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![IJNN (2016) 24–30 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on Graphene Oxide Composites
S. Nandhini, M. Devasena*
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
Abstract
Addition of inert nanomaterials to cement composites is gaining interest. Graphene Oxide is
one such inert additive which can impart modifications in cement hydration, improve
strength and durability of cement based materials. Research on graphene oxide (GO) is
intensified in the recent years for its versatile applications emanating from its very small
particle size. This comprehensive review will provide the fundamentals of GO and
understand the effects of GO addition on the immediate and long term properties of cement
composite systems.
Keywords: graphene oxide, dispersion, cement composite, compressive strength
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely used cement
composite since it bears many advantages
such as low cost, easy availability of
constituents along with high strength and
durability. However, disadvantages such
as low tensile and flexural strength
coupled with brittleness have promoted
research on addition of nanomaterials such
as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide,
titanium oxide, nanosilica, and
nanoalumina to concrete. Nano scale
reinforcement of cement composite is an
emerging technology that is expected to
fix the shortcomings of conventional
concrete. Graphene oxide (GO), a well-
studied nanomaterial possesses high
mechanical and tensile strength, high
Young’s modulus and therefore can be
best applied to strengthen the cement
composites. It has fracture strength of 130
GPa, 200 times higher than that of steel,
and a Young’s modulus of 1 TPa, identical
to that of diamond (1.2 TPa). GO is a form
of graphene with oxygen containing
functional groups acting as binders
between GO and cement.[1]
The benefits of
introduction of GO in cement composite
systems include obtainment of elastic,
lightweight and extremely strong material.
The physical and chemical properties such
as reactivity, sensitivity, and
agglomeration capacity of GO strongly
influence the overall properties of GO
added cement composite. Addition of GO
is expected to improve the degree of
hydration of the cement paste and increase
the density of the cement matrix thus
creating a more durable product.
Fundamental understanding of GO and
past studies related to GO application is
essential for increased research in this
area.
This is a summary paper on the work done
with usage of GO as replacement of
Portland cement at various ratios to
improve the mechanical properties of
concrete. Usage of GO as an antibacterial
agent in improving the life of concrete is
also discussed in this review. The
influence of GO nanoparticles on rate of
hydration and compressive strength are
also reviewed.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofnanomaterialsandnanostructuresvol2issue1-170304050430/75/International-Journal-of-Nanomaterials-and-Nanostructures-vol-2-issue-1-10-2048.jpg)
![IJNN (2016) 35–46 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 35
International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Nanotechnologies for the Future
Dalvinder Singh Grewal*
Desh Bhagat University, Punjab, India
Abstract
The needs of the world are growing while the sources are decreasing. The existing systems
have not been able to cope up this developing situation. It is likely that with the fast
increasing population will worsen this situation. All types of sciences, commerce and arts
have not been able to provide the solutions to this situation so far. Nanotechnology is the new
field which provides us some hope to meet the growing challenges. New wonder
nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, bucky-balls, dendrimers, quantum dots,
nanocrystals, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, silver nanowire and other
such nanosized particles have brought a change in the materials at a surface level but need
now is changing the redundant systems into new workable nanotechnology systems which
could provide worthwhile solutions to the ever growing problems. This concept paper aims at
delineating the role of Nanotechnology in the new world.
Keywords: buildings, energy, health, nanotechnologies, space
INTRODUCTION
The world has grown too big over the
years and requires very large scale
solutions. The various knowledge-sources
provide some solutions but the
continuously growing problems are going
out of hands. The mushrooming of
buildings, factories, automobiles, roads
etc., has not only occupied large
productive lands but also are spreading
uncontrollable pollution. Men want shelter
for which they build houses and occupy
valuable spaces; they want mobility for
which they create cars, buses, trains,
aircrafts and even spacecrafts and to run
them they build roads, rails, bridges and
airports all occupying large spaces and
eating into existing resources.
Men fall sick by the polluted environment
for which they use numerous hospitals and
tons of medicines. They need eatables for
which they want various food items
including vegetables. They need water to
irrigate fields, build reservoirs and dams
for canals and electricity. These too
occupy vast spaces needing vast lands and
resources. This way our earth is now
occupied much beyond its capacity. The
way the population of the world is growing
no space will be left for human beings,
animals, plants or any other type of life
requiring space. This is essentially a set of
problem which needs urgent solutions.[1–5]
Can we spare this space for nature’s
growth? Can be stop these pollutions? Can
we have better treatment or control of
diseases? Can we move unhindered in the
open space and enjoy the nature’s beauty?
Can we have better solution for our food
chain? These and many more questions
need to be answered. For this we have to
change the systems which go on increasing
the burden on the limited earth space and
resources.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofnanomaterialsandnanostructuresvol2issue1-170304050430/75/International-Journal-of-Nanomaterials-and-Nanostructures-vol-2-issue-1-12-2048.jpg)
![IJNN (2016) 47–49 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 47
International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport Model
Mayank Sharma*
Department of Nanotechnology, Semiconductor Research and Development Center, IBM, Bangalore, India
Abstract
Nanowire MOSFETs are perceived as a standout amongst the most encouraging possibility
to expand Moore's law into nanoelectronics period. This paper audits the procedure,
application, gadget material science and minimal demonstrating of Gate All around (GAA)
nanowire MOSFETs. The most broadly utilized techniques for nanowire combination have
been examined. The paper shows the different gadget enhancement methods and scaling
capability of nanowire transistors. A process sensitivity study of silicon nanowire transistors
at the end of the paper justifies the theory of nanowire FETs to carry forward the
downscaling of MOSFETs in the sub-10 nm regime.
Keywords: nanowire, scaling, MOSFET, VLS
INTRODUCTION
The steady journey for execution change
of electronic gadgets is basically fulfilled
by lessening the extent of their dynamic
segments, the transistors. Scaling of
semiconductor gadgets to the nanoscale
administration can prompt gadget
execution upgrades. These incorporate
decrease in working voltage, expanded
velocity and more noteworthy bundling
densities.[1]
The more an IC is down
scaled, the higher turns into its pressing
thickness, the higher its circuit speed, and
the lower its energy dissipation.[2,3]
OVERVIEW OF NANOWIRES
Following the revelation of Carbon
Nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima, there has
been awesome enthusiasm for the
amalgamation and portrayal of other One
Dimensional (1D) structures, which
incorporate nanowires (NWs), Nanorods
and Nanobelts.[4,5]
Inorganic NWs can go
about as dynamic parts in gadgets, as
uncovered by late examinations. In the
most recent 4–5 years, Nanowires of
different inorganic materials have been
blended and characterized.[6]
A Nanowire
is an article with a 1D angle in which the
proportion of the length to the width is
more prominent than 10 and the width
does not surpass a couple of several
nanometers. Today, this definition has
been extended to atomic and molecular
wires, which have proved to exhibit very
interesting physical properties without
necessarily having the geometrical
characteristics, defined earlier. Nanowires
represent the smallest dimension for
efficient transport of electrons and
excitons. Thus, they will be used as
interconnects and critical devices in
nanoelectronics and nano-
optoelectronics.[7,8]
They are especially
attractive for nano-science studies as well
as for nanotechnology applications.
Nanowires, compared to other low
dimensional systems, have two quantum
confined directions, while still leaving one
unconfined direction for electrical
conduction.[9]
Today, different types of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofnanomaterialsandnanostructuresvol2issue1-170304050430/75/International-Journal-of-Nanomaterials-and-Nanostructures-vol-2-issue-1-13-2048.jpg)
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- 6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr.Nitu R Katariya Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal (M.P.) India, India Dr Kalaivani Thirunavukarasu SRM University, India Dr. Sohel Rana University of Minho, Campus de Azurem Portugal Dr. Alagiri Swamy SRM university Main Campus, India Dr. Alexander Samardak Far Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation Dr. Swapnadip De Meghnad Saha Institute Of Technology, India Dr Jay Singh Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India Dr. Tapas Kuila DST INSPIRE Faculty Fellow, India Dr. Suresh Kumar Kailas S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), India Dr. Lavanya khanna Thapar University, Patiala, India Dr. Saeed Khodabakhshi Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Tehran, Iran Dr Prashanthi Kovur University of Alberta, Canada Dr. Michael Loong Peng Tan Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering (ECE) Faculty of Electrical Enginering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai Johor Malaysia Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh Associate Professor Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored) Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, (College with Potential for Excellence) Durg Chhattisgarh, India Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal Advisor, Sri Sukhmani Group of Institutions ChandigarhIn Dr. Neetha J. Shetty Associate Professor, Manipal college of dental sciences Mangalore, India Dr. Rajesh Das Associate Professor Haldia Institute of technology, Haldia Purba-Medinipur, West Bengal, India., India Dr. Aniruddha Chatterjee Deptment of Plastics and Polymers Technology University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon India Dr. S. Krishnakumar Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama University Chennai, India, India Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal, Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal (FTA(I), FISCA, FICER, FIJERIA, FIJMRAE, FANSF) Associate Professor Department of Textile Chemistry Faculty of Technology & Engineering The M. S. University of Baroda vadodara India Dr. Shobhna Vij, niscair, nsl, new delhi, India Dr. Pradip Kumar Roy Assistant Professor Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T.) – Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.),Varanasi
- 7. From the Editor'sDesk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures. This journal is part of the Nanomaterials and Nanostructures and is devoted to the scope of present Nanotech and Material Sciences from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validationofemergingtechnologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nanotech and MaterialSciencescommunity,addressing researchersand practitionersinthisarea. The core vision of International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nanotech and Material Sciences in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers atexcellently,well-time&successfully. International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Nanomaterial sciences and Material Structure. Zero- One and two -Dimensional Nanostructures,Special Nanomaterials, Nanostructures Fabrication, Nanomaterials synthesis, Nanotopography, Nanocomposite,GML nanofilm, Nanocages, Nanofabrics ,Nanofiber, Nanoflake, Nanoparticles:Metalsand MetalAlloys,NanoMinerals:Nanoclays The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques to share Nanomaterials,Nanostructuresand Materialsciencessolutionsinthearea. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nanomaterial and Nanostructures community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofNanomaterialsciencesand Nanostructure This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nanomaterialand Nanostructures PuneetMehrotra ManagingDirector
- 8. 1. Expedition toNanosynthesis: A Review P. Chowdhury, A. Banerjee, U. Gangopadhyay, S. Roy 1 2. Review on Graphene Oxide Composites S. Nandhini, M. Devasena 24 3. Gold Nanoparticles and Its Preparation Dinesh Singh 31 4. Nanotechnologies for the Future Col. Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal 35 5. Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport Model Mayank Sharma 47 Contents
- 9. IJNN (2016) 1–23© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1 International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1 www.journalspub.com Expedition to Nanosynthesis: A Review P. Chowdhury1 , A. Banerjee2 , U. Gangopadhyay3 , S. Roy4 * 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata, India 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India 3 Project Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Meghnath Saha Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India 4 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India Abstract Semiconducting metal oxide (like SnO2, ZnO, Ga2O3, Co3O4,TiO2, WO3, etc.) based gas sensors are widely used for the detection of the gases like H2, CO, Nox, CH4 and other hydrocarbons due to its smaller particle size as well as higher surface to volume ratio. Presently several nanoforms of metal oxides like rods, combs, rings, springs, wires, belts, propellers are becoming popular in the field of optoelectronics, ultra-sensitive nanosized gas sensors, nanoresonators etc. for their interesting properties compared to their bulk counterpart. These distinctive features of nanostructures definitely demonstrate that metal oxides are probably the richest family of nanostructures amongst all materials. Nanocrystalline thin films of metal oxide can be produced by different methods like sputtering, spray pyrolysis, CVD, sol–gel, etc. This article provides a comprehensive review of current research activities that concentrate on synthesis of nanostructures based on nanotubes, nanorods, nanosprings, and nanowires. Most emphasis has been given on the experimental principle that is synthesis techniques with some important parameters. Synthesis procedures are elaborated. This review is aimed for the direction towards which future research on nanostructured sensors might be directed. Keywords: nanobelts, nanorods, nanosprings, nanotubes, nanowires INTRODUCTION With the advent of nanotechnology and nanoengineering, many research efforts have been made to work on one- dimensional nanostructured materials, including nanotubes, nanorods, nano flakes and nanowires and eventually several articles were published every year. Semiconductor compounds have drawn much attention during the last few years because of their novel optical and transport properties which have great potential for many optoelectronic applications. To fit the need of different temperatures, scientists were looking for large intrinsic band gap semiconductor materials so as to expand the exhaustion regions. Extremely small size of these particles would result in quantum confinement of the photo- generated electron-hole pair, leading to a blue shift in the absorption spectrum. Some structures are nearly symmetrical. As for example rods and wires are basically alike only the length is varying. In case of wires the length is hundred times larger than nanorod. There are various characterization techniques to
- 10. IJNN (2016) 24–30© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24 International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1 www.journalspub.com Review on Graphene Oxide Composites S. Nandhini, M. Devasena* Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, India Abstract Addition of inert nanomaterials to cement composites is gaining interest. Graphene Oxide is one such inert additive which can impart modifications in cement hydration, improve strength and durability of cement based materials. Research on graphene oxide (GO) is intensified in the recent years for its versatile applications emanating from its very small particle size. This comprehensive review will provide the fundamentals of GO and understand the effects of GO addition on the immediate and long term properties of cement composite systems. Keywords: graphene oxide, dispersion, cement composite, compressive strength INTRODUCTION Concrete is the most widely used cement composite since it bears many advantages such as low cost, easy availability of constituents along with high strength and durability. However, disadvantages such as low tensile and flexural strength coupled with brittleness have promoted research on addition of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, titanium oxide, nanosilica, and nanoalumina to concrete. Nano scale reinforcement of cement composite is an emerging technology that is expected to fix the shortcomings of conventional concrete. Graphene oxide (GO), a well- studied nanomaterial possesses high mechanical and tensile strength, high Young’s modulus and therefore can be best applied to strengthen the cement composites. It has fracture strength of 130 GPa, 200 times higher than that of steel, and a Young’s modulus of 1 TPa, identical to that of diamond (1.2 TPa). GO is a form of graphene with oxygen containing functional groups acting as binders between GO and cement.[1] The benefits of introduction of GO in cement composite systems include obtainment of elastic, lightweight and extremely strong material. The physical and chemical properties such as reactivity, sensitivity, and agglomeration capacity of GO strongly influence the overall properties of GO added cement composite. Addition of GO is expected to improve the degree of hydration of the cement paste and increase the density of the cement matrix thus creating a more durable product. Fundamental understanding of GO and past studies related to GO application is essential for increased research in this area. This is a summary paper on the work done with usage of GO as replacement of Portland cement at various ratios to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. Usage of GO as an antibacterial agent in improving the life of concrete is also discussed in this review. The influence of GO nanoparticles on rate of hydration and compressive strength are also reviewed.
- 11. IJNN (2016) 31–34© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31 International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1 www.journalspub.com Gold Nanoparticles and Its Preparation Dinesh Singh* Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India Abstract Among the colorimetric detection tactics, metallic nanoparticle based detection is gaining more attention due to quickness and less resource requirement at the point of use. Unique chemical inertness, shape, size and optical attributes of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) make them ideal for various diagnostic tools. In this approach synthesized GNPs were stabilized by citrate counter ions. These GNPs were characterized for their optical properties, shape, size, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. Absorption maxima (λmax) were observed at 519.8 nm with the average particle size of 34.8 nm. Transmission electron microscopy also revealed that the average size of GNPs were about 35 nm. Negative zeta potential (– 43.2 mV) indicates presence of negative charge at the surface of GNPs. To find the stability of GNPs in buffer, two buffers (borate and phosphate) having different pH (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5) and same molarity (0.1 M) were evaluated with a purpose to determine the suitable buffer required for conjugation of GNPs to antibody for lateral flow assays. Keywords: antibody, citrate reduction, dynamic light scattering, gold nanoparticles, size distribution, zeta potential INTRODUCTION In recent years, metal nanoparticles have attracted an increasing attention in different fields of sciences because of their easy biofunctionalization, high surface area and spectral properties. Nanoparticles are typically in the size range of 1–100 nm (1 nm=10-9 ). Due to their small size they comprise unusual physical, chemical and optical properties which makes them very important for diagnostic, biological and biomedical purposes. Widely used nanoparticles are, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs or GNPs), quantum dots and super paramagnetic nanoparticles. Among these nanoparticles, GNPs are one of the most useful nanoparticles in medical, chemical and biological sciences. GNPs are employed as anti-aging components for skin protection, to treat wool or cotton fibres for a permanent coloration of value textiles, polymer/gold nanocomposites for novel coatings and paintings, as catalysts, labelling cancer cells, radiotherapy and light based therapy for cancer, scaffolds to couple carbohydrates and protein, in gene therapy. The GNPs of 15–40 nm size range can also be used in fabrication of smart sensing devices such as lateral-flow devices, lateral-flow immunoassay in biomedical sciences as diagnostic tools. GNPs exhibits high sensitivity for the detection due to characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption properties. Size, shape, dielectric properties, and local environmental conditions of the GNPs strongly affect the resonance frequency. Due to aggregation tendency the colour of GNPs may range from red to purple, to blue and almost black. In colloidal solutions, GNPs are wine red in colour with the λmax at 520 nm which can be visualized easily without any
- 12. IJNN (2016) 35–46© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 35 International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1 www.journalspub.com Nanotechnologies for the Future Dalvinder Singh Grewal* Desh Bhagat University, Punjab, India Abstract The needs of the world are growing while the sources are decreasing. The existing systems have not been able to cope up this developing situation. It is likely that with the fast increasing population will worsen this situation. All types of sciences, commerce and arts have not been able to provide the solutions to this situation so far. Nanotechnology is the new field which provides us some hope to meet the growing challenges. New wonder nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, bucky-balls, dendrimers, quantum dots, nanocrystals, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, silver nanowire and other such nanosized particles have brought a change in the materials at a surface level but need now is changing the redundant systems into new workable nanotechnology systems which could provide worthwhile solutions to the ever growing problems. This concept paper aims at delineating the role of Nanotechnology in the new world. Keywords: buildings, energy, health, nanotechnologies, space INTRODUCTION The world has grown too big over the years and requires very large scale solutions. The various knowledge-sources provide some solutions but the continuously growing problems are going out of hands. The mushrooming of buildings, factories, automobiles, roads etc., has not only occupied large productive lands but also are spreading uncontrollable pollution. Men want shelter for which they build houses and occupy valuable spaces; they want mobility for which they create cars, buses, trains, aircrafts and even spacecrafts and to run them they build roads, rails, bridges and airports all occupying large spaces and eating into existing resources. Men fall sick by the polluted environment for which they use numerous hospitals and tons of medicines. They need eatables for which they want various food items including vegetables. They need water to irrigate fields, build reservoirs and dams for canals and electricity. These too occupy vast spaces needing vast lands and resources. This way our earth is now occupied much beyond its capacity. The way the population of the world is growing no space will be left for human beings, animals, plants or any other type of life requiring space. This is essentially a set of problem which needs urgent solutions.[1–5] Can we spare this space for nature’s growth? Can be stop these pollutions? Can we have better treatment or control of diseases? Can we move unhindered in the open space and enjoy the nature’s beauty? Can we have better solution for our food chain? These and many more questions need to be answered. For this we have to change the systems which go on increasing the burden on the limited earth space and resources.
- 13. IJNN (2016) 47–49© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 47 International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1 www.journalspub.com Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport Model Mayank Sharma* Department of Nanotechnology, Semiconductor Research and Development Center, IBM, Bangalore, India Abstract Nanowire MOSFETs are perceived as a standout amongst the most encouraging possibility to expand Moore's law into nanoelectronics period. This paper audits the procedure, application, gadget material science and minimal demonstrating of Gate All around (GAA) nanowire MOSFETs. The most broadly utilized techniques for nanowire combination have been examined. The paper shows the different gadget enhancement methods and scaling capability of nanowire transistors. A process sensitivity study of silicon nanowire transistors at the end of the paper justifies the theory of nanowire FETs to carry forward the downscaling of MOSFETs in the sub-10 nm regime. Keywords: nanowire, scaling, MOSFET, VLS INTRODUCTION The steady journey for execution change of electronic gadgets is basically fulfilled by lessening the extent of their dynamic segments, the transistors. Scaling of semiconductor gadgets to the nanoscale administration can prompt gadget execution upgrades. These incorporate decrease in working voltage, expanded velocity and more noteworthy bundling densities.[1] The more an IC is down scaled, the higher turns into its pressing thickness, the higher its circuit speed, and the lower its energy dissipation.[2,3] OVERVIEW OF NANOWIRES Following the revelation of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima, there has been awesome enthusiasm for the amalgamation and portrayal of other One Dimensional (1D) structures, which incorporate nanowires (NWs), Nanorods and Nanobelts.[4,5] Inorganic NWs can go about as dynamic parts in gadgets, as uncovered by late examinations. In the most recent 4–5 years, Nanowires of different inorganic materials have been blended and characterized.[6] A Nanowire is an article with a 1D angle in which the proportion of the length to the width is more prominent than 10 and the width does not surpass a couple of several nanometers. Today, this definition has been extended to atomic and molecular wires, which have proved to exhibit very interesting physical properties without necessarily having the geometrical characteristics, defined earlier. Nanowires represent the smallest dimension for efficient transport of electrons and excitons. Thus, they will be used as interconnects and critical devices in nanoelectronics and nano- optoelectronics.[7,8] They are especially attractive for nano-science studies as well as for nanotechnology applications. Nanowires, compared to other low dimensional systems, have two quantum confined directions, while still leaving one unconfined direction for electrical conduction.[9] Today, different types of
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