International Journal of Oncological Nursing vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of
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Oncological Nursing
International Journal of Oncological Nursing is an international peer reviewed Journal which publishes
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thepracticalutilityofthesubject.
Focus andScopeoftheJournal
! Medical oncology
! Radiation oncology
! Surgical oncology
! Gynecological oncology
! Pediatric oncology
! Ocular oncology
! Oncofertility
! Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
! Palliative care
! Clinical trials
! Malignancy, biopsy, endoscopy
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Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Ramesh Kumari
Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn-Taran,
India
Mr. Nitin Nayyar
Public Health Services & District Hospitals,
National Health Mission, Delhi State Health
Mission, New Delhi, India
Dr. Ubahara Sahayaraj
Centre for Addiction Medicine, National
Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
(Institute of National Importance),
Bangalore, India
Dr. Sutapa Agrawal
South Asia Network for Chronic Disease,
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon
(Haryana),
India.
Dr. Sukhpal kaur
　　　National Institute of Nursing Education,
PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
Dr. Gowrishankar Potturi
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Allianze
College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia
Dr. Bimla Rani
Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab,
India
Dr. Kedar G Mehta
Department of Community Medicine, GMERS
Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, India
Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi
Vignesh Nursing College, Tiruvannamalai,
India
Dr Anuja Chauhan
Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra,
(Himachal Pradesh), India
Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado
Psychiatric Nursing and Psychology RAK
Medical and Health Sciences University,
United Arab Emirates
Dr. E. Sinu
Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical
College, Manipal University, Manipal,
India
Dr. Jigar Mukesh Dhuvad
　　　　Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department,
Government Dental College and Hospital,
Ahmadabad, India
Dr. Pragya Pathak
　　　　　　　College of Nursing, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj
Institute of Biomedical Technologies,
Auckland University of Technology (AUT)
Auckland- New Zealand
Dr. Pratibha Swamy
College of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore,
India
Dr. Smriti Arora
Rufaida College of Nursing,
Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini
National Institute of Nursing Education,
PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
Dr. Asha P. Shetty
Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya
University, Deralakatte Mangalore, India
Dr. Sukhwinder Kaur
National Institute of Nursing Education
PGIMER,
India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. A Judie
SRM College of Nursing,
SRM University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Aman Moda
Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science,
Gandhinagar, India
Dr. Kawaljit Kaur
　　　　Department of Medical surgical Nursing,
Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran
(Punjab), India
Dr. Regina D Satvekar
Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University,
College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra),
India
Dr. Mala Thayumanavan
BGS Global Hospitals,
Bangalore, India
Dr. Christos F. Kleisiaris
Community Nursing, Technological
Educational Institute of Crete,
Greece
Dr. Ioanna V. Papathanasiou
Nursing Department, Technological Educational
Institute of Thessaly,
Greece
Dr. Vahitha.S.
College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post
Graduate Medical Education & Research,
Puducherry, India
Prof. AArvin Babu
Mental health Nursing, Sree Abirami Hospital
and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India
Achla Dagdu Gaikwad
Department of Nursing, NIMHANS,
Bangalore, India
Stella Sagaya Mary
Matha College of Nursing,
Nadu, India
Urmila D Bhardwaj
Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard University,
India
Naveen Herold Simon
Shri Venketeshwara University,
Gajrola, India
Sibin Joy Vayalil
Community Health Nursing Department,
Lourdes College of Nursing, kerala, India
Siva Jeya Anand T
Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala,
India
Prof. Dhanpal H.N.
Department of Psychiatric Nursing,
Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing,
India
Achla Dagdu Gaikwad
Department of Nursing, NIMHANS,
Bangalore, India
Dr. B. Tamilarasi
Madha College of Nursing, Chennai,
India
Kripa Angeline A.
Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College,
Puducherry, India

From the Editor's Desk
DearReaders,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly
Journal, International Journal of Oncological Nursing. This Journal is part of the Applied
Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to
application-dependentstudiesandthevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new Journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging
and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers
and practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Oncological Nursing in Journals Pub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. Journals Pub acts as a
pathfinderfor thescientificcommunitytopublishedtheirpapers atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journals of Immunological Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Medical oncology, Radiation oncology, Surgical oncology, Gynecological oncology, Pediatric oncology,
Ocular oncology, Oncofertility, Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, Palliative care, Clinical trials,
Malignancy,biopsy,endoscopy.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and
solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community.
We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative
platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the
fieldofNursing.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will
stimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofNursing.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. A Pre-experimental Study to Assess the Effect of Video Assisted Teaching (VAT) on Attitude,
Knowledge and Skill Regarding Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Among Staff Nurses
V.R. Vijay, T.M. Arun, S. Kumbhakar, S. Debnat, S. Sarka, P. Parida 1
2. Breast Cancer: A Threat to Women Well Being
Charanjit Kaur, Avondeep Dhaliwal, Damanpreet Kaur 7
3. Assessment of the Knowledge of Senior Secondary School Students Regarding Cancer, Its
Warning Signs and Treatment Modalities Among Selected Schools of District Faridkot,
Punjab in a View to Develop Self-Instructional Module Regarding Prevention of Cancer
Gian Mashi, Raj Rani 11
4. Lifestyle and Risk of Breast Cancer
Charanjit Kaur, Avondeep Dhaliwal, Damanpreet Kaur 16
5. A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on
Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Breast Cancer Among
Woman in Selected Community Phillaur (Punjab)
Babita Rani, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani 21
Contents

IJOnN (2016) 1-6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Oncological Nursing
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Pre-experimental Study to Assess the Effect of Video Assisted
Teaching (VAT) on Attitude, Knowledge and Skill Regarding
Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Among Staff Nurses
V.R. Vijay1*
, T.M. Arun2
, S. Kumbhakar1
, S. Debnat2
, S. Sarka2
, P. Parida2
1
Government College of Nursing, Uttar Pradesh Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (UP RIMS&
R),Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
SUM Nursing College, SOA University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
Abstract
Breast cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths after lung, stomach, liver and
colorectal cancers. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of video assisted
teaching (VAT) on attitude, knowledge and skill regarding breast self-examination (BSE) and
to find out the association between knowledge and skills of staff nurses with their selected
demographic variables. A pre experimental pretest–posttest research design was employed.
One hundred and thirty staff nurses working in selected hospitals of Bhubaneswar, Odisha
were included in the study. Subjects were prearranged on the basis of nonprobability
purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic data
and to assess knowledge and attitude whereas a checklist was used to assess the skill of the
subjects. The result shows that VAT has significantly improved attitude, knowledge and skill
of nurses regarding BSE. The study also revealed the presence of statistically significant
association between educational qualification and skill of performing BSE. The entire
subjects started doing BSE regularly as well as agreed to teach the patients regarding BSE
after the implementation of VAT.
Keywords: breast self-examination, staff nurses, video assisted teaching
INTRODUCTION
Globally, breast cancer is the most
common cancer among women,
comprising 23% of the female cancers.
Breast cancer is also the fifth most
common cause of cancer deaths after lung,
stomach, liver and colon cancers. The
annual worldwide prediction by American
cancer society about the severity of breast
cancer is terrifying, it reported that 1.3
million and 465,000 women will be
diagnosed and die with this disease
respectively.[1]
Not only the developed
countries but the less developed countries
also suffer from the mortalities and
morbidities inflicted by breast cancer. The
reasons could be a change in life style or
lack of awareness about the advancement
happened in the arena of cancer.[2]
Even
though breast cancer rates are low in
Asian countries, the incidence of breast
cancer in India is rising at an alarming rate
and has become the second most common
cancer affecting Indian women.[3]
In India,
it was estimated that 80,000 new breast
cancer cases are diagnosed annually and
one in every 22 women can be a victim of
breast cancer during their life span.[4]
Early screening and detection of breast
cancer is important for the good prognosis
of cancer management. Here comes the
role of Breast Self-Examination (BSE),
where women observe their breast and

IJOnN (2016) 7–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Breast Cancer: A Threat to Women Well Being
Charanjit Kaur1
, Avondeep Dhaliwal2*
, Damanpreet Kaur3
1
Institute of Nursing, University Regional Centre, Goindwal Sahib, Tarn Taran, India
2
Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery Nursing, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh, India
3
Division of Community Health Nursing, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh, India
A women’s health is her capital. Her
health status affects the whole family as
she is considered as a pillar of a family.
While passing through different phases of
her life, she plays an important role in
holding a family. Now a days utmost
importance is given to women health all
over the world through various health
programmes. But despite these efforts, In
developing countries women bear a triple
burden of ill-health, that includes:
complications of pregnancy and childbirth,
communicable diseases i.e. malaria, HIV
and TB as well as other neglected tropical
diseases and the emerging threat of non-
communicable diseases, involves breast
cancer.[1]
Breast cancer is a major health challenge
in all over the world. It is the most
common invasive cancer and a leading
cause of death among women with an
estimated 1.7 million new cases diagnosed
each year worldwide. Breast cancer
incidence rate is rapidly increasing,
especially in the developing countries.[2,3]
It is now ranked as the first among
diagnosed cancers in women. Worldwide
in women, almost 22.9% of all cancers are
the breast cancers.[4]
For the past many years, people have
believed that breast cancer is a condition
that can occur to only older women.
Currently, the major emphasis is on the
prevention, early detection and treatment
of breast cancer. However, in the Western
community, the disease can also strike at a
younger age. Due to this, physicians and
cancer groups have recommended women
to get baseline mammograms at the age of
40. American Cancer Society (2012) has
recommended that women should be
educated regarding the advantages of
conducting a monthly Breast Self-
Examination starting from the age of 20.[5]
Prevention of breast cancer is the prime
basis for the fight against it, and
knowledge regarding it is the key for
prevention. Though, different preventive
methods have been proposed, however,
they remain inaccessible to women in
developing countries. Also lack of
availability of proper diagnostic and
curative facilities adds onto it. This is the
reason, breast cancer is silently killing
women, specifically those who have no
knowledge and yet continue to be ignorant
regarding breast cancer and its screening
methods.[6]
Breast cancer no longer remains a rare
condition, and every woman wishes to be
aware of her chances of suffering and the
various factors that put her at a higher risk.
The exact cause of breast cancer is still
unknown, however certain risk factors
known to increase a woman’s chance of
getting breast cancer such as dietary
factors, use of oral contraceptives, old age
and family history. In India, the average
age when breast cancer is detected is about
10 years lesser as compared to that of

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Assessment of the Knowledge of Senior Secondary School
Students Regarding Cancer, Its Warning Signs and Treatment
Modalities Among Selected Schools of District Faridkot, Punjab
in a View to Develop Self-Instructional Module Regarding
Prevention of Cancer
Gian Mashi*
, Raj Rani
University College of Nursing, Faridkot, Punjab, India
Abstract
Cancer is an enormous global health burden, touching every region and socioeconomic level. Today,
cancer accounts for one in every eight deaths worldwide more than HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and
malaria combined. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of senior secondary school
students regarding cancer, its warning signs and treatment modalities in the selected senior
secondary schools Faridkot district. A descriptive, cross-sectional, study was conducted on students
of Senior Secondary Schools in District Faridkot, Punjab. Sample was 240 students of senior
secondary schools. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 120 students from two
government schools and 120 students from two private schools. 60 senior secondary school students,
30 students from 10+1 (15 from arts and 15 from science) and 30 students from 10+2 (15 from arts
and 15 from science) were taken from each govt. and private school. Self-structured questionnaire
related to assessment of knowledge of senior secondary school students regarding cancer, its warning
signs and treatment modalities were used for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that
(89.6%) students had adequate knowledge and (10.4%) students had inadequate knowledge regarding
cancer, its warning signs and treatment modalities. The mean score of students was 22.46. In sub-
content areas, (83.30%) study subjects had adequate knowledge regarding cancer, 75% of students
had adequate knowledge regarding its warning signs and 97.5% of students had adequate knowledge
regarding treatment modalities. 84.2% students of govt. school had adequate knowledge and 95%
students of private school had adequate knowledge. Mean score of govt. school was 21.81 and 23.12
of private school. The t-test value was 2.773 and p-value was 0.000. It is significant at p<0.05. So
there was significant difference between the knowledge of government and private senior secondary
school students. The private school had more knowledge than govt. school. Chi square test was
computed to find the relationship of knowledge of senior secondary school regarding cancer, its
warning signs and treatment modalities with selected variables i.e. gender, age, school, class, stream,
religion, place of living, types of family, education status of father, education status of mother,
occupation of father and mother, family income, heard about cancer and sources of knowledge of
cancer. The knowledge about cancer, its warning signs and treatment modalities was found to be
significant at p value 0.05 with the religion, education of father, family income and type of school.
The knowledge of private school students was found significantly higher than government school
students.
Keywords: cancer, knowledge, senior secondary school students, warning signs and treatment
modalities
INTRODUCTION
The term cancer is an umbrella word used
to describe a group of more than 100
diseases in which cells multiply and spread
without control, destroying healthy tissue
and endangering life. More than 60% of all

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Lifestyle and Risk of Breast Cancer
Charanjit Kaur1
, Avondeep Dhaliwal2
*, Damanpreet Kaur3
1
Institute of Nursing, University Regional Centre, Goindwal Sahib, Tarn-Taran, Punjab, India
2
Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery Nursing, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh, India
3
Department of Cardiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
LIFE STYLE AND RISK OF BREAST
CANCER
Nowadays, non-communicable diseases
are of major concern in area of health care.
Life style is one of the main risk factor for
non-communicable diseases such as
cancers, stroke, cardiovascular diseases
and diabetes. Life style mainly includes:
diet, physical activity, tobacco abuse and
risky behaviours.[1]
Breast cancer is a global health problem
comprising 23% of the female cancers and
the most common cancer amongst
women.[2]
Women in any age group are at
risk to develop breast cancer but the risks
increases with increasing age.[3]
Despite
many advanced technologies have been
developed to detect breast cancer, still
death rate remains high. Breast cancer is
the main cause of cancer mortality in
women aged 40–44 years old.[4,5]
The higher incidences generally seen in
developed countries due to life style.
Increased life expectancy, urbanization
and adoption of western lifestyles have
increased the incidence of breast cancer.
The upward trend in breast cancer globally
and in India has become a matter of great
concern.[6]
The exact aetiology of breast cancer is not
well known. However, several risk factors
have been suggested to have an influence
on the development of this malignant
tumour. Identifying risk factors of breast
cancer is a main keyhole for preventive
strategies to reduce the incidence. The
known most important determinant factors
for breast cancer incidence include: age,
family history, genetics, personal history
of breast cancer, radiation exposure,
race/ethnicity, being overweight, hormone
replacement therapy (HRT),
pregnancy/breast feeding and menstrual
history, using drinking alcohol, smoking,
having dense breast, lack of exercise,
lifestyle and environmental factors.[1]
In order to reduce the incidence of breast
cancer, awareness regarding specific risk
factors related to life style is must. Higher
risk is found to be associated with higher
standard of living, frequent intake of deep
fried food, higher B.M.I, higher per capita
protein and more fat consumption.[6]
Obesity is one of the modifiable risk factor
for breast cancer, whereas several of the
long-established risk factors are non-
modifiable (family history and genotype,
age at menarche, number of pregnancies,
ages at pregnancy and age at menopause).
The relation between obesity and breast
cancer risk is important because obesity is
the main contributing factor for a number
of cases of breast cancer.[7]
A systematic review and meta-analysis
showed that obesity (BMI more than 30),
over weight (BMI = 25–30), meat
consumption more than three times in a
week, smoking, physical activity less than
5.5 h/w, first pregnancy more than 30
years old are the risk factors for breast

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of
Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Attitude
Regarding Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Breast Cancer
Among Woman in Selected Community Phillaur (Punjab)
Babita Rani, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani*
Bharat College of Nursing, Jalandhar, Punjab
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing since 1950s. Presently 1 of every 8
women will acquire breast cancer four times in her life. Risk factors include ageing, personal
and family history of cancer, early age at menarchy, and late age at menopause. Breast
cancer prevention is the main stream focus for research today.
Keywords: breast cancer, early diagnosis, prevention, structured teaching programme
INTRODUCTION
Tumors of the breast arise in the epithelial
cells either ductal or lobular tissues and are
referred to carcinomas. Female gender and
aging are the most significant risk factors
for breast cancer.[1]
Breast is divided into
four quadrants, which are upper inner,
upper outer, lower inner and lower outer.
Most breast tumors are located in upper
outer quadrant, but they can occur in any
area of breast.[2]
Breast carcinoma needs
prompt investigations and treatment
comprising surgery followed by radiation
therapy and chemotherapy as the need
be.[3]
A comparison of estimated cancer
incidence and death rate figures reveals
that breast cancer accounts for about one
third (31%) of all cancer detected in
women and 15% of all cancer related
deaths.[4,5]
Breast cancer is the most
common cancer in women worldwide,
comprising 16% of all female cancers. It is
estimated that 519,000 women died in
2004 due to breast cancer, and although
breast cancer is thought to be a disease of
the developed world, a majority (69%) of
all breast cancer deaths occurs in
developing countries (WHO Global
Burden of Disease, 2004). Incidence rates
vary greatly worldwide, with age
standardized rates as high as 99.4 per
100,000 in North America. Eastern
Europe, South America, Southern Africa,
and Western Asia have moderate incidence
rates, but these are increasing. The lowest
incidence rates are found in most African
countries but here breast cancer incidence
rates are also increasing.[6–13]
Breast cancer is the second leading
malpractice-related condition with most
lawsuits arising out of misdiagnosis and
delayed treatment. One problem is that a
mammogram may be negative, even for
women with a breast lump, but a negative
mammogram does not definitively rule out
breast cancer, further tests are necessary.
Another problem is that women under 50
can get breast cancer. Breast cancer is
fairly common because of its well-

International Journal of Oncological Nursing vol 2 issue 1

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International Journal of Oncological Nursing vol 2 issue 1