Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
Difference between control, construction, and expansion jointsscott-miller
There are numerous joints in every structure because it takes months to develop a building. Almost in every building, it has different joints. These joints need particular attention so that they can’t create a problem for you in the future. Here we discussed some differences between different types of joints
Construction Of A Viaduct/Bridge: An OverviewSourav Goswami
The following project focuses on the viaduct and its various parts, describing their individual characteristics as well as the methods being used for its construction.
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
Underground Construction provides construction, technical and management services to its customers. The company specializes in power, communications, airport fueling and heavy engineering. Since laying its first pipe in 1936, Underground Construction has completed thousands of projects throughout the United States.
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Self-curing concrete is achieved by means of replacing a part of aggregate by lightweight aggregate or adding chemical admixtures. The self-curing process of concrete takes place from inside to outside, thus reducing the autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation, especially for the high-performance concrete with relatively low water/binder ratio.
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Trenchless construction. Trenchless construction includes such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation.
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A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
The typical deflection diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 indicate that all the high strength concrete beams had adequate ductility and Structural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Beams 135 showed substantial deflections at failure. The ulti- mate deflections shown in Table 3 were measured prior to failure as near to collapse as possible.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks. Composed of quartz sand , calcined gypsum , lime , cement , water and aluminum powder , AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an autoclave .
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A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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marble slurry dust as cement additive , The research on the use of marble dust in concrete , , disadvantages of marble dust and quarry dust additive in concrete; Chat Now; disadvantage of using quarry dust in concrete
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Computer Ethics: Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how ...
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
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Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. Introduction
Joints in concrete construction are construction,
expansion, contraction and isolation joints. These
joints are placed in concrete slabs and pavements
at regular intervals to prevent development of
cracks in concrete.
Types of joints in concrete constructions are:
Construction Joints
Expansion Joints
Contraction Joints
Isolation Joints
3. Construction Joints
They are placed in a concrete slab to define the extent
of the individual placements, generally in conformity
with a pre determined joint layout.
They must be designed in order to allow displacements
between both sides of the slab.
They have to transfer flexural stresses produced in the
slab by external loads.
They must allow horizontal displacement right-angled
to the joint surface that is normally caused by thermal
and shrinkage movement.
At the same time they must not allow vertical or
rotational displacements.
7. Expansion joints
They are placed in concrete to prevent expansive
cracks formed due to temperature change.
Concrete undergoes expansion due to high
temperature when in a confined boundary which
leads to cracks.
Expansion joints are provided in slabs, pavements,
buildings, bridges, sidewalks, railway tracks, piping
systems, ships, and other structures.
This article emphases on need of expansion joint in
concrete, characteristics of expansion joints, types of
expansion joint and installation of expansion joints.
9. Need of Expansion Joint in
Concrete
Concrete moves during expansion and shrinkage, due to
which the structural elements shift slightly.
To prevent harmful effects due to concrete movement,
several expansion joints are incorporated in concrete
construction, including foundations, walls, roof
expansion joints, and paving slabs.
These joints need to be carefully designed, located, and
installed.
If a slab is positioned continuously on surfaces
exceeding one face, an expansion joint will be necessary
to reduce stresses.
Concrete sealer may be used for the filling of gaps
produced by cracks.
10. Characteristics of Expansion
Joints
They permits thermal contraction and expansion
without inducing stresses into the elements.
It is designed to absorb safely the expansion and
contraction of several construction materials, absorb
vibrations, and permit soil movements due to
earthquakes or ground settlement.
They are normally located between sections of
bridges, paving slabs, railway tracks, and piping
systems.
They are incorporated to endure the stresses.
It is simply a disconnection between segments of the
same materials.
In the concrete block construction, they are expressed
as control joints.
12. Bridge Expansion Joint
They are designed to allow for continuous traffic
between structures while accommodating
movement, shrinkage, and temperature variations on
reinforced and prestressed concrete, composite, and
steel structures.
Expansion joint in bridges
13. Masonry Expansion Joint
Clay bricks expand as they absorb heat and
moisture. This places compression stress on the
bricks and mortar, encouraging bulging or flaking.
A joint replacing mortar with elastomeric sealant will
absorb the compressive forces without damage.
14. Railway Expansion Joints
if the track is laid on a bridge having expansion
joint, providing a expansion joint in the track
becomes mandatory to mitigate the expansion in
base concrete structure.
Fig 3: Expansion joint in
railway tracks.
15. Pipe Expansion Joints
Pipe expansion joints are necessary in
systems that convey high temperature
substances such as steam or exhaust gases,
or to absorb movement and vibration.
16. Based on the type of material used in making of
joint, expansion joints are further classified into
following types,
1. Rubber expansion joint
2. Fabric expansion joint
3. Metal expansion joint
4. Toroidal expansion joint
5. Gimbal expansion joint
6. Universal expansion joint
7. In-line expansion joint
8. Refractory lined expansion joint
18. Installation of Expansion Joints
The depth of an expansion joint is usually one
fourth of the slab thickness, or more if necessary.
The expansion joint gap depends on the type of
slab, like floating slab floor, vehicle pavement,
sidewalk, or monolithic slab foundation.
It is also influenced by the slab dimensions, type
of concrete, and the reinforcing materials being
used.
Cracks in concrete may occur at the expansion
joints due to improper concrete mix or curing.
These conditions cause shrinkage between the
expansion joints and cracks can be formed.
19. Pre-Concrete Installation
When the site is prepared for the concrete pouring
and the provisioning of the expansion joints in
slabs are made prior to the placing of concrete.
An individual expansion joint is created by the
insertion of a flexible material that runs along the
joint length.
After Concrete Installation
Once the concrete is set, suitable tools are used
for making grooves in the poured concrete for
placing of the joint materials.
20. Contraction Joints
Contraction joints in concrete are provided at
regular interval to from a weak plane, so that
cracks are formed at the joints but not in
undesired places.
Contraction joints are provided in concrete
pavements, slabs, walls, floors, dams, canal
linings, bridge, retaining walls etc.
When concrete is placed, due to shrinkage,
creep and thermal movement concrete tends to
reduce in size due to which small cracks are
formed in the concrete at weak zone.
22. Need of Contraction joint in
Concrete
Concrete tends to shrink or reduce in size when it
starts hardening. This shrinkage of concrete
creates tensile stresses in the concrete which
develops the minute cracks at the weak plane.
These cracks are restricted and prevent the
formation of large cracks due to the presence of
reinforcement in the concrete. But if its unreinforced
concrete, the small cracks tends to develop into a
large cracks at irregular interval
To prevent such cracks, contraction joints must be
installed at appropriate intervals. It is also
recommended to install these joints in reinforced
25. Isolation Joints
The joints provided to accommodate the expansion of
adjacent parts in a building are known as expansion
joints.
They allow movement to occur between a concrete
slab and adjoining columns and walls of a building.
They are provided to separate new concrete from
existing or adjacent construction, which might expand
and contract differently or experience different soil
settlement or other movement.
If the fresh concrete were not separated from these
elements by an isolation joint, a crack could form
where the two meet.
The should be 1/4 in. to 1/2 in. wide, and filled with a
molded fiber, cork, or rubber strip that is set 1/4 in.