The wall will support all loads before
transferring to the foundation. This
wall uses reinforcement steel bars or
is combined with columns to
strengthen its position.

13. 2. R.C.C framed Structure

14. Non- load bearing wall is the wall that
does not support other load except
its own. This wall is constructed on
building which has frames such as
columns and concrete beams. The
wall thickness is sufficient only half a
brick and normally constructed with
stretcher bond.

15. 3. Composite Structure
For construction of large
span buildings like
Workshops, ware houses,
it is not desirable to
strictly follow only one
type of system, that is
load bearing versus
framed construction.
In such building exterior
wall are load bearing
type and intermediate
supports are in form of
R.C.C columns.

16. Design Loads
A Structure is designed considering the following loads.
1.Dead Load (D.L)
2. Live Load (L.L)
3. Wind Load (W.L)
4. Earthquake Load (E.L)

17. 1.Dead Load (D.L)
It consists of self weight of different parts of building like floor, roof, walls,
plaster, doors, windows etc.
2. Live Load (L.L)
It consists of moving or variable load due to people or occupants, their
furniture, temporary stores, machinery etc.
3. Wind Load (W.L)
It is considered in design in case of tall buildings.
It is expressed in terms of basis wind pressure(P) which is equivalent static
pressure in the direction of wind
4. Earthquake Load (E.L)
It acts in horizontal direction.
It is calculated as
Earthquake Force = Mass * Acceleration

18. BUILDING COMPONENTS.

19. A Building can be broadly divided into two parts;
1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit
load to ground<Foundation>)
2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level)
Building components can be summarized as;
• Foundations
• Plinth
• Walls
• Columns & Beams
• Floors
• Doors & Windows
(Openings)
• Stairs & Lifts
• Roof
• Lintels and Arches

20. 1.Foundations
Foundation
1.Spread Footing
2.Combined Footing
3.Strap Footing
4.Raft Foundation
5.Grillage Foundation
1.Pile Foundation
2.Caissons or well Foundation
3.Cofferdams
Shallow Foundations
D<B
Deep Foundations
D>B

22. 1.Spread Footings

23. 2.Combined Footing 3.Strap Footing

25. 4. Raft Foundation

26. 5. Grillage Foundation

27. 1.Pile Foundation
a. End Bearing Pile c. Compaction Pile
b. Friction Pile d. Tension Pile
DEEP FOUNDATION

28. 2. Caissons or well Foundation

29. 3. Cofferdams

30. 2. PLINTH
 Dividing line between substructure
and superstructure.
 Lowest part of Superstructure, above
ground level.
 30-75cm in height depending upon
the locality/soil type.
 DPC provided at plinth level to
prevent moisture from rising to the
walls of building.

31. 3. WALLS
 A masonry structure provided
above the Plinth.
 Two types: Load Bearing, Non-
load bearing (Framed
structure).
 Provided to enclose or divide
the floor space in a pattern
and provide privacy, security
& protection.
Load Bearing Brick WallColumn Beam Structure

32. 4. COLUMNS AND BEAMS
 A masonry structure provided
above the Plinth.
 Two types: Load Bearing, Non-
load bearing (Framed
structure).
 Provided to enclose or divide
the floor space in a pattern
and provide privacy, security
& protection.
RCC Beam Structure
RCC Column
Wood Column

33. 5. FLOORS
 Flat
supported
elements,
dividing a
building
into
different
levels.

34. 6. OPENINGS: DOORS
 A door may be
defined as a
barrier secured in
an opening left in
a wall to provide
usual means to
access to a
building room or
passage.

35. 7. OPENINGS: WINDOWS
 A window may be defined as an opening left in the
wall for the purpose of providing daylight, ventilation
and vision.
Window Types

37. 8. LINTELS & ARCHES
 Its over Doors and Windows in walls
facility at safe transfer of loads to
its supports.

38. 9. STAIRS & LIFTS
 A Stair may be defined as a
structure comprising of a
number of steps connecting
one floor to another.

40. 10. ROOF
 It is an uppermost component of a building and its
main function is to cover the space below and
provide protection from sun, rain, snow, wind, etc.

41. Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items

48. Symbols for Sanitary Works