1. Doors and windows are openings in walls that allow access and passage of light. Doors consist of door frames and shutters, while windows consist of window frames and shutters. 2. There are different types of doors classified by construction and operation, including hinged, sliding, and flush doors. Window types include fixed, casement, and bay windows. 3. The location and sizes of openings are based on functional requirements. Doors and windows have technical terms like jambs, heads, and rebates that describe their parts.

1. OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS:
DOORS & WINDOWS
- PROF. ROHAN DASGUPTA

2. DOORS
Doors are openable barriers
secured in a wall openings.
They are provided to block off as
well as allow access to or exit
from an enclosed space.
Doors primarily consist of two
parts:
1. Door Frame
2. Door Shutter

3. WINDOWS
Windows are openings
in walls, doors, roofs etc.
Windows allow the passage of
light and (if not closed or sealed)
air and sound.
Windows consist of 2 parts:
1. Window frames
2. Window shutters

4. TECHNICAL TERMS
SHUTTERS: These are the
openable parts of the doors or
windows.
FRAME: It is an assembly of
horizontal and vertical members
forming an enclosure to which
the shutters are fixed.
HEAD: This is the top or
uppermost part of the frame.
SILL: This is the lowest or bottom
horizontal part of the frame (not
provided in doors)

5. TECHNICAL TERMS
JAMB: These are the vertical
portion of the door frame onto
which the door is secured.
HORN: These are the horizontal
projections of the frames.
REBATE: It is the depression or
recess made inside the door
frame to receive the door
shutter.

6. LOCATION OF OPENINGS
The location of doors and windows should meet the functional
requirements of the room.
Doors should preferably NOT be kept at the centre of the wall.
This is not applicable for entrance and sanitary units.
Windows should be so placed so that cross ventilation is allowed.
From point of view of economy, the number of doors and
windows should be kept minimum.
From the point of view of fresh air, windows should be located on
the North side of the room.

7. SIZES OF DOORS
Common Width-Height Relation
Width = (0.4 x height) to (0.6 x height)
Height = (width + 1.2) m
General Sized Used
a) Residential Buildings:
External door – (1.1 x 2.0) m to (1.5 x 2.0) m
Internal door – (0.9 x 2.0) m to (1.0 x 2.0) m
WC & Bath – (0.6 x 2.0) m to (0.8 x 2.0) m
Garages for cars – (2.25 x 2.25) m to (2.40 x 2.25 m)
b) Public Buildings:
(1.2 x 2.0) m (1.2 x 2.1)m (1.2 x 2.25)m

8. TYPES OF DOORS
On the basis of arrangement of components,
doors are classified into the following four types:
Battened & Ledged Doors
Battened, Ledged & Braced Doors
Battened, Ledged & Framed Doors
Battened, Ledged, Braced & Framed Doors

9. TYPES OF DOORS
Battened & Ledged Doors:
These doors consist of
vertical boards called battens
which are nailed or screwed to
the horizontal members called
ledges.
Often the battens are 15 – 18 cm
wide and 2 – 3 cm thick.
Doors with narrow battens like
these have a better appearance.
Battens
Ledges

10. TYPES OF DOORS
Battened, Ledged & Braced
Doors:
This is a battened &
ledged door to which braces
have been added to prevent
sagging.
These braces must slope
upwards from the hinge edge of
the door
They are housed with a skew
notch into the ledges.
Braces

11. TYPES OF DOORS
Battened, Ledged & Framed
Doors:
It is an improvised
version of battened & ledged
door with provision of frame.
Two vertical members called
styles are provided.

12. TYPES OF DOORS
Battened, Ledged, Braced &
Framed Doors:
It is an improvised
version of battened, ledged &
framed doors with provision for
braces.

13. TYPES OF DOORS
On the basis of working operations,
doors are classified into the following eight types:
Hinged Doors
Revolving Doors
Sliding Doors
Swing Doors
Collapsible Doors
Rolling Shutter
Glazed and Sash Doors
Flush Doors

14. TYPES OF DOORS
Hinged Doors:
These doors are hinged
along one side to allow to pivot
away from the doorway in one
direction but not in the other.
The axis of rotation is vertical.
It is the most common type of
door.
It is simple and rigid.

15. TYPES OF DOORS
Hinged Doors:
The panel swings, opens and
closes on hinges.
Hinged doors require a minimum
amount of maintenance and
cleaning.
They are not expensive and have
an excellent insulating ability.
However they take up precious
room space to swing in.

16. TYPES OF DOORS
Revolving Doors:
They normally have 4 wings
or leaves that hang on a centre
shaft and rotate one way about a
vertical axis within a round
enclosure.
The wings are usually fully or partly
glazed.
People can walk out and walk in at
the same time.
They are usually provided in public
buildings.

17. TYPES OF DOORS
Sliding Doors:
The shutters slide horizontally
along tracks with the help of
runners and rails.
They consist of either one, two or
three doors that slide by each other
on a track depending upon the size
of opening and space available for
sliding.
They can be easily cleaned and
maintained.

18. TYPES OF DOORS
Sliding Doors:
When fully open, these doors
will allow half the space of the
opening in double sliding doors
or one-third if triple.
They have very poor sound
insulation.
They must be of high quality and
fitted exactly in their tracks or
else they may slide out of them.

19. TYPES OF DOORS
Swing Doors:
The shutters is fitted in its frame
by special double action hinges
which permit the shutter to move
both ways – inward as well as
outward.
To open the doors, a slight push is
made and the spring action brings
it back to the closed position.
They are usually glazed or provided
with peep holes.

20. TYPES OF DOORS
Collapsible Doors:
They act like steel curtains.
They are made of vertical double
channels (20x10x2) mm jointed
together with the hollows on the
inside to create a vertical gap.
These channels are spaced at 100-120
mm apart and braced with diagonal
iron flats which allow the shutter to
open and close.
The shutter operates between the top
and the bottom rails.

21. TYPES OF DOORS
Rolling Shutter:
They act like steel curtains.
They are made up of thin steel
slabs called laths or slates about
1.25 mm thick interlocked to each
other and coiled upon specially
designed pipe shaft called drum
which is mounted at the top.
The shutter moves in two vertical
steel guide channels installed at
the ends.
These may be manually or
automatically operated.

22. TYPES OF DOORS
Glazed and Sash Doors:
They are basically hinge doors
provided with glazed glasses.
They are provided where the
visibility from the inside or outside
a room is required.

23. TYPES OF DOORS
Flush Doors:
This door consists of a frame which
has stiles, top and bottom rails and
narrow intermediate rails.
It is covered on each side by a
sheet of plywood.
The flush doors with framed core is
frequenty used in rural buildings.

24. PARTS OF WINDOWS

25. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Fixed Windows:

26. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Pivoted Windows:

27. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Double Hung Windows:

28. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Sliding Windows:

29. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Casement Windows:

30. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Louvered Windows:

31. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Bay Windows:

32. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Clerestory Windows:

33. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Corner Windows:

34. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Ventilator:

35. TYPES OF WINDOWS
Gable Window:

36. Schedule of Openings
Sr. No. Symbol Type of Opening Size Qty.
1. D1 Fully Panelled Door (1.5 x 2.0) m 1
2. D2 Battened and Laced Door (1.0 x 2.0) m 8
3. D3 Flush Doors (0.8 x 2.0) m 6
4. W1 Fully Glazed Window (0.9x1.5) m 8
5. W2 Ventilator (0.6x0.6) m 6