A building must do more than provide shelter - it must provide a safe, comfortable, and livable environment. Building services make a building functional by providing necessities like air conditioning, ventilation, lighting, plumbing, electricity, safety and security systems. Properly planning and designing building services is important for sustainability and occupant well-being. As architects, we are responsible for integrating mechanical, electrical, and public health systems to allow buildings to operate safely and comfortably.
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Classification of Building Based on Structure:-
Design Loads
A Building can be broadly divided into two parts;
1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit load to ground<foundation>)
2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level)
Building components can be summarized as;
•Foundations
•Plinth
•Walls
•Columns & Beams
•Floors
•Doors & Windows (Openings)
•Stairs & Lifts
•Roof
•Lintels and Arches
Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Classification of Building Based on Structure:-
Design Loads
A Building can be broadly divided into two parts;
1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit load to ground<foundation>)
2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level)
Building components can be summarized as;
•Foundations
•Plinth
•Walls
•Columns & Beams
•Floors
•Doors & Windows (Openings)
•Stairs & Lifts
•Roof
•Lintels and Arches
Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items
Building Design and Construction FIRE 1102 – Principle.docxhartrobert670
Building Design and
Construction
FIRE 1102 – Principles of Fire Science
Reference: Chapter 4 of Cote, Fundamentals of Fire Protection
UAE Tamweel Tower
Objectives of Fire-Safe Building Design
1. Life Safety
2. Property Protection
3. Continuity of Operations
4. Environmental Protection
5. Historical Preservation
Life Safety
• Achieved by early warning of a fire, extinguishment
of a fire, proper egress for prompt escape
• Can the occupants get out before the room becomes
untenable?
– We know that flashover is a time when the room
is untenable,
– However there may be a time before flashover
where a room is untenable where concentration
of fire gases (CO) can create such a situation.
• We can do modeling of how long it takes for
occupants to evacuate out of a building and predict
when a room becomes untenable.
• Human Behavior Research
Fire Modeling of Station Night Club Fire
Human Behavior Research
Property Protection
• Materials that can be replaced which have a dollar
value assigned to them.
• Billions of dollars are lost due to fires each year.
• Achieved by installing proper fire extinguishing
systems, compartmentation features to limit spread
and construction of building materials.
Heritage Preservation
• Irreplaceable items and artifacts.
• Accomplished using appropriate fire
extinguishing systems.
Mona Lisa Original Copy of
Declaration of
Independence
Hand Written Quran
National Museum of Saudi Arabia
Continuity of Operations
• Getting back to business
• Accomplished by installation of proper fire
extinguishing systems
Environmental Preservation
• Protecting our environment from fire and/or
fire extinguishing agent.
• Installation of fire extinguishing systems that
limit fire size, minimize run-off from water,
using agents that do not adversely affect the
ozone layer.
Types of Building Construction
• NonCombustible Construction
– Type I
– Type II
• Combustible Construction
• Type III
• Type IV
• Type V
Type I Construction
Non-combustible
• Fire Resistive
• Constructed of concrete
and protected steel
• Columns and beams are
covered with fire resistive
spray on material.
• Primary hazard are the
contents in the structure.
• High-rise office buildings,
shopping centers
Type II Construction
Non-combustible
• Non-Combustible
• Lower degree of fire resistance than
Type I.
• Fire resistant rating on all exterior
and interior load bearing walls.
• May have combustible non-
loadbearing partition walls.
• Columns and beams are not
protected and will be exposed
during a fire.
• Office buildings, warehouses,
automobile repair shops.
Type III Construction
Combustible
• Ordinary Construction
• Office buildings, retail stores, mixed
occupancies with store on first
floor and dwelling on second floor.
• Exterior walls of the building have
2-hr fire resistance rating and non-
com ...
Insights on Fire Safety Related Requirements in National Building Code (NBC)Consultivo
The presentation on 'Insights on Fire Safety related requirements in National Building Code – NBC' gives an overview of the National Building Code (NBC), requirements related to fire safety and the latest changes. It discusses about the revised NBC rules (NBC 2016 requirements), fire prevention techniques with reference to buildings and also some take home points.
COMSA Service is a multi-disciplinary service company operating in the maintenance and energy efficiency sector. Incorporated in 1994, the company specializes in the integrated maintenance of buildings and facilities with the aim of ensuring their optimal operation and so lengthen their useful life. It also specializes in building management, technical assistance, and energy optimization. COMSA Service is also an expert in the design, construction and conservation of ornamental fountains, and the installation of water, light and sound shows.
Building Design and Construction FIRE 1102 – Principle.docxhartrobert670
Building Design and
Construction
FIRE 1102 – Principles of Fire Science
Reference: Chapter 4 of Cote, Fundamentals of Fire Protection
UAE Tamweel Tower
Objectives of Fire-Safe Building Design
1. Life Safety
2. Property Protection
3. Continuity of Operations
4. Environmental Protection
5. Historical Preservation
Life Safety
• Achieved by early warning of a fire, extinguishment
of a fire, proper egress for prompt escape
• Can the occupants get out before the room becomes
untenable?
– We know that flashover is a time when the room
is untenable,
– However there may be a time before flashover
where a room is untenable where concentration
of fire gases (CO) can create such a situation.
• We can do modeling of how long it takes for
occupants to evacuate out of a building and predict
when a room becomes untenable.
• Human Behavior Research
Fire Modeling of Station Night Club Fire
Human Behavior Research
Property Protection
• Materials that can be replaced which have a dollar
value assigned to them.
• Billions of dollars are lost due to fires each year.
• Achieved by installing proper fire extinguishing
systems, compartmentation features to limit spread
and construction of building materials.
Heritage Preservation
• Irreplaceable items and artifacts.
• Accomplished using appropriate fire
extinguishing systems.
Mona Lisa Original Copy of
Declaration of
Independence
Hand Written Quran
National Museum of Saudi Arabia
Continuity of Operations
• Getting back to business
• Accomplished by installation of proper fire
extinguishing systems
Environmental Preservation
• Protecting our environment from fire and/or
fire extinguishing agent.
• Installation of fire extinguishing systems that
limit fire size, minimize run-off from water,
using agents that do not adversely affect the
ozone layer.
Types of Building Construction
• NonCombustible Construction
– Type I
– Type II
• Combustible Construction
• Type III
• Type IV
• Type V
Type I Construction
Non-combustible
• Fire Resistive
• Constructed of concrete
and protected steel
• Columns and beams are
covered with fire resistive
spray on material.
• Primary hazard are the
contents in the structure.
• High-rise office buildings,
shopping centers
Type II Construction
Non-combustible
• Non-Combustible
• Lower degree of fire resistance than
Type I.
• Fire resistant rating on all exterior
and interior load bearing walls.
• May have combustible non-
loadbearing partition walls.
• Columns and beams are not
protected and will be exposed
during a fire.
• Office buildings, warehouses,
automobile repair shops.
Type III Construction
Combustible
• Ordinary Construction
• Office buildings, retail stores, mixed
occupancies with store on first
floor and dwelling on second floor.
• Exterior walls of the building have
2-hr fire resistance rating and non-
com ...
Insights on Fire Safety Related Requirements in National Building Code (NBC)Consultivo
The presentation on 'Insights on Fire Safety related requirements in National Building Code – NBC' gives an overview of the National Building Code (NBC), requirements related to fire safety and the latest changes. It discusses about the revised NBC rules (NBC 2016 requirements), fire prevention techniques with reference to buildings and also some take home points.
COMSA Service is a multi-disciplinary service company operating in the maintenance and energy efficiency sector. Incorporated in 1994, the company specializes in the integrated maintenance of buildings and facilities with the aim of ensuring their optimal operation and so lengthen their useful life. It also specializes in building management, technical assistance, and energy optimization. COMSA Service is also an expert in the design, construction and conservation of ornamental fountains, and the installation of water, light and sound shows.
This ppt contains my findings about preservation of bamboo using plant extracts. I prepared preservatives using few plants that possess antifungal and insecticidal properties. And then tested treated and untreated bamboo specimens. Results were very satistactory considering the reduction of impact of dumping of chemical preservatives in near by water bodies or in landfills.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. WHAT IS A BUILDING?
▪ A structure that has a roof
and walls and stands
permanently in one place.
ROOF
WALL
S
Different Function – Different Sizes
Residential Building – Small Size
Group Housing – Medium Size
INTRODUCTION
The primary function of
buildings is to provide shelter
to its occupants.
Commercial / Institutional Buildings– Large Size
3. Group I – Hazardous Buildings
Classification Of Buildings
According to National Building code of India 1970, Different classification
(or) types of buildings on the basis of occupancy are,
Group A – Residential Buildings
Group B – Educational Buildings
Group C – Institutional Buildings
Group D – Assembly Buildings
Group E – Business Buildings
Group F – Mercantile Buildings
Group G – Industrial Buildings
Group H – Storage Buildings
4. Group A – Residential Buildings:
•Sleeping accommodation is provided
•Permanently or temporarily dwelling
•With or without cooking or dining or facilities
•Example: apartments, flats, bungalows,
dormitories, private houses, hotels, hostels,
cottages, holiday campus, clubs, motels, etc.,
Group B – Educational Buildings :
•Buildings meant for education
•Nursery to the university
•Example: schools, colleges, universities,
training institutes, etc.
5. Group C –Institutional Buildings :
•Any building used for the purposes such as
medical, health, recovering health after
illness, physical or mental disease, care of
infants or aged persons, panel detention,
etc.
•Normally provide sleeping accommodation
for the occupants.
Group D –Assembly Buildings :
•Building where groups of people assemble
or gather for amusement, recreation, social,
religious, patriotic or similar purpose,
•Example: theatres, cinema halls, assembly
halls, auditorium, exhibition halls,
museums, gymnasiums, restaurants, places
of worship, passenger stations, public
transportation services, etc.
6. Group E –Business Buildings :
•Building which is used for purposes such
as transaction of business, keeping of
accounts and records, dispensaries and
clinics, news stands, barber shops, banks,
city halls, etc.,
Group F – Mercantile Buildings :
•Building which is used as shops, stores, market
for sale and display of products or wares either
wholesale or retail.
7. Group G – Industrial Buildings :
•Building or structure in which products
are fabricated, assembled or
processed.
•Example: laboratories, assembly
plants, laundries, gas plants, power
plants, refineries, diaries, etc.,
Group H – Storage Buildings :
•Building structures which are primarily
used for storage or sheltering of
goods, wares, merchandise, vehicles
or animals.
•Example: ware houses, cold storages,
depots, store houses, truck terminals,
garages, etc.,
8. Group I – Hazardous Buildings :
•Building structures which are used for the
storage, handling, manufacture of
materials which are liable to burn with
extreme rapidity and prove hazardous to
health, building or building contents.
•Buildings used for storage of gases under
high pressure or for storage and handling
of highly flammable liquids or explosive
materials, explosives, fire works, etc., are
included in this group.
9. ▪ Building function cannot be limited to provide shelter only.
WHAT ARE SERVICES?
▪ A structure that has a roof and walls and stands permanently in one place.
▪ The primary function of buildings is to provide shelter to its occupants.
WHAT IS A
BUILDING?
and you are left with a cold, dark, uninhabitable shell.
How will you feel????
For examples imagine yourself in your dream house or shopping mall
now take away the lighting, air-conditioning and ventilation, the lifts
and escalators, acoustics, plumbing, power supply and energy
management systems, the security and safety systems...
▪ Building should be designed in such a way to provide an
environment where people can feel comfortable, work, live and
achieve.
▪ Basically “BUILDING SERVICES” is what that makes a building
come to life i.e. what makes the building work.
10. ▪ A structure that has a roof and walls and stands permanently in one place.
▪ The primary function of buildings is to provide shelter to its occupants.
▪ Building function cannot be limited to provide shelter only.
▪ Basically “BUILDING SERVICES” is what make the building comes to life i.e. what makes the
building work.
▪ Building should be designed in such a way to provide an environment where people can feel
comfortable, work, live and achieve.
WHAT ARE SERVICES?
WHAT IS A
BUILDING?
A building must do what it was designed to do - not just provide shelter
but also provide a safe, comfortable & livable environment.
Building services contribute largely to the sustainability & functioning
of the building.
So, Everything inside a building which makes it safe and
comfortable, comes under the title of 'Building services'.
11. •Air conditioning and refrigeration
•Energy supply – gas and electricity
Building services include:
•Heating and ventilating
•Water supply – supply,
drainage and plumbing
•Lighting - Day lighting and artificial
lighting
•Escalators and lifts
•Harnessing solar, wind and biomass energy
•Communications, telephones and IT networks
•Security and alarm systems
•Fire detection and protection
12. Classification Of Building Services
Building services are mainly divided into:
They are all very important part of planning, designing and construction of
a building.
Mechanical Systems, Electrical Systems
And
Building Operation System.
13. •HVAC Systems:
stands for “heating, ventilating and air-conditioning” and includes a variety of
active mechanical/electrical systems to provide thermal control in buildings
Control of the thermal environment is a key objective for virtually all occupied
buildings. Better thermal comfort will influence occupant health, satisfaction and
productivity.
•Site Drainage: water, drainage, sanitary disposal,
Removal of waste water from kitchens, bathrooms, sinks, soil waste(toilet waste),
storm water management and surface runoff to local sewerage system.
•Gas Supply: cooking gas, commercial gas, oxygen & nitrogen gas in hospitals
Storage, Piping, Pressure Regulation & Supply of gas from its container to
required area.
•Plumbing: water distribution, water treatment, sanitary facilities.
Storage, distribution (piping), sanitary fixtures (taps, WC’s, showers, etc)
•Fire protection: water supply, water sprinklers, fire and smoke detection,
announcement.
Mechanical systems: Brief Introduction
14. •Electrical power:
Normal, standby, emergency power supply and distribution
•Transportation:
Elevators, escalators, moving walkways/ travelators, parking, etc.
•Lighting:
Interior, exterior, emergency light.
•Auxiliary:
Telephone, data, audio and video sound
Building operation systems:
•Processing:
Products, food service, etc.
•Automation:
Environmental controls, management, automated lighting,
automated parking, etc.
Electrical systems : Brief Introduction
15. Importance Of Building Services
•Building should be designed such that it provides better lighting,
comfortable space, temperature and air quality, convenient power
and communication capability, high quality sanitation and reliable
systems for the protection of life and property.
•The implementation of services demands a considerable amount of
floor and ceiling so proper planning is necessary for their allocation.
What Is The Role Of An Architect ?
•Building services are indispensable for buildings.
•As an example certain types of building such as department store or
industrial buildings are almost 100% dependent on electrical lighting,
ventilating and air-conditioning and
•High rise buildings rely on vertical transportation and high speed
pressure for water supply.
•Responsible for the design and planning of the mechanical,
electrical and public health systems required for the safe,
comfortable and environmentally friendly operation of modern
buildings.
16. Unit-II
a. Introduction to the basic services such as Water Supply, Sewerage and
Electrical Services required in a single storied residential building.
Unit III
a. Details of essential fittings and fixtures required in a single storied residential
building.
Course Content
Unit-I:
a. Introduction to definition and meaning of “Building Services” and “Service
Infrastructure in relation to various scales of the built environment.
b. Various services required in contemporary buildings and the role of the
architect in providing for these,