This paper proposes two new algorithms, Gaussian RED (G-RED) and modified Gaussian RED (MG-RED), to improve congestion control in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) compared to the traditional RED algorithm. G-RED and MG-RED use Gaussian and modified Gaussian functions respectively in the RED algorithm to determine when to drop packets. The paper presents that G-RED and MG-RED outperform traditional RED in terms of throughput, packet delivery fraction, and number of packets dropped by better managing the network queue.

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8. 1. A Survey – Congestion Evasion in MANETs
Himanshu Monga 1
2. Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using LMS Algorithm
Saurabh R. Prasad, Shrinivas A. Patil, Bhalchandra B. Godbole 8
3. An Android Constructed Home Automation for Energy Efficient
Santosh Agrahari, Pragati Satsangi, Priya Singh, Rakhi Sharma, Rishabh Kashyap 22
4. Congestion Control by Transmission Power in Ad-Hoc Network Using Fuzzy Logic
Soni Kumari, Sarita Singh Bhadauria, Laxmi Shrivastava 27
5. PAPR Reduction Methods for Multicarrier Modulation Schemes Used in
Next Generation Wireless Networks – A Review
Himanshu Monga, Pooja Mehta, Silky 35
Contents

9. IJBCC (2016) 1-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Broadband Cellular Communication
eISSN: 2455-8532
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Survey – Congestion Evasion in MANETs
Himanshu Monga*
Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Vidyapeeth, Barnala Road, Sirsa, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
The paper addresses the RED active queue management technique used in most of the
networks for managing the queue efficiently. Secondly it proposed a Gaussian (G-RED) and
modified Gaussian function based RED (MG-RED) algorithm. It is presented that the
Gaussian and modified Gaussian function based RED algorithm outperforms the traditional
RED algorithm in terms of throughput, packet delivery fraction and number of packets
dropped.
Keywords: GF-RED, MGF-RED
INTRODUCTION
A Mobile Ad Hoc network is a collection
of mobile nodes which are connected via
wireless links. The nodes in this kind of
networks are mobile in the sense that they
can move from one location to another
location. Any mobile node need to transfer
the data has to send it directly if the
receiver node is in transmission range or
with the help of some other mobile node if
the receiver is not in range. The nodes in
this type of network acts as a router for
transferring the packets from source to
destination. The topology of this type of
network is highly dynamic due to mobility
of nodes. MANETs are becoming very
popular in these days due to its usage of
anywhere and at anytime [1].
In MANETs, it’s very important to
manage the queue space required to store
the packets that cannot be transferred to
receiver instantly. Various queue
management techniques are used to
manage the buffer space. Drop tail
technique is one of the techniques used for
managing the queue in which packets are
allowed to enter into the queue until the
queue is not full and after the queue is full
the drop tail start drops the packet at tail
until queue becomes stable. Drop tail
technique is inactive queue management
practice which does not use any predefined
information of congestion occurring in the
network [1, 2].
Another technique that can be used for
managing the queue in network is active
queue management method. Random early
detection is one of the techniques used for
managing the queue actively. In RED
algorithm packets start arriving in the
queue until the queue does not reaches the
minimum threshold. If the queue length
reaches minimum threshold but does not
reaches the maximum threshold, the
algorithm begin dropping the packets by
means of linear task of queue size. If the
queue size reaches the maximum
threshold, each arrived packet is dropped
until queue size becomes under controlled.
The advantage of using RED algorithm
over drop tail technique is that the sender
will be notified if congestion occurs. No
doubt the RED algorithm provides a very
good solution for reducing the packet drop
by notifying the sender for congestion. But
RED uses linear function for falling the

10. IJBCC (2016) 8-21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
International Journal of Broadband Cellular Communication
eISSN: 2455-8532
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using LMS Algorithm
Saurabh R. Prasad1*
, Shrinivas A. Patil1
, Bhalchandra B. Godbole2
1
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, DKTE Society’s Textile and Engineering
Institute, Ichalkaranji, India
2
Department of Electronics Engineering, KBP College of Engineering, Satara, India
ABSTRACT
Echo results due to reflection of sound waves from various surfaces like walls, mountain,
curtains, etc. When the reflected sound arrives after more than 0.1s of the original sound,
then it is heard distinctly, and called as echo. Echo may be some times desirable and pleasant
but especially in telecommunication, echoes are erroneous. There are two types of echo that
arise in telecommunication, viz. acoustic echo and line echo. Both these echoes can be
minimized using echo cancellers. So, in this article, an echo canceller based on least mean
square (LMS) algorithm has been discussed and implemented. The effect of convergence
parameter (µ) on the filter behaviour is also studied.
Keywords: acoustic and network echo, adaptive filter, echo cancellation, LMS algorithm,
MATLAB
INTRODUCTION
Echoes are delayed or distorted versions of
a sound which have been reflected back to
the source. In music processing, artificial
echoes and reverberations are generated
and extensively used. An instrument
named Echoplex was designed by Mike
Battle for artificial echo effect to enhance
music and was used especially by Guitar
players [1]. The echo is also used by some
animals and this concept is called as Bio-
sonar or echolocation. Some mammalian
animals like Dolphins, Whales, and Bats
are reported to use echo for navigation,
distance calculation, and hunting purposes
[2]. An enclosed chamber with inside
microphone and loudspeaker, known as
acoustic echo chamber are also used to
generate the echo. The original sound is
produced by loudspeaker which
reverberates in the acoustic chamber and
picked up by microphone. The acoustic
echo can sometimes be erroneous to the
listeners. Thus, echoes are not always
disadvantageous. However, there are
certain applications such as a lecture in a
conference hall or public address system,
in which the presence of acoustic echo
together with the noise occurs and
degrades the speech quality. This may
even become too bad to lead to complete
loss of intelligibility.
The echo and reverberation are two closely
related terminologies. Both of these result
due to reflection of sound from the
reflecting objects and surfaces. The echo
results when the time difference between
original and reflected signal is more than
0.1s. Here the reflected signal can be
distinctly heard. On the other hand
reverberation is the prolongation of echo
and results due to multiple reflections.
Reverberation time is defined as the time
required to decay the reflected signal to a
value that is 10-6
times the original
intensity and can be calculated by using

11. IJBCC (2016) 22-26 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 22
International Journal of Broadband cellular communication
eISSN : 2455-8532
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
An Android Constructed Home Automation for Energy Efficient
Santosh Agrahari, Pragati Satsangi*
, Priya Singh, Rakhi Sharma, Rishabh Kashyap
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur
ABSTRACT
The home automation system plays a very important role in maintaining living standard and
provide secure and flexible environment. Previously we use to switch on/off our home
appliances manually but now with the help of home automation the work become easier. We
can control the processing of our home appliances outside the home without actually
manually switching it by doing it using Android application on our phones. The main
objective of this system is to implement a home automation system which operates electrical
appliances in home through android application. The home automation system is
implemented wirelessly using Bluetooth technology. The electrical appliances such as fan,
light, switches, light sensors, all are integrated in a single system which then connected to the
microcontroller which acts as a within the home to control and perform the user commands.
It also helps the elderly people. The capability to control the electrical home appliances not
only from one location but throughout the country.
Keyword: android, bluetooth technology, energy efficient home automation
INTRODUCTION
An embedded system is a computer that
has been built to solve few very specific
problems and is not easily changed [1].
Generally an embedded system is a
combination of hardware and software [2].
An embedded system does not look like a
computer sometimes there is no keyboard
or monitor or mouse. But like a computer
it has a processor, software, input and
output [3]. The home automation is the
introduction of technology within home to
enhance the quality of life of its users,
through the provision of different services
such as telehealth, multimedia,
entertainment and energy conservation
[4].The benefits of home automation
system are listed as safety, comfort, power
saving and communications [5] . As the
system provides these benefits some
technical requirements must be also
respected such as low cost, plug and play,
flexibility, easiness of use and
reliability [6].
BACKGROUND
There has been a significant research and
numerous approaches for the home
automation systems [7]. In x10 industry
standard, developed in 1975 for
communication between various electronic
devices, is identified as the oldest standard
in home automation system by providing
limited control over household devices
through the homes power lines [8].
Recently the home automation becomes a
very popular field of research by the
introduction of different technologies such
as remote control systems, network
enabled devices and internet technologies
[9]. In Bluetooth based home automation
system, involves a primary controller and a
set of Bluetooth sub controllers in which
each controller is physically connected to
an individual home device. Although the

12. IJBCC (2016) 27-34 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
International Journal of Broadband Cellular Communication
eISSN: 2455-8532
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Congestion Control by Transmission Power in Ad-Hoc Network
Using Fuzzy Logic
Soni Kumari, Sarita Singh Bhadauria, Laxmi Shrivastava
Department of Electronics and Communication, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
ABSTRACT
As a result of the growth in communication technologies, mobile ad hoc network boosting its
capability in terms of ad hoc communication between the mobile nodes. The mobile ad hoc
networks do not have any predefined infrastructure so the mobile nodes which want to
communicate with each other immediately form the network topology and initiate the request
for data packets to transmit or receive. But in mobile ad hoc networks one of very common
phenomenon occurs is network congestion. Load balancing is a technique which is used to
reduce such problem. Load balancing is a method in which the amount of works of a
computer is divided between two or more computers to decrease the congestion. In this
research paper it is shown that how transmitting power controls the congestion. For
implementation, qualnet simulator 6.1 and fuzzy inference system are used to form the fuzzy
rule base to analyze the results. From the simulation results it is proved that proposed system
is more capable to reduce the network congestion.
Keywords: fuzzy logic, matlab, load balancing, traffic control, qualnet 6.1
INTRODUCTION
In these days, mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs) are very important due to its
flexibility because there is no need to have
predefined infrastructure for
communication like wired network. This
feature makes MANET more effective for
many applications like military operations,
rescue operations, neighborhood area
networks, education applications etc.
Mobile nodes act as a host as well as
routers and also support the multi hop
routing between the nodes.
Mobile nodes send the data packets to each
other in mobile ad hoc networks by the
help of routing protocols. But day by day
the no of users are increasing and network
assets like bandwidth, buffer size etc. are
limited which results congestion.
Congestion takes place when demand of
network resources is more than capacity of
network which decrease quality of service
like packet drop, end to end, throughput,
jitter etc. Load balancing is a technique,
which deviates traffic form heavily
congested areas to less congested areas,
which increase throughput and decrease
end to end delay as well as jitter and at the
same time it also decreases energy
consumption which increases life time of
network. This paper is presented a new
fuzzy logic based approach which detects
congestion and reduce it.
In this research paper it is proved that
transmission power controls congestion by
using Fuzzy Logic Controller. Fuzzy
Logic controller is a Fuzzy based control
system that explores analog input values in
term of logical values. Fuzzy Logic
behaves like human brain that simplifies

13. IJBCC (2016) 35–44 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 35
International Journal of Broadband Cellular Communication
eISSN: 2455-8532
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
PAPR Reduction Methods for Multicarrier Modulation Schemes
Used in Next Generation Wireless Networks – A Review
Himanshu Monga*, Pooja Mehta, Silky
Jan Nayak Ch.Devi Lal Vidyapeeth,Barnala Road, Sirsa, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Multicarrier modulation is need of today’s Wireless communication networks. Various
multicarrier modulation schemes have been developed in the past few years orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), Filter bank multicarrier modulation (FBMC) and
Universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) are some of them. These techniques provide
numerous advantages like multiple user scheduling, robustness against multipath
propagation, high quality of service etc. One of the major drawbacks of MCM is higher
PAPR and a number of techniques such as PTS, SLM, TR, companding, clipping and filtering
have been designed for reduction of PAPR. In this paper we have tried to combine the
contribution made by various researchers for PAPR reduction in Multi Carrier Modulation.
Keywords: FBMC, PAPR, PTS, SLM, TR
INTRODUCTION
Broadband data consumption is increasing
day by day and in last 5 years it has been
increased exponentially. With this
increased data consumption the need for
higher data rate transmission and to serve
all the users within available spectrum is
also increased. To fulfill all these demands
multicarrier modulation is being used in
LTE and LTE/Advance systems. Most
popular multicarrier modulation technique
which is being used in these systems is
OFDM but it suffers from higher PAPR
and less spectral efficiency there by
making it unsuitable for next generation
wireless communication systems [1]. To
overcome these drawbacks new
multicarrier modulation techniques like
UFMC [2, 3] and FBMC [4] were
introduced. But all these techniques suffer
from the problem of high PAPR. There are
several techniques like SLM (Selective
Mapping), Clipping and Filtering, Tone
Reservation, PTS (Partial Transmit
Signal), Companding are suggested for
PAPR reduction. In this paper these
techniques have been discussed along with
their performance characteristics like
distortion rate, data rate, power rise, etc.
The assembling of this Review paper is
done as follows:-Section A gives us the
introduction. Section B explains the
concept of Multicarrier modulation
techniques. Section C gives the
classification of PAPR Reduction
Techniques. Section D explains related
work. Section E mentions conclusion and
future scope.
MULTICARRIER MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
The basic idea of multicarrier modulation
is to divide the transmitted bit stream into
many different sub streams and send these
over many different sub channels [5].
Typically the sub channels are orthogonal
under ideal propagation conditions. The
data rate on each of the sub channels is
much less than the total data rate, and the

14. International Journal of
Broadband Cellular
Communication
Jul–Dec 2016
eISSN: 2455-8532
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Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design
« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology
« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies
« International Journal of Digital Electronics
« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement
Planning
« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure
Planning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning
Development
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
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Computer Science and Engineering
« International Journal of Wireless Network Security
« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis
« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices
« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing
« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials
« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its
Commercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
« International Journal of Agrochemistry
« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering
« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
« International Journal of Concrete Technology
« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis
« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering
« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits
« International Journal of Automatic Control System
« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives
« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering
« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damage
Mechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanics
and Finite Elements
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Biotechnology
« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules
« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications
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Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
« International Journal of Neurological Nursing
« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
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