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Jul–Dec 2016 IJGGE
International Journal of
Geological and Geotechnical
Engineering
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
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PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector
1. Study of Seismic Forces by Changing the Location of Lift Core
Shashwati S. Vahadane, Ashok W. Yerekar 1
2. Climate Change – Causal Factors and Impacts with Special Reference to India
Akshey Bhargava, Rajni Dargan 10
3. Research Insight on Everest Contaminated by Toxic Metals
Ankita Singh 21
4. Different Types of Pollutants and Their Impact (Soil, Air and Water)
Sonal Jain 24
5. Editorial Note: Source of Pollutants – A Study of Soil
Garima Agarwal 31
Contents
IJGGE (2016) 1-9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Study of Seismic Forces by Changing the Location of Lift Core
Shashwati S. Vahadane, Ashok W. Yerekar
Department of Civil Engineering, People’s Education Society, college of Engineering, Aurangabad, India
ABSTRACT
An important element for strengthening of structure is lift core in earthquake prone area
(Mw=6.5 or more). Major content in this paper is use of lift cores to resist the seismic forces
and its effect by changing the lift core location. The study for G+5 and G+10 type frame
buildings are taken under study. These buildings are further subdivided as per strata type.
Centre core and Corner core are locations that considered for study. Zone V is assumed for
all buildings which will cause maximum base shear to the structure. Comparative static and
dynamic analysis will be considered in study which will show graphical representation of
G+5 and G+10 building along with soil type. Economy is observed as well.
Keywords: base shear, DBE, lift core location, story drift, modal analysis
INTRODUCTION
Earthquake is natural phenomena of
movement of underground tectonic plates
which releases tremendous amount of
energy that leads earth surface to vibrate.
According to the theory of Plate Tectonics,
the entire surface of the earth can be
considered to be constantly on the move.
These plates brush against each other or
collide at their boundaries giving rise to
earthquakes. Earthquakes became frequent
after the construction of Koyna Dam and
this is regarded as a classic case of man-
made seismicity. It was observed before
that earthquake may not occur on hard
rock but after Latur earthquake it was clear
that even in most stable areas around the
world this natural calamity can occur,
which brings us to the conclusion that
engineer has to design all structure as per
earthquake standards. Hence Core shear
wall is considered as earthquake resistant
element.[1]
Lift core plays vital role as a strengthening
element in structure and it is observed that
architectural planning for many buildings
avoiding this concept of study. Ideal
location for lift core will be important for
safety and economy purpose in structure as
the study gives analysis of earthquake
forces by changing the location of lift core
with various cases included. In this report
there will be static and dynamic analysis to
be taken in to consideration. There are
many methodologies to spot the location
for lift core and it has to be done on the
basis of static and dynamic analysis which
gives comparison of base shear and time
period of structure.
DESIGN
Design Criteria
The study will focus all in behaviour of
frames as per soil strata hence according to
the lift locations there will be selected
frames of structures considered. Details of
frame behaviour are studied with the help
of the section considered from the
structure.
IJGGE (2016) 10-20 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Climate Change – Causal Factors and Impacts with Special
Reference to India
Akshey Bhargava1
, Rajni Dargan2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
2
Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
ABSTRACT
The change of climate during the last few decades have witnessed frequent floods, droughts,
loss of agriculture yield, effect on water resource, food security, rise in sea levels, impact on
coastal areas, biodiversity and ecological changes and occurrence of cyclones resulting into
significant damage to life and health, property, land, agriculture, and economy. Climate
change in earlier times were predominantly on account of natural factors due to changes in
Earth’s orbit, changes in solar activity, or volcanic eruptions but with the rapid advancement
of urbanization and industrialization along with other development activities, billions of tons
of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are being pumped into the atmosphere resulting into
climate change. The authors of the present paper tend to explain the causal factors coupled
with impacts of climate in the present paper.
INTRODUCTION
Climate change is the variation in the
Earth’s global or regional climate over
time and space. It demonstrates changes in
the state of the atmosphere over time
scales ranging from decades to millions of
years. Climate change may be defined in
many ways, while some define it as an
offshoot of Earth’s natural processes,
others define it as a result of human
activities. However, climate change may
be defined as “a change which is attributed
directly or indirectly to human activity that
alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to
natural climate variability observed over
comparable time periods”. There is a broad
scientific agreement that most of the
warming in the recent decades can be
attributed to human activities.[1–5]
It would be interesting to note that the
Indian per capita CO2 emissions would
grow only modestly from one tonne per
capita in 2004–2005 to 2.77 tonnes per
capita in 2030–2031.
CAUSAL FACTORS FOR CLIMATE
CHANGE
There are a few contributing factors
leading to climate change which include
greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane
and NOx. Moreover, cutting down of rain
forests and logging of forests decreases the
number of plant life to absorb said CO2.
The logging however is not a major
contributing factor considering the amount
of transfer of CO2 from atmosphere to
water. There is an exchange between
oceans and atmosphere when it comes to
gases and also there are a lot of
phytoplankton and bacteria that use the
CO2 in the oceans. The Earth intercepts the
Sun's radiation, which is the energy that
drives our weather and climate. About one
third of this solar radiation is reflected
back into space. The rest is absorbed by
different parts of the climate system: the
IJGGE (2016) 21–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Research Insight on Everest Contaminated by Toxic Metals
Ankita Singh*
Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, India
ABSTRACT
The goal of this investigation of the Everest was to look at follow component fixations and
altitudinal patterns in soil and snow. Mount Everest was chosen since its remote area and
amazing height disengages it from limited contamination sources. Soil tests were gathered
from Mount Everest by different specialists and the examples were broke down for Pb, Zn,
Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, As, Mn, Hg, and V utilizing inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.
Comes about demonstrate that As and Cd are both above USEPA drinking water rules in all
snow tests, and arsenic is over the USEPA soil screening rules in all dirt specimens. There
was a reasonable pattern in component variety in the dirt examples, with the most elevated
focuses found. There was no unmistakable pattern distinguished in the snow tests, perhaps
because of vertical blending of surface snow. Anthropogenic sources are suspected to have
added to the lifted groupings of both cadmium and arsenic. So this insight is about the dirt
contamination on Mount Everest.
Keywords: Mount Everest, soil contamination
RESEARCH INSIGHT
Different specialists found that Everest
contain potentially unsafe levels of the
follow metals arsenic and cadmium. In
2006, the study's lead analyst Bill Yeo
moved along Everest's Rongbuk Glacier
and up the Northeast Ridge (one of the
principle courses to the summit), gathering
soil and snow tests and testing their follow
component focus.
The outcomes were educational. The
majority of the examples had arsenic
levels that surpassed the most extreme
contaminant level (MCL) set by the U.S.
Ecological Protection Agency – with a few
examples containing five times the
breaking point. Cadmium levels were in
like manner above EPA rules in the
majority of the snow tests yet fell
underneath discernible breaking points in
the dirt.[1,2]
Source: Wikipedia.
Other follow components, for example,
mercury and lead, were at adequate levels.
The specialists suspect that mechanical air
contamination – especially from the
ignition of fossil fills and the creation of
nonferrous metals – in India and focal Asia
are to a great extent to fault, since the
IJGGE (2016) 24–30 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Different Types of Pollutants and Their Impact (Soil, Air and
Water)
Sonal Jain*
Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Pollution is an environmental problem that can lead to – among other things – global
warming, acid rain, and the ozone hole formation. The status of air pollution is changing and
there are many different air pollutants contributing to it. Once pollutants are released into
the air, they interact with each other in a complex manner depending on temperature,
humidity and other environmental factors.
Keywords: bioaerosol, pollution
INTRODUCTION
Depending on their form they are emitted
and altered in the environment, in its
reactive state pollutants can be of
following types:
Primary pollutants – Primary air(a)
pollutants are those emitted directly
from the identifiable sources. Majorly
they are from the anthropogenic
sources. Either they can directly and
serve as precursors of secondary air
pollutants (chemicals formed through
reactions in the atmosphere).
Examples are: finer particles(less than
100µ in diameter), coarse particles (greater
than 100µ in diameter), sulfur compound,
oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxides,
organic compounds.
(b) Secondary pollutants – These are
formed from the interaction of primary
pollutant within the atmosphere. These
pollutants are product of ambient
chemical and photochemical reactions
and various step involved in the
formation of secondary pollutants and
are influenced by many factors such as
precursors, the humidity in the
atmosphere, degree of photo-
activation, meteorological forces and
local topography.
These primary and secondary air pollutants
are studied widely across the globe. These
pollutants are dependent directly or
indirectly on the natural and anthropogenic
activities as given in Table 1. Their
emissions are also dependent on the
different sources at different land use
pattern.
Among all primary and secondary
pollutants the particulate matter (PM) load
is found to be increasing due to more
nature imbalance and anthropogenic
activities.
These increasing PM load draws global
attention to study further their emission,
dispersal, suspension mechanism and most
important their adverse impact on human
health.[1–3]
IJGGE (2016) 31–32 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31
International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Editorial Note: Source of Pollutants – A Study of Soil
Garima Agarwal
Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India
Soil is very important asset for future and
ecosystem but day by day it’s going to be
depleted and its direct impact is on various
factors. Like recently various researchers
found that the soil near to Himalayan
regions, where they found that it can be
contaminated very badly by arsenic and
cadmium. Different studies on neighboring
mountains have uncovered comparative
discoveries showing the potential for
various water sources to end up tainted.
Other exploration has been performed at
similar locales in Europe, Japan, Alaska,
and New Zealand. Ponders in Antarctica
discovered focuses three to four times
lower than in Yeo's investigation,
representing that the measure of arsenic
and cadmium on Everest originated from
human commitments.
Source: Wikipedia.
Another study from University of Southern
Maine plans to comprehend the part of soil
as a wellspring of pollutants. Nearly one-
fifth of the world's surface is involved
mountains that assume a part in the
capacity and circulation of crisp water,
with one-tenth of the total populace
depending on that mountain snowpack as
their sole wellspring of new water. So
understanding the measure of
contaminations in soil and snow is basic to
keeping up the nature of elevated water
sources. Scientists gathered soil tests from
Mount Everest’s Rongbuk ice sheet and
snow tests were taken from the upper east
edge of the mountain. The examples were
then examined for follow component
focuses, including cadmium, nickel, zinc,
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Electrical Engineering
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and Finite Elements
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« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
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« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol 2 Issue 2

  • 1. Mechanical Engineering Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering Architecture Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com ¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications ¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management Applied Mechanics 5 more... 1 more... 2 more... 2 more... 5 more... Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security « International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis « International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices « International Journal of Software Computing and Testing « International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences Physics « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution Civil Engineering « International Journal of Water Resources Engineering « International Journal of Concrete Technology « International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis « International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning Electrical Engineering « International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits « International Journal of Automatic Control System « International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives « International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and Circuits Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials « International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials « International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology « International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry « International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry « International Journal of Green Chemistry « International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering « International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour « International Journal of Machine Design and Manufacturing « International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis « International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics « International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements 5 more... 4 more... 3 more... Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials « International Journal of Plant Biotechnology « International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology « International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules « International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications 3 more... Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing « International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing « International Journal of Neurological Nursing « International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing « International Journal of Oncological Nursing 5 more... 4 more... Subm it Your A rticle2017 www.journalspub.com Jul–Dec 2016 IJGGE International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
  • 2. International Journals Publisher JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable EditorialBoard Members from renownedinstitutes. ObjectivesofJournalsPub  JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of AppliedSciences,MedicalandEngineering.  JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short Communications&CaseStudy.  Publishingspecialissues on Proceedingsof Conferences,SeminarsandSymposia.  JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online (openaccess)andinprintedversionwithagoaltopromoteanextensiveacademicawareness.  JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+ new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies.  JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical andEngineeringtocontributeandcommunicateinnovativework. SalientFeatures  An umbrellaof 100+ journalsthatcoversAppliedSciences,MedialandEngineeringArena.  The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its excellenceandexposure.  Universaltransmissionandreflectivity.  ARigorous, Fast andConstructivePeerReviewProcess  SpeedyPublicationof Manuscripts  EminentEditorialBoardMembersfromrenownedorganizations.  FreeRegistration,OnlineSubmission, Processing, Publication&OnlineAccessofManuscripts.  Thejournalpublishesnovelresearcharticleswithemphasison theoreticalandexperimentalwork. International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering
  • 3. JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystems Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and opinionsexpressedintheJournalreflecttheviews oftheAuthor(s) andarenottheopinionofJournalsPub unlessso stated. Subscription Information and Order Cost of Journal National Subscription Rs. 3000/-perJournal(includes2 printissues), SingleIssue copypurchaseRs.1800/copy International Subscription OnlineOnly- $99, PrintOnly-$149 (includes2printissues) Online+ Print-$199(includes2printissues +onlineaccessof publishedbackvolumes) To purchaseprintcompilationof backissues pleasesendyourqueryatinfo@journalspub.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment:At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. ltd., payableatDelhi/NewDelhi. OnlineAccess Policy A). ForAuthors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have OpenAccess Policy; Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows: India,SARC andAfricanCountries:INR 1500 includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal. OtherCountries:USD 200includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal. B.) ForSubscribers: Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct informationonuser details/StaticIPaddress of thesubscriber. The accesswillbeblocked: If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights as pertheaccesspolicy. Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc.These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. LostIssue Claims:Pleasenotethefollowingwhen applyingfor lostor missingissues: Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue as perthefrequency. Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be entertainedonlywiththeproofs whichwillbeverifiedatboththeends. Claimsfiledduetoinsufficient(or nonotice)of changeof address willnotbehonored. Change ofAddress of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per thefrequencyby mentioningsubscriberID andthesubscriptionID. Refundrequestswillnotbeentertained. LegalDisputes AllthelegaldisputesaresubjectedtoDelhiJurisdictiononly. If you haveanyquestions,pleasecontactthePublicationManagementTeam: info@journalspub.com;Tel:+910120-4347644.
  • 4. International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering is concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials and mining. The journal also focuses on the dynamic behavior of the soil and rocks, earthquake mechanics and other important fields of civil engineering that deals with geological and geotechnicalengineering. Focus and Scope oftheJournal  Soil and rock engineering  Offshore geotechnical engineering  Applied geology and geosynthetics  Geo-environmental engineering  Earthquake engineering  Dynamic behavior of soils and rocks  Geohazards and mitigation  Mining engineering  Soil mechanics and soil dynamics  Computational geomechanics  Lateral earth pressures and slope stability International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing aprescriptionfor anyproductsmentionedinthispublication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permissiontothepublisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).
  • 5. PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM INTERNAL MEMBERS Associate Manager Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi Hidam Renubala Ankita Singh Deepika Bhadauria Rekha Rani Commissioning Editors Dr. Chhavi Goel Manisha Dhoble
  • 6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. AFM Saiful Amin Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Dr. Tarun Kumar Lohani Department of Civil Engineering Orissa Engineering College Bhubaneswar, India Dr. Manoj Khandelwal Department of Mining Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India Dr. V. R. Sastry, Professor of Mining Engineering, HOD Training & Placement, Director Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd., Director- KIOCL Limited National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Mangalore, India Dr. Saad Issa Sarsam Department of Civil Engineering University of Baghdad, Iraq Dr. Ramani Bai Vardharajan School of Civil Engineering, Linton University College, Malaysia Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), India Kausar Ali Department of Civil Engineering Z.H. College of Engineering & Technology A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P), India Dr. Dalchand Jhariya Department of Applied Geology National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India Dr. Intha Srinivasa Reddy Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Kallam, Haranadhareddy Institute of Technology, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India Dr. Akshey Bhargava Professor, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, A.P, India Amarsinh Babanrao Landage Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Govt. College of Engineering, Karad, Tal. Karad, Dist. Satara, Mahrashtra, India Sonal Jain Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, India Prerna Sharma Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, G D Goenka University, India
  • 7. From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Geological and Geotechnical Engineering from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and thevalidationofemergingtechnologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community,addressing researchersandpractitionersinthisarea. The core vision of International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Geotechnical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently,well-time&successfully. International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Soil and rock engineering, offshore geotechnical engineering, Applied geology and geosynthetics,Geo-environmentalengineering,Earthquakeengineeringetc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Geological and GeotechnicalEngineeringand solutionsinthearea. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Geological and Geotechnical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofGeologicaland GeotechnicalEngineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorialstaffofJournals Pub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofGeologicalandGeotechnicalEngineering. PuneetMehrotra ManagingDirector
  • 8. 1. Study of Seismic Forces by Changing the Location of Lift Core Shashwati S. Vahadane, Ashok W. Yerekar 1 2. Climate Change – Causal Factors and Impacts with Special Reference to India Akshey Bhargava, Rajni Dargan 10 3. Research Insight on Everest Contaminated by Toxic Metals Ankita Singh 21 4. Different Types of Pollutants and Their Impact (Soil, Air and Water) Sonal Jain 24 5. Editorial Note: Source of Pollutants – A Study of Soil Garima Agarwal 31 Contents
  • 9. IJGGE (2016) 1-9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Study of Seismic Forces by Changing the Location of Lift Core Shashwati S. Vahadane, Ashok W. Yerekar Department of Civil Engineering, People’s Education Society, college of Engineering, Aurangabad, India ABSTRACT An important element for strengthening of structure is lift core in earthquake prone area (Mw=6.5 or more). Major content in this paper is use of lift cores to resist the seismic forces and its effect by changing the lift core location. The study for G+5 and G+10 type frame buildings are taken under study. These buildings are further subdivided as per strata type. Centre core and Corner core are locations that considered for study. Zone V is assumed for all buildings which will cause maximum base shear to the structure. Comparative static and dynamic analysis will be considered in study which will show graphical representation of G+5 and G+10 building along with soil type. Economy is observed as well. Keywords: base shear, DBE, lift core location, story drift, modal analysis INTRODUCTION Earthquake is natural phenomena of movement of underground tectonic plates which releases tremendous amount of energy that leads earth surface to vibrate. According to the theory of Plate Tectonics, the entire surface of the earth can be considered to be constantly on the move. These plates brush against each other or collide at their boundaries giving rise to earthquakes. Earthquakes became frequent after the construction of Koyna Dam and this is regarded as a classic case of man- made seismicity. It was observed before that earthquake may not occur on hard rock but after Latur earthquake it was clear that even in most stable areas around the world this natural calamity can occur, which brings us to the conclusion that engineer has to design all structure as per earthquake standards. Hence Core shear wall is considered as earthquake resistant element.[1] Lift core plays vital role as a strengthening element in structure and it is observed that architectural planning for many buildings avoiding this concept of study. Ideal location for lift core will be important for safety and economy purpose in structure as the study gives analysis of earthquake forces by changing the location of lift core with various cases included. In this report there will be static and dynamic analysis to be taken in to consideration. There are many methodologies to spot the location for lift core and it has to be done on the basis of static and dynamic analysis which gives comparison of base shear and time period of structure. DESIGN Design Criteria The study will focus all in behaviour of frames as per soil strata hence according to the lift locations there will be selected frames of structures considered. Details of frame behaviour are studied with the help of the section considered from the structure.
  • 10. IJGGE (2016) 10-20 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Climate Change – Causal Factors and Impacts with Special Reference to India Akshey Bhargava1 , Rajni Dargan2 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2 Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India ABSTRACT The change of climate during the last few decades have witnessed frequent floods, droughts, loss of agriculture yield, effect on water resource, food security, rise in sea levels, impact on coastal areas, biodiversity and ecological changes and occurrence of cyclones resulting into significant damage to life and health, property, land, agriculture, and economy. Climate change in earlier times were predominantly on account of natural factors due to changes in Earth’s orbit, changes in solar activity, or volcanic eruptions but with the rapid advancement of urbanization and industrialization along with other development activities, billions of tons of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are being pumped into the atmosphere resulting into climate change. The authors of the present paper tend to explain the causal factors coupled with impacts of climate in the present paper. INTRODUCTION Climate change is the variation in the Earth’s global or regional climate over time and space. It demonstrates changes in the state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. Climate change may be defined in many ways, while some define it as an offshoot of Earth’s natural processes, others define it as a result of human activities. However, climate change may be defined as “a change which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”. There is a broad scientific agreement that most of the warming in the recent decades can be attributed to human activities.[1–5] It would be interesting to note that the Indian per capita CO2 emissions would grow only modestly from one tonne per capita in 2004–2005 to 2.77 tonnes per capita in 2030–2031. CAUSAL FACTORS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE There are a few contributing factors leading to climate change which include greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane and NOx. Moreover, cutting down of rain forests and logging of forests decreases the number of plant life to absorb said CO2. The logging however is not a major contributing factor considering the amount of transfer of CO2 from atmosphere to water. There is an exchange between oceans and atmosphere when it comes to gases and also there are a lot of phytoplankton and bacteria that use the CO2 in the oceans. The Earth intercepts the Sun's radiation, which is the energy that drives our weather and climate. About one third of this solar radiation is reflected back into space. The rest is absorbed by different parts of the climate system: the
  • 11. IJGGE (2016) 21–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Research Insight on Everest Contaminated by Toxic Metals Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, India ABSTRACT The goal of this investigation of the Everest was to look at follow component fixations and altitudinal patterns in soil and snow. Mount Everest was chosen since its remote area and amazing height disengages it from limited contamination sources. Soil tests were gathered from Mount Everest by different specialists and the examples were broke down for Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, As, Mn, Hg, and V utilizing inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Comes about demonstrate that As and Cd are both above USEPA drinking water rules in all snow tests, and arsenic is over the USEPA soil screening rules in all dirt specimens. There was a reasonable pattern in component variety in the dirt examples, with the most elevated focuses found. There was no unmistakable pattern distinguished in the snow tests, perhaps because of vertical blending of surface snow. Anthropogenic sources are suspected to have added to the lifted groupings of both cadmium and arsenic. So this insight is about the dirt contamination on Mount Everest. Keywords: Mount Everest, soil contamination RESEARCH INSIGHT Different specialists found that Everest contain potentially unsafe levels of the follow metals arsenic and cadmium. In 2006, the study's lead analyst Bill Yeo moved along Everest's Rongbuk Glacier and up the Northeast Ridge (one of the principle courses to the summit), gathering soil and snow tests and testing their follow component focus. The outcomes were educational. The majority of the examples had arsenic levels that surpassed the most extreme contaminant level (MCL) set by the U.S. Ecological Protection Agency – with a few examples containing five times the breaking point. Cadmium levels were in like manner above EPA rules in the majority of the snow tests yet fell underneath discernible breaking points in the dirt.[1,2] Source: Wikipedia. Other follow components, for example, mercury and lead, were at adequate levels. The specialists suspect that mechanical air contamination – especially from the ignition of fossil fills and the creation of nonferrous metals – in India and focal Asia are to a great extent to fault, since the
  • 12. IJGGE (2016) 24–30 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Different Types of Pollutants and Their Impact (Soil, Air and Water) Sonal Jain* Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India ABSTRACT Pollution is an environmental problem that can lead to – among other things – global warming, acid rain, and the ozone hole formation. The status of air pollution is changing and there are many different air pollutants contributing to it. Once pollutants are released into the air, they interact with each other in a complex manner depending on temperature, humidity and other environmental factors. Keywords: bioaerosol, pollution INTRODUCTION Depending on their form they are emitted and altered in the environment, in its reactive state pollutants can be of following types: Primary pollutants – Primary air(a) pollutants are those emitted directly from the identifiable sources. Majorly they are from the anthropogenic sources. Either they can directly and serve as precursors of secondary air pollutants (chemicals formed through reactions in the atmosphere). Examples are: finer particles(less than 100µ in diameter), coarse particles (greater than 100µ in diameter), sulfur compound, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxides, organic compounds. (b) Secondary pollutants – These are formed from the interaction of primary pollutant within the atmosphere. These pollutants are product of ambient chemical and photochemical reactions and various step involved in the formation of secondary pollutants and are influenced by many factors such as precursors, the humidity in the atmosphere, degree of photo- activation, meteorological forces and local topography. These primary and secondary air pollutants are studied widely across the globe. These pollutants are dependent directly or indirectly on the natural and anthropogenic activities as given in Table 1. Their emissions are also dependent on the different sources at different land use pattern. Among all primary and secondary pollutants the particulate matter (PM) load is found to be increasing due to more nature imbalance and anthropogenic activities. These increasing PM load draws global attention to study further their emission, dispersal, suspension mechanism and most important their adverse impact on human health.[1–3]
  • 13. IJGGE (2016) 31–32 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31 International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Editorial Note: Source of Pollutants – A Study of Soil Garima Agarwal Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India Soil is very important asset for future and ecosystem but day by day it’s going to be depleted and its direct impact is on various factors. Like recently various researchers found that the soil near to Himalayan regions, where they found that it can be contaminated very badly by arsenic and cadmium. Different studies on neighboring mountains have uncovered comparative discoveries showing the potential for various water sources to end up tainted. Other exploration has been performed at similar locales in Europe, Japan, Alaska, and New Zealand. Ponders in Antarctica discovered focuses three to four times lower than in Yeo's investigation, representing that the measure of arsenic and cadmium on Everest originated from human commitments. Source: Wikipedia. Another study from University of Southern Maine plans to comprehend the part of soil as a wellspring of pollutants. Nearly one- fifth of the world's surface is involved mountains that assume a part in the capacity and circulation of crisp water, with one-tenth of the total populace depending on that mountain snowpack as their sole wellspring of new water. So understanding the measure of contaminations in soil and snow is basic to keeping up the nature of elevated water sources. Scientists gathered soil tests from Mount Everest’s Rongbuk ice sheet and snow tests were taken from the upper east edge of the mountain. The examples were then examined for follow component focuses, including cadmium, nickel, zinc,
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