The document discusses the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules in India. It states that the rules were first framed in 1991 to regulate human and industrial activity near coastal areas to protect the fragile coastal ecosystems. The rules restrict certain activities like large constructions, industries, waste disposal etc. within 500m of the high tide line. The regulation zone is divided into 4 categories - CRZ-1 to CRZ-4, with varying levels of restriction on activities in each.
This document discusses structural steel construction methods. It describes how structural steel members like beams, columns, girders, and trusses are erected and secured together to form structural frameworks. It discusses different construction methods like beam and column construction, long span construction, and wall bearing construction. It also covers structural steel components like pre-engineered metal buildings, open web steel joists, bridging, braces, and tie rods. Additionally, it discusses fastening systems using bolts and welds and metal decking and paneling used in construction.
Presentation on building bye laws as per GTU (syllabus) building & town planning.
It is my first presentation on slide share so please give suggestion on given topic or any other requirement.
Thank you.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Building Bye Laws for Residential BuildingsRohan Dasgupta
This presentation gives you an overview of Building Bye Laws or Development Control Rules (D C Rules) for Residential Buildings as per National Building Code of India 2016.
This will be mostly useful for under-graduate Civil Engineering students studying the course Building Design and Drawing.
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
Waterproofing is used to prevent water from entering or escaping building structures. There are internal and external waterproofing membranes. Basement waterproofing is especially important to prevent hydrostatic pressure from causing moisture issues. Common types of basement waterproofing include sealants and water drainage systems. Sealants can be exterior or interior and come in different forms like films, paints or injected solutions. Water drainage systems use perimeter drains, pipes, and sump pumps to collect and remove groundwater from the basement. Proper waterproofing requires both sealing and drainage for effective below-ground protection.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
This document discusses structural steel construction methods. It describes how structural steel members like beams, columns, girders, and trusses are erected and secured together to form structural frameworks. It discusses different construction methods like beam and column construction, long span construction, and wall bearing construction. It also covers structural steel components like pre-engineered metal buildings, open web steel joists, bridging, braces, and tie rods. Additionally, it discusses fastening systems using bolts and welds and metal decking and paneling used in construction.
Presentation on building bye laws as per GTU (syllabus) building & town planning.
It is my first presentation on slide share so please give suggestion on given topic or any other requirement.
Thank you.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
Building Bye Laws for Residential BuildingsRohan Dasgupta
This presentation gives you an overview of Building Bye Laws or Development Control Rules (D C Rules) for Residential Buildings as per National Building Code of India 2016.
This will be mostly useful for under-graduate Civil Engineering students studying the course Building Design and Drawing.
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
Waterproofing is used to prevent water from entering or escaping building structures. There are internal and external waterproofing membranes. Basement waterproofing is especially important to prevent hydrostatic pressure from causing moisture issues. Common types of basement waterproofing include sealants and water drainage systems. Sealants can be exterior or interior and come in different forms like films, paints or injected solutions. Water drainage systems use perimeter drains, pipes, and sump pumps to collect and remove groundwater from the basement. Proper waterproofing requires both sealing and drainage for effective below-ground protection.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
Classification of building based on occupancy and type of constructionritubharti6
Buildings are classified based on occupancy and type of construction. There are 10 types of occupancies including residential, commercial, educational, and industrial. Buildings are also classified into 5 types of construction based on fire resistance: (1) fire resistive, (2) non-combustible, (3) ordinary, (4) heavy timber, and (5) wood framed. Each construction type has different fire resistance specifications for elements like exterior walls, structural frames, floors/ceilings, and roofs. The classification system considers factors like building height, materials used, and fire protection to determine a structure's resistance to fire over time.
This document discusses building bye laws and regulations for constructing buildings. It addresses problems that can arise without proper bye laws, defines key terms, and outlines regulations for different types of buildings, building components, and zoning. The key points are:
1) Without proper bye laws, irregular development can occur including narrow roads, traffic issues, noise pollution, and lack of infrastructure and amenities.
2) Building bye laws are rules established by local authorities to regulate building construction and development considering local needs and conditions.
3) Regulations cover topics like permissible floor area, floor space index, building heights, setbacks, parking and more for different types of buildings, plots, and zones. Detailed examples are provided.
The document discusses three building construction materials: aluminum composite panels (ACP), curtain walls, and structural glazing. ACP sheets are thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core used for cladding, ceilings, and partitions. Curtain walls are non-structural exterior walls that keep weather out while allowing natural light in. They must be designed to handle loads and prevent air/water penetration. Structural glazing bonds glass directly to a building's structure using high-strength, high-performance silicone sealants to transfer wind loads from the glass.
This document outlines the course code, introduction, and application of codes of practice for a B.Arch program. It introduces various building codes and their importance in protecting public health, safety, and compliance. Students will learn to apply different codes according to building type and represent their analysis through code data sheets.
Lifts and escalators are vertical and inclined transport equipment used to efficiently move people between floors of buildings. Lifts are powered by electric motors and cables, and can be open or closed designs. Escalators are moving staircases that transport people at an incline. Key components of lifts include the car, shaft, and control systems. Escalators have steps connected to tracks and handrails that move people between landing platforms. Design considerations for lifts and escalators include passenger volume, building height, and speed requirements.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming webinar on decoding the Unified Development Control and Promotion Regulations (UDCPR). It includes an index of chapters that will be covered, with the name of the presenter for each chapter. The chapters include administration, development permission processes, land use classification, general land development requirements, building requirements, parking requirements, and special provisions. Definitions that will be important for understanding the content are also provided. The webinar aims to explain the provisions and requirements of the new UDCPR.
Building bye laws regulate development to curb haphazard growth and pollution. They require open spaces around buildings for lighting, ventilation and future expansion. Residential buildings must have front, rear and side open spaces depending on height. Parking spaces must be provided based on building use. Bye laws specify room sizes and require lighting, ventilation, drainage and sanitation systems. Green buildings aim to reduce environmental impacts through efficient resource use and waste management.
The document provides information on EPS core panel systems, which are prefabricated wall panels consisting of expanded polystyrene insulation cores encased in welded wire mesh and shotcrete. It discusses the materials, construction method, features, design requirements, and projects using EPS core panels. Key points include that EPS core panels can be used as load-bearing or non-load bearing building elements; consist of welded wire fabric, diagonal wires, and shotcrete enclosing expanded polystyrene; and offer benefits like structural stability, durability, fire resistance, thermal and acoustic insulation, cost effectiveness, and ease of construction.
This document outlines development control rules and general building requirements for land use and construction. It defines different land use zones for public/semi-public uses like government offices, education, medical facilities, recreation areas, transportation, agriculture, special areas, and more. It specifies that building uses must conform to the designated zone. It also provides requirements for means of access like road widths, setbacks, turning radii for vehicles. It mandates the provision of community open spaces, amenities, and parking based on the layout area and population. Fire safety standards and requirements for intersections are also mentioned.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
A grid slab or waffle slab is a reinforced concrete floor system with a waffle-like pattern of ribs. The ribs form a grid that runs in two directions, giving the underside a waffle-like appearance. This allows the slab thickness to be minimized while maintaining strength. Waffle slabs provide good load distribution, vibration control, and structural stability, making them suitable for use in airports, hospitals, and other large structures.
This document discusses prestressed concrete and provides details on:
- The definition and principle of prestressing concrete by applying compression prior to external loads
- Common prestressing methods like hydraulic, mechanical, electrical, and chemical prestressing
- Tests conducted on prestressed concrete components like post-tensioned splices and cast-in-place splices
- Advantages of prestressed concrete like reduced materials and increased strength
- Applications in bridges, buildings, water tanks, and more
- A case study on widening the Harrods Creek Arch Bridge using prestressed concrete
MODERN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVEDr K M SONI
Modern construction technologies provide advantages like faster construction, higher quality, environmental benefits, and ability to overcome lack of skilled workers. Technologies discussed include prefabricated buildings, tunnel formwork, jump formwork, reinforced soil, trenchless techniques, 3D printing, robotics, and more. While technologies increase speed and quality, some have limitations like limited architectural features, difficulty modifying structures, and higher initial costs. Overall, modern techniques can help qualify projects for sustainability and efficiency if the appropriate technology is selected for each project's unique requirements.
Rat trap bond is a method of brick masonry construction where bricks are laid vertically instead of horizontally, creating a cavity within the wall. It was introduced by architect Laurie Baker in 1970s as a more cost effective and thermally efficient alternative to conventional masonry walls. The rat trap bond technique uses 20% less material but has comparable strength to a standard 9-inch brick wall, resulting in overall construction cost savings of about 26%.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is equivalent to 100 mm.
This document provides information on lifts, escalators, and the differences between the two. It defines a lift as a type of vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between floors of a building. Basic lift components and terminology are explained. The main types of lifts are described as passenger, goods, vehicle, dumbwaiter, and scissor lifts. Escalators are defined as moving staircases that transport people between floors. Escalator components and operating mechanisms are outlined. Applications of lifts and escalators in buildings are listed. The key differences between lifts and escalators are vertical versus horizontal movement, enclosed spaces versus open steps, and relative speeds.
Retaining walls are structures used to retain soil or rock in a vertical position. Common materials used include wood, steel, concrete, and gabions. Retaining walls are classified as externally or internally stabilized. Externally stabilized include in-situ and gravity walls. Internally stabilized include reinforced soils and in-site reinforcement. Design considerations include ensuring stability against overturning, sliding, and overloading soils. Design also accounts for active and passive earth pressures. Common gravity wall types are massive gravity, crib, and cantilever walls. In-situ walls include sheet pile, soldier pile, and slurry walls. Reinforced and geosynthetic retaining walls are advanced wall types.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor areas for vehicles belonging to buildings, roads, parking lots, multi-level structures, and facilities for specific vehicle types. Different outdoor parking patterns include parallel parking along roads, 90 degree parking, and oblique parking. Indoor parking includes multi-storey parking structures. Multi-storey parking facilities are designed specifically for automobile parking and have multiple floors for parking. They are typically limited to 5-6 stories with a capacity of around 500 vehicles. Parking standards and laws dictate the minimum requirements for parking spaces, ramps, and accessibility.
Construction technology involves methods and processes for building structures successfully according to specifications. It includes construction equipment, temporary works, and the various construction systems used from planning to occupancy. The main goals are constructing taller and lighter buildings economically and affordably. Modern construction technologies allow selecting methods according to budget, design, land, and contractor needs. Key parts of buildings are the substructure/foundation and superstructure above ground level. Common building materials include cement, sand, limestone, steel, blocks, bricks, and concrete.
minor project report on design of residential buildingtushar garg
This document is a minor project report submitted by Tushar Garg to Rajendra Kumar Khyalia for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an acknowledgement, abstract, declaration, and table of contents sections. The content covers the aim of designing a residential building, including selecting a plot, surveying the site, requirements for residential buildings, building bye laws and regulations, room arrangements, and sanitation provisions. Drawings and photos are also included.
Classification of building based on occupancy and type of constructionritubharti6
Buildings are classified based on occupancy and type of construction. There are 10 types of occupancies including residential, commercial, educational, and industrial. Buildings are also classified into 5 types of construction based on fire resistance: (1) fire resistive, (2) non-combustible, (3) ordinary, (4) heavy timber, and (5) wood framed. Each construction type has different fire resistance specifications for elements like exterior walls, structural frames, floors/ceilings, and roofs. The classification system considers factors like building height, materials used, and fire protection to determine a structure's resistance to fire over time.
This document discusses building bye laws and regulations for constructing buildings. It addresses problems that can arise without proper bye laws, defines key terms, and outlines regulations for different types of buildings, building components, and zoning. The key points are:
1) Without proper bye laws, irregular development can occur including narrow roads, traffic issues, noise pollution, and lack of infrastructure and amenities.
2) Building bye laws are rules established by local authorities to regulate building construction and development considering local needs and conditions.
3) Regulations cover topics like permissible floor area, floor space index, building heights, setbacks, parking and more for different types of buildings, plots, and zones. Detailed examples are provided.
The document discusses three building construction materials: aluminum composite panels (ACP), curtain walls, and structural glazing. ACP sheets are thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core used for cladding, ceilings, and partitions. Curtain walls are non-structural exterior walls that keep weather out while allowing natural light in. They must be designed to handle loads and prevent air/water penetration. Structural glazing bonds glass directly to a building's structure using high-strength, high-performance silicone sealants to transfer wind loads from the glass.
This document outlines the course code, introduction, and application of codes of practice for a B.Arch program. It introduces various building codes and their importance in protecting public health, safety, and compliance. Students will learn to apply different codes according to building type and represent their analysis through code data sheets.
Lifts and escalators are vertical and inclined transport equipment used to efficiently move people between floors of buildings. Lifts are powered by electric motors and cables, and can be open or closed designs. Escalators are moving staircases that transport people at an incline. Key components of lifts include the car, shaft, and control systems. Escalators have steps connected to tracks and handrails that move people between landing platforms. Design considerations for lifts and escalators include passenger volume, building height, and speed requirements.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming webinar on decoding the Unified Development Control and Promotion Regulations (UDCPR). It includes an index of chapters that will be covered, with the name of the presenter for each chapter. The chapters include administration, development permission processes, land use classification, general land development requirements, building requirements, parking requirements, and special provisions. Definitions that will be important for understanding the content are also provided. The webinar aims to explain the provisions and requirements of the new UDCPR.
Building bye laws regulate development to curb haphazard growth and pollution. They require open spaces around buildings for lighting, ventilation and future expansion. Residential buildings must have front, rear and side open spaces depending on height. Parking spaces must be provided based on building use. Bye laws specify room sizes and require lighting, ventilation, drainage and sanitation systems. Green buildings aim to reduce environmental impacts through efficient resource use and waste management.
The document provides information on EPS core panel systems, which are prefabricated wall panels consisting of expanded polystyrene insulation cores encased in welded wire mesh and shotcrete. It discusses the materials, construction method, features, design requirements, and projects using EPS core panels. Key points include that EPS core panels can be used as load-bearing or non-load bearing building elements; consist of welded wire fabric, diagonal wires, and shotcrete enclosing expanded polystyrene; and offer benefits like structural stability, durability, fire resistance, thermal and acoustic insulation, cost effectiveness, and ease of construction.
This document outlines development control rules and general building requirements for land use and construction. It defines different land use zones for public/semi-public uses like government offices, education, medical facilities, recreation areas, transportation, agriculture, special areas, and more. It specifies that building uses must conform to the designated zone. It also provides requirements for means of access like road widths, setbacks, turning radii for vehicles. It mandates the provision of community open spaces, amenities, and parking based on the layout area and population. Fire safety standards and requirements for intersections are also mentioned.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
A grid slab or waffle slab is a reinforced concrete floor system with a waffle-like pattern of ribs. The ribs form a grid that runs in two directions, giving the underside a waffle-like appearance. This allows the slab thickness to be minimized while maintaining strength. Waffle slabs provide good load distribution, vibration control, and structural stability, making them suitable for use in airports, hospitals, and other large structures.
This document discusses prestressed concrete and provides details on:
- The definition and principle of prestressing concrete by applying compression prior to external loads
- Common prestressing methods like hydraulic, mechanical, electrical, and chemical prestressing
- Tests conducted on prestressed concrete components like post-tensioned splices and cast-in-place splices
- Advantages of prestressed concrete like reduced materials and increased strength
- Applications in bridges, buildings, water tanks, and more
- A case study on widening the Harrods Creek Arch Bridge using prestressed concrete
MODERN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVEDr K M SONI
Modern construction technologies provide advantages like faster construction, higher quality, environmental benefits, and ability to overcome lack of skilled workers. Technologies discussed include prefabricated buildings, tunnel formwork, jump formwork, reinforced soil, trenchless techniques, 3D printing, robotics, and more. While technologies increase speed and quality, some have limitations like limited architectural features, difficulty modifying structures, and higher initial costs. Overall, modern techniques can help qualify projects for sustainability and efficiency if the appropriate technology is selected for each project's unique requirements.
Rat trap bond is a method of brick masonry construction where bricks are laid vertically instead of horizontally, creating a cavity within the wall. It was introduced by architect Laurie Baker in 1970s as a more cost effective and thermally efficient alternative to conventional masonry walls. The rat trap bond technique uses 20% less material but has comparable strength to a standard 9-inch brick wall, resulting in overall construction cost savings of about 26%.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is equivalent to 100 mm.
This document provides information on lifts, escalators, and the differences between the two. It defines a lift as a type of vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between floors of a building. Basic lift components and terminology are explained. The main types of lifts are described as passenger, goods, vehicle, dumbwaiter, and scissor lifts. Escalators are defined as moving staircases that transport people between floors. Escalator components and operating mechanisms are outlined. Applications of lifts and escalators in buildings are listed. The key differences between lifts and escalators are vertical versus horizontal movement, enclosed spaces versus open steps, and relative speeds.
Retaining walls are structures used to retain soil or rock in a vertical position. Common materials used include wood, steel, concrete, and gabions. Retaining walls are classified as externally or internally stabilized. Externally stabilized include in-situ and gravity walls. Internally stabilized include reinforced soils and in-site reinforcement. Design considerations include ensuring stability against overturning, sliding, and overloading soils. Design also accounts for active and passive earth pressures. Common gravity wall types are massive gravity, crib, and cantilever walls. In-situ walls include sheet pile, soldier pile, and slurry walls. Reinforced and geosynthetic retaining walls are advanced wall types.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor areas for vehicles belonging to buildings, roads, parking lots, multi-level structures, and facilities for specific vehicle types. Different outdoor parking patterns include parallel parking along roads, 90 degree parking, and oblique parking. Indoor parking includes multi-storey parking structures. Multi-storey parking facilities are designed specifically for automobile parking and have multiple floors for parking. They are typically limited to 5-6 stories with a capacity of around 500 vehicles. Parking standards and laws dictate the minimum requirements for parking spaces, ramps, and accessibility.
Construction technology involves methods and processes for building structures successfully according to specifications. It includes construction equipment, temporary works, and the various construction systems used from planning to occupancy. The main goals are constructing taller and lighter buildings economically and affordably. Modern construction technologies allow selecting methods according to budget, design, land, and contractor needs. Key parts of buildings are the substructure/foundation and superstructure above ground level. Common building materials include cement, sand, limestone, steel, blocks, bricks, and concrete.
minor project report on design of residential buildingtushar garg
This document is a minor project report submitted by Tushar Garg to Rajendra Kumar Khyalia for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an acknowledgement, abstract, declaration, and table of contents sections. The content covers the aim of designing a residential building, including selecting a plot, surveying the site, requirements for residential buildings, building bye laws and regulations, room arrangements, and sanitation provisions. Drawings and photos are also included.
Building bye laws CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWINGjay231287
The document discusses building bye-laws, which are strict rules that must be followed to regulate building construction and town planning. It outlines several purposes of bye-laws such as providing suitable areas for activities, avoiding traffic problems, and ensuring access to services. The document also defines several key terms related to building construction measurements and zoning. It provides details on rules for building heights, floors, parking, and other structural aspects regulated by local bye-laws.
Building Construction subject is basic subject for understand construction techniques,methods and it is also foundation subject for learn Building Planning & drawing + advance construction technology
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for the Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers 5 units: (1) building materials, (2) building components, (3) planning aspects and regulations, (4) water supply and sanitary systems, and (5) surveying and transportation. Unit 2 discusses different types of building foundations, floors, roofs, and other building components. Shallow foundations include strip footings, isolated footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer loads to deeper subsurface layers, and well foundations.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for the Basic Civil Engineering course. The key topics covered include building materials, building components, planning aspects and regulations, water and sanitary systems, and surveying and transportation. Unit III focuses on planning aspects and regulations, including building types and design criteria, as well as space standards for different building categories. It also discusses building by-laws applicable for approval by local governing bodies and development control rules for the Chennai Metropolitan Area. Basic guidelines for earthquake resistant structures are also part of the syllabus.
The document discusses development control rules and regulations under building bye-laws in India. It explains that development control regulations ensure proper and effective development of cities while controlling land use. The objectives of development control rules are to regulate land use and development according to public interest and safety standards. It outlines different types of rules like the Town and Country Planning Act, Building Bye-Laws, Land Acquisition Act, Zoning Regulations, Slum Clearance Act, and Periphery Control Act. It also provides guidelines on various aspects regulated by building bye-laws like building height, floor space index, parking, fire safety exits, and open spaces. Minimum requirements for firefighting installations in different types of buildings are mentioned.
This document contains an introduction and portfolio from an architect with over 13 years of experience in planning, designing, and coordinating various projects in both the public and private sectors. It includes details on the architect's skills and experience with master planning, conceptual design, green building practices, software programs, and more. The portfolio section highlights examples of completed residential, commercial, and hotel projects ranging from apartments and villas to shopping malls. It also includes renderings of floor plans and interior design work for flats and banquet halls.
This document is a training report submitted by Sher Bahadur to Kurukshetra University for a degree in civil engineering. It provides an overview of building construction topics covered during the training period, including different types of buildings, loads, building components, foundations, materials used, and quality control tests. The training gave Sher Bahadur hands-on experience in building construction that supplemented his theoretical classroom knowledge and prepared him for a career in the field.
Building services refer to all the systems inside a building that make it functional for occupants. They include HVAC, plumbing, electrical, fire protection, transportation, lighting, and more. Building services are essential for providing thermal comfort, sanitation, power and communications. The architect's role is to design and plan these mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems to allow buildings to operate safely and comfortably. Proper planning of building services is important as they require significant floor and ceiling space. Without services, a building would just be an empty shell that cannot support living or working.
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxDenish Jangid
Basic Civil Engineering notes
first year Notes
Building notes
Selection of site for Building
Layout of a Building
What is Burjis, Mutam
Building Bye laws
Basic Concept of sunlight
ventilation in building
National Building Code of India
Set back or building line
Types of Buildings
Floor Space Index (F.S.I)
Institutional Vs Educational
Building Components & function
Sills, Lintels, Cantilever
Doors, Windows and Ventilators
Types of Foundation AND THEIR USES
Plinth Area
Shallow and Deep Foundation
Super Built-up & carpet area
Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R)
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RCC VS PCC
The document provides an overview of building technology and functional requirements. It defines what constitutes a building and discusses different building types classified by occupancy and materials. Key components of buildings like foundation, walls, floors, and roof are outlined. Principles of planning like orientation, privacy, grouping, and circulation are explained. Ventilation and its purposes are described along with different ventilation systems. Air conditioning and its classification are introduced. Lighting requirements and the types of natural and artificial lighting are briefly covered.
This document is an internship report submitted by Ritika Vyas for her B.Tech in Civil Engineering. It summarizes her 2 month internship from May 7th to July 7th, 2018 at a construction site for Arihant Anchal, a residential building project in Jodhpur, India consisting of 21 G+7 story buildings. The report includes an acknowledgements section, index, abstract, and sections describing the project details, building classification, construction process, materials used, tests conducted, equipment, transportation methods, and conclusions from the internship experience.
The document provides an overview of building construction materials and components. It defines key terms like buildings, building components, types of buildings based on use and design, and foundation. It classifies buildings based on factors like use, number of storeys, special features, and safety levels. Building components discussed include foundation, plinth, superstructure, walls, floors, doors and windows, roof, stairs and finishes. Foundation types include shallow and deep foundations, with methods to determine soil bearing capacity outlined.
This document provides the zoning regulations for land use and development in Bangalore, India as part of the Revised Master Plan 2015. It outlines the various land use zones in the city, including residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, public/semi-public, parks and open spaces, agricultural, and unclassified. For each zone, it specifies the permissible land uses and development regulations regarding height, floor area ratio, coverage, setbacks and other parameters. It also includes chapters on planning schemes and perimeters, subdivision regulations, parking requirements, fire safety, and transfer of development rights. The purpose is to guide orderly development in the city according to the vision of the master plan through 2025.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a building site. It identifies 11 key factors:
1) Purpose of the building
2) Friendly neighborhood
3) Available facilities like utilities, amenities, transportation
4) Compliance with government laws and regulations
5) Size and shape of the plot that meets needs and allows for future expansion
6) Terrain and drainage conditions
7) Type of ground soil and depth to bedrock
8) Natural light and air access
9) Environmental conditions and impacts
10) Legal ownership and financial costs
11) Avoiding adverse conditions like noise, flooding, or industrial pollution
The factors aim to select a site that suits the building's intended use and
The document discusses building codes and bye laws related to a duplex house located in Hyderabad, Telangana. It provides details about duplex houses such as their typical structure and how they are classified. It then summarizes the key guidelines from G.O. Ms. No. 86 regarding setbacks, parking requirements, minimum plot and road sizes, permissible building heights and more as applicable to the duplex house. Dimensional requirements for different components of the duplex house like habitable rooms, kitchen, bathroom etc. are also outlined. Floor plans and elevations of the duplex house are presented with relevant details.
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Classification of Building Based on Structure:-
Design Loads
A Building can be broadly divided into two parts;
1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit load to ground<foundation>)
2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level)
Building components can be summarized as;
•Foundations
•Plinth
•Walls
•Columns & Beams
•Floors
•Doors & Windows (Openings)
•Stairs & Lifts
•Roof
•Lintels and Arches
Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items
DCR - Development Control Regulations - Professional Practice - Architecture ...Sabarathinam Kuppan
The document discusses development control regulations (DCR) in India. It explains that DCR is required to ensure planned development and control private development according to public health, safety and land use standards. It then outlines different types of DCR like town planning acts and zoning regulations. Zoning regulations allocate land for specific uses and control building height and construction. Building bye-laws further regulate building aspects like minimum plot sizes, setbacks, heights and materials to prevent haphazard development. Specific DCR for cities like Hyderabad, Chennai and Tiruchirappalli are then covered regarding aspects like permissible building heights, parking requirements, fire safety norms and more.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. According to the National Building Code (NBC) of India,
buildings are classified into 9 groups based on their
occupancy.
2
1 Group A Residential Buildings
2 Group B Educational Buildings
3 Group C Institutional Buildings
4 Group D Assembly Buildings
5 Group E Business Buildings
6 Group F Mercantile Buildings
7 Group G Industrial Buildings
8 Group H Storage Buildings
9 Group I Hazardous Buildings
3. Buildings which are provided with sleeping accommodation
for normal residential purposes, with or without
cooking/dining or both the facilities.
Sub divisions of Group A
3
1 Sub group A-1
Lodging or rooming houses
(not more than 15 persons)
2 Sub group A-2
One or two family private dwellings
(not more than 20 persons)
3 Sub group A-3 Dormitories
4 Sub group A-4 Apartment houses (Flats)
5 Sub group A-5
Hotels
(more than 15 persons)
5. Educational buildings include all buildings for educational
purpose like schools, colleges, research institutions, day-
care centers etc.
5
Schools Colleges
Research Institutions Day-care centers
6. These include any building which is used for purposes like
medical or other treatment/care of persons suffering from
physical or mental illness, diseases, care of infants, aged
persons etc.
Sub divisions of Group C
6
1 Sub group C-1 Hospitals, clinics, sanitaria etc.
2 Sub group C-2 Orphanages, old age homes etc.
3 Sub group C-3 Jails, prisons, mental sanitaria etc.
8. Buildings where a group of people gather for amusement,
recreation, social, religious or other similar purposes.
Theatres, assembly halls, restaurants, places of worship,
dance halls, club house, sports stadium, gymnasium etc.
Sub divisions of Group D
8
1 Sub group D-1 Fixed no. of seats over 1000 persons
2 Sub group D-2 Seating capacity of less than 1000 persons
3 Sub group D-3
More than 300 persons without
permanent seating arrangement
4 Sub group D-4
Less than 300 persons without
permanent seating arrangement
5 Sub group D-5
Outdoor assembly of people
(not covered by sub groups D-1 to D-4)
10. Any building or part of a building which is used for the
transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and
records, barber shops, lunch counters serving less than 100
people etc.
10
Business Buildings Barber Shops
11. Any building or part of a building which is used as shops,
offices, stores, markets, showrooms for display and sale of
merchandise either whole sale or retail.
11
Mercantile Buildings
12. Any building in which products or materials of all kinds and
properties are fabricated, assembled or processed.
Assembly plants, smoke houses, gas plants, refineries,
diaries, textile mills, saw mills etc.
12
Refineries Textile Mills
13. Any building or part of a building which is used for storage
or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise except which
are highly combustible / explosive products, vehicles or
animals.
Warehouses, cold storages, store houses, transit sheds,
freight depots, truck and marine terminals, garages etc.
13
Warehouses Cold Storages
14. Any building which is used for storage, handling,
manufacture or processing of highly combustible or
explosive materials or products which may produce
poisonous fumes or which are highly corrosive or toxic or
acids and other chemicals producing flames / fumes,
irritant gases or which require any material producing
explosive mixtures.
14
Hazardous Buildings
15. For good planning and designing of buildings, site selection
is one of the most important factors.
The requirements of site for buildings of various purposes
are different.
15
16. The following general principles should be kept in mind
while selecting a site for a building.
1) Purpose of the building and extend of privacy is desired.
2) The site should be located in fully developed or fast
developing locality.
3) Location should be calm, but reasonably developed.
4) Plot area should be sufficient for future development.
5) Plot should have a regular shape with sufficient frontage.
6) The site should have good natural ventilation and lighting.
7) The site should be leveled with good quality soil and should
have a general slope for easy drainage.
8) Water logged and flood prone areas should be avoided. 16
17. 9) Good communication and transportation facilities should
be available.
10) Electricity, water supply etc. should be available.
11) Amenities like school, hospital, market etc. should be
available at reasonable distances.
12) Community services like police and fire protection, clearing
of waste, street cleaning etc. should be available.
13) The site should be away from quarries, factories and
hazardous industries.
14) Construction materials for the building should be locally
available.
15) Before selecting a site, one should study the bye-laws of
the local authority. 17
19. 19
Superstructure
Part of the building constructed above the plinth level.
Consists of wall, door, window, lintel, roof slab, stair etc.
Plinth
Portion of the building between the ground level and floor level.
Helps in transmitting loads from superstructure to substructure.
Protects the building from moisture, rainwater, dust, insects,
termite etc.
Substructure (Foundation)
Part of the building constructed below the ground level and
which is in direct contact with the soil.
Supports the superstructure and transmits all the loads to the
sub-soil safely.
20. 1) Wall: The vertical component of a building which enclose
the space and divide the space into various rooms.
Protects the building against heat, cold, rain, noise, fire etc.
Provides partition, privacy and safety.
Supports beams and slab & transmits the loads to plinth.
2) Door: The openings provided in the walls for entry and exit
to the building and to connect interior rooms.
Permits light and ventilation to the building.
Imparts safety and privacy.
20
21. 3) Window: The openings provided in the outer walls of the
building to permit light and ventilation and to give a nice
scenic view to the building.
4) Ventilator: The openings provided in the outer walls of the
building for the escape of foul gases.
5) Lintel: The component provided over the openings to give
support to the wall above the openings in wall.
6) Sun shade: The horizontal projection from the exterior wall
just above the doors, windows and verandah which
protects the wall from direct effect of sun, heat and rain.
21
22. 7) Floor: The component of building over which the occupants
move. It gives a plane and leveled surface for the
occupants, furniture, equipment etc.
8) Roof: The uppermost part which covers the top of the
building. It gives protection against rain, heat, snow, wind,
sound etc.
9) Parapet: It is constructed over the roof to provide
boundary to the terrace. It gives better appearance and
safe usage of the roof surface
10) Step: The component provided for access in building from
ground level to upper floors. 22
24. 24
Carpet area is the area that can be covered by
a carpet inside the building.
It is the net covered area of the usable spaces of rooms at
any floor level.
It is measured between walls to walls within the building.
Carpet area is usually around 70% of the built-up area.
25. 25
Plinth area is the covered built-up area measured at the
floor level of basement.
It is the entire area occupied by the building including
internal and external walls.
It is calculated by taking external dimensions of the
building at the floor level.
Plinth area is generally 10-20% more than carpet area.
26. 26
Built-up area is the total area measured on the outer line
of the building, including balcony, terrace etc.
It refers to the carpet area plus the area occupied by the
walls and columns plus a little more.
27. 27
Floor area is the area taken up by a building or part of it.
It is the sum of the area of each floor of the building.
The ways of defining floor area depend on what factors of
the building should or should not be included, such as
external walls, internal walls, corridors, lifts, stairs etc.
28. 28
It is the ratio of a building’s total floor area (gross floor
area) to the total area of the plot on which the building
stands.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) =
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐥𝐨𝐭
A higher FAR indicates a dense or urban construction.
The maximum permissible FAR for a residential building
as per Kerala Municipality Building Rules (KMBR) is 3.
29. 29
Building codes are a series of ordinances enacted by a
state or local governmental entity, establishing minimum
requirements that must be met in the design,
construction and maintenance of buildings.
The government establishes requirements and standards
to protect people from unsafe living and working
conditions.
Codes express all aspects of construction including
structural integrity, fire resistance, safe exits, energy
conservation, lighting, ventilation, electrical, plumbing,
sanitary facilities, landscaping, seismic design, correct use
of construction materials etc.
31. 31
A national instrument providing guidelines for regulating
the building construction activities across the country.
It serves as a model code for adoption by all agencies
involved in building construction works be they Public
Works Departments (PWD), other government
construction departments, local bodies or private
construction agencies.
NBC was first published in 1970 at the instance of
Planning Commission and then revised in 1983.
Thereafter three major amendments were issued, two in
1987 and the third in 1997.
32. 32
The code mainly contains
Administrative regulations
Development control rules
General building requirements
Fire safety requirements
Stipulations regarding materials
Structural design & construction
Building & plumbing services
34. 34
The building construction activities in an area are
monitored by municipal authorities.
There are building rules and bye laws laid down by
municipal or town planning authorities.
In Kerala also building bye laws are framed and it is
known as Kerala Municipality Building Rules (KMBR).
The contents of these building bye laws are formed by a
committee of experts consisting of civil engineers,
lawyers, traffic, health & general administration officers.
35. 35
KBR govern the following important aspects
General requirements regarding plots
Exterior and interior open air spaces
Built-up areas of buildings, coverage and floor area
Water supply and sanitary provisions
Size, height and ventilation of rooms
Specifications of parts of the building
37. 37
Areas immediately next to the sea are extremely delicate,
home to many marine and aquatic life forms (both
animals and plants) and are also threatened by climate
change.
So they need to be protected against unregulated
development.
CRZ rules govern human and industrial activity close to
the coastline, in order to protect the fragile ecosystems
near the sea.
The rules, mandated under the Environment Protection
Act (1986), were first framed in 1991.
38. 38
They sought to restrict certain kinds of activities like;
large constructions, setting up & expansion of industries,
storage or disposal of hazardous materials, mining etc.
within a certain distance from the coastline.
The regulation zone has been defined as the area up to
500m from the high-tide line.
Several kinds of restrictions apply, depending on criteria
such as the population of the area, the ecological
sensitivity, the distance from the shore and whether the
area had been designated as a natural park or wildlife
zone.
39. 39
CRZ along the country has been placed in four categories.
CRZ-1:
These are ecologically sensitive areas essential in
maintaining the ecosystem of the coast.
They lie between low and high-tide line.
Exploration of natural gas and extraction of salt are
permitted.
CRZ-2:
These are urban areas located in the coastal areas.
40. 40
CRZ-3:
These are rural and urban localities which fall outside
CRZ-1 and CRZ-2.
Only certain activities related to agriculture and some
public facilities are allowed in this zone.
CRZ-4:
This lies in the aquatic area up to territorial limits.
Fishing and allied activities are permitted in this zone.
Solid waste should be let off in this zone.