International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures vol 2 issue 1

Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,
Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: info@journalspub.com
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and
Applications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering
¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design
¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing
¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design
« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology
« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies
« International Journal of Digital Electronics
« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement
Planning
« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure
Planning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning
Development
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...
2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering
« International Journal of Wireless Network Security
« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis
« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices
« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing
« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials
« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its
Commercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
« International Journal of Agrochemistry
« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering
« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
« International Journal of Concrete Technology
« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis
« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering
« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits
« International Journal of Automatic Control System
« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives
« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering
« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damage
Mechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanics
and Finite Elements
5 more...
4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology
« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules
« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications
3 more...
Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
« International Journal of Neurological Nursing
« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your A
rticle2016
www.journalspub.com
International Journal of
Nanomaterials &
Nanostructures
IJNN
JAN – JUN 2016

International Journals Publisher
JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work
by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our
Honorable EditorialBoard Members from renownedinstitutes.
ObjectivesofJournalsPub
üJournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of
AppliedSciences,MedicalandEngineering.
üJournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short
Communications&CaseStudy.
üPublishingspecialissues on Proceedingsof Conferences,SeminarsandSymposia.
üJournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online
(openaccess)andinprintedversionwithagoaltopromoteanextensiveacademicawareness.
üJournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+
new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the
research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary
technologies.
üJournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial
Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical
andEngineeringtocontributeandcommunicateinnovativework.
SalientFeatures
üAn umbrellaof 100+ journalsthatcoversAppliedSciences,MedialandEngineeringArena.
üThe first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its
excellenceandexposure.
üUniversaltransmissionandreflectivity.
üARigorous, Fast andConstructivePeerReviewProcess
üSpeedyPublicationof Manuscripts
üEminentEditorialBoardMembersfromrenownedorganizations.
üFreeRegistration,OnlineSubmission, Processing, Publication&OnlineAccessofManuscripts.
üThejournalpublishesnovelresearcharticleswithemphasison theoreticalandexperimentalwork.
Nanomaterials
and Nanostructures

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,
CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and
opinionsexpressedintheJournalreflecttheviews oftheAuthor(s) andarenottheopinionofJournalsPub unless so stated.
Subscription Information and Order
Cost of Journal
National Subscription
?Rs. 3000/-perJournal(includes2 printissues), SingleIssue copypurchaseRs.1800/copy
International Subscription
?OnlineOnly- $99, PrintOnly-$149 (includes2printissues)
?Online+ Print-$199(includes2printissues +onlineaccessof publishedbackvolumes)
To purchaseprintcompilationof backissues pleasesendyourqueryatinfo@journalspub.com
Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without
notice.
Mode of Payment:At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd.,
payableatDelhi/NewDelhi.
OnlineAccess Policy
A). ForAuthors:
In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have OpenAccess Policy;
Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as
follows:
India,SARC andAfricanCountries:INR 1500 includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
OtherCountries:USD 200includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
B.) ForSubscribers:
Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct
informationonuser details/StaticIPaddress of thesubscriber.
The accesswillbeblocked:
If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights
as pertheaccesspolicy.
Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media
for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc.These
journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.
The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very
welcome.
LostIssue Claims:Pleasenotethefollowingwhen applyingfor lostor missingissues:
Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue
as perthefrequency.
Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be
entertainedonlywiththeproofs whichwillbeverifiedatboththeends.
Claimsfiledduetoinsufficient(or nonotice)ofchangeof address willnotbehonored.
Change ofAddress of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per
thefrequencyby mentioningsubscriberID andthesubscriptionID.
Refundrequestswillnotbeentertained.
LegalDisputes
AllthelegaldisputesaresubjectedtoDelhiJurisdictiononly.
If you haveanyquestions,pleasecontactthePublicationManagementTeam:
info@journalspub.com;Tel:+910120-4347644.

Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
International Journal of Nanomaterial and Nanostructures is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects
of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing
research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are
related to NanoMaterials and Nanostructures All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good
quality.
Focus andScopeoftheJournal
! Zero- One and two -Dimensional Nanostructures
! Special Nanomaterials
! Nanostructures Fabrication
! Nanomaterials synthesis
! Nanotopography
! Nanocomposite
! GML nanofilm
! Nanocages
! Nanofabrics
! Nanofiber
! Nanoflake
! Nanoparticles: Metals and Metal Alloys
! Nano Minerals: Nanoclays
International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by
JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not
essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the
advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing
aprescriptionfor anyproductsmentionedinthispublication.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written
permissiontothepublisher.
To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English
reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub
(info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
Chairman
Mr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,
JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Nitu R Katariya
Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal
(M.P.) India, India
Dr Kalaivani Thirunavukarasu
SRM University,
India
Dr. Sohel Rana
University of Minho, Campus de Azurem Portugal
Dr. Alagiri Swamy
SRM university Main Campus, India
Dr. Alexander Samardak
Far Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation
Dr. Swapnadip De
Meghnad Saha Institute Of Technology, India
Dr Jay Singh
Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
Dr. Tapas Kuila
DST INSPIRE Faculty Fellow, India
Dr. Suresh Kumar Kailas
S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT),
India
Dr. Lavanya khanna
Thapar University, Patiala,
India
Dr. Saeed Khodabakhshi
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI)
Tehran, Iran
Dr Prashanthi Kovur
University of Alberta,
Canada
Dr. Michael Loong Peng Tan
Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering
(ECE) Faculty of Electrical Enginering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai
Johor Malaysia
Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh
Associate Professor Department of Chemistry
(DST-FIST Sponsored) Govt. V. Y. T. PG.
Autonomous College, (College with Potential
for Excellence) Durg Chhattisgarh, India
Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal
Advisor, Sri Sukhmani Group of Institutions
ChandigarhIn
Dr. Neetha J. Shetty
Associate Professor, Manipal college of dental
sciences Mangalore, India
Dr. Rajesh Das
Associate Professor Haldia Institute of
technology, Haldia Purba-Medinipur,
West Bengal, India., India
Dr. Aniruddha Chatterjee
Deptment of Plastics and Polymers Technology
University Institute of Chemical Technology,
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon India
Dr. S. Krishnakumar
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Bio and Chemical
Engineering, Sathyabama University
Chennai, India, India
Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal, Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal
(FTA(I), FISCA, FICER, FIJERIA, FIJMRAE,
FANSF) Associate Professor Department of
Textile Chemistry Faculty of Technology &
Engineering The M. S. University of Baroda
vadodara India
Dr. Shobhna Vij,
niscair, nsl, new delhi, India
Dr. Pradip Kumar Roy
Assistant Professor Indian Institute of
Technology (I.I.T.) – Banaras Hindu University
(B.H.U.),Varanasi

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures. This journal is part
of the Nanomaterials and Nanostructures and is devoted to the scope of present Nanotech
and Material Sciences from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the
validationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
Nanomaterials and Nanostructures as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an
integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nanotech and
MaterialSciencescommunity,addressing researchersand practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured in JournalsPub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nanotech and Material
Sciences in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers
atexcellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured focuses on original high-quality research in
the realm of Nanomaterial sciences and Material Structure. Zero- One and two -Dimensional
Nanostructures,Special Nanomaterials, Nanostructures Fabrication, Nanomaterials synthesis,
Nanotopography, Nanocomposite,GML nanofilm, Nanocages, Nanofabrics ,Nanofiber, Nanoflake,
Nanoparticles:Metalsand MetalAlloys,NanoMinerals:Nanoclays
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques to share
Nanomaterials,Nanostructuresand Materialsciencessolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nanomaterial and
Nanostructures community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the
idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many
others, reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofNanomaterialsciencesand Nanostructure
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for International Journal of
Nanomaterials and Nanostructures readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of
Nanomaterialand Nanostructures
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Expedition to Nanosynthesis: A Review
P. Chowdhury, A. Banerjee, U. Gangopadhyay, S. Roy 1
2. Review on Graphene Oxide Composites
S. Nandhini, M. Devasena 24
3. Gold Nanoparticles and Its Preparation
Dinesh Singh 31
4. Nanotechnologies for the Future
Col. Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal 35
5. Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport Model
Mayank Sharma 47
Contents

IJNN (2016) 1–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Expedition to Nanosynthesis: A Review
P. Chowdhury1
, A. Banerjee2
, U. Gangopadhyay3
, S. Roy4
*
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata,
India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology,
Kolkata, India
3
Project Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Meghnath Saha Institute
of Technology, Kolkata, India
4
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Kolkata,
India
Abstract
Semiconducting metal oxide (like SnO2, ZnO, Ga2O3, Co3O4,TiO2, WO3, etc.) based gas
sensors are widely used for the detection of the gases like H2, CO, Nox, CH4 and other
hydrocarbons due to its smaller particle size as well as higher surface to volume ratio.
Presently several nanoforms of metal oxides like rods, combs, rings, springs, wires, belts,
propellers are becoming popular in the field of optoelectronics, ultra-sensitive nanosized gas
sensors, nanoresonators etc. for their interesting properties compared to their bulk
counterpart. These distinctive features of nanostructures definitely demonstrate that metal
oxides are probably the richest family of nanostructures amongst all materials.
Nanocrystalline thin films of metal oxide can be produced by different methods like
sputtering, spray pyrolysis, CVD, sol–gel, etc. This article provides a comprehensive review
of current research activities that concentrate on synthesis of nanostructures based on
nanotubes, nanorods, nanosprings, and nanowires. Most emphasis has been given on the
experimental principle that is synthesis techniques with some important parameters.
Synthesis procedures are elaborated. This review is aimed for the direction towards which
future research on nanostructured sensors might be directed.
Keywords: nanobelts, nanorods, nanosprings, nanotubes, nanowires
INTRODUCTION
With the advent of nanotechnology and
nanoengineering, many research efforts
have been made to work on one-
dimensional nanostructured materials,
including nanotubes, nanorods, nano
flakes and nanowires and eventually
several articles were published every year.
Semiconductor compounds have drawn
much attention during the last few years
because of their novel optical and transport
properties which have great potential for
many optoelectronic applications. To fit
the need of different temperatures,
scientists were looking for large intrinsic
band gap semiconductor materials so as to
expand the exhaustion regions. Extremely
small size of these particles would result in
quantum confinement of the photo-
generated electron-hole pair, leading to a
blue shift in the absorption spectrum.
Some structures are nearly symmetrical.
As for example rods and wires are
basically alike only the length is varying.
In case of wires the length is hundred
times larger than nanorod. There are
various characterization techniques to

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on Graphene Oxide Composites
S. Nandhini, M. Devasena*
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
Abstract
Addition of inert nanomaterials to cement composites is gaining interest. Graphene Oxide is
one such inert additive which can impart modifications in cement hydration, improve
strength and durability of cement based materials. Research on graphene oxide (GO) is
intensified in the recent years for its versatile applications emanating from its very small
particle size. This comprehensive review will provide the fundamentals of GO and
understand the effects of GO addition on the immediate and long term properties of cement
composite systems.
Keywords: graphene oxide, dispersion, cement composite, compressive strength
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely used cement
composite since it bears many advantages
such as low cost, easy availability of
constituents along with high strength and
durability. However, disadvantages such
as low tensile and flexural strength
coupled with brittleness have promoted
research on addition of nanomaterials such
as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide,
titanium oxide, nanosilica, and
nanoalumina to concrete. Nano scale
reinforcement of cement composite is an
emerging technology that is expected to
fix the shortcomings of conventional
concrete. Graphene oxide (GO), a well-
studied nanomaterial possesses high
mechanical and tensile strength, high
Young’s modulus and therefore can be
best applied to strengthen the cement
composites. It has fracture strength of 130
GPa, 200 times higher than that of steel,
and a Young’s modulus of 1 TPa, identical
to that of diamond (1.2 TPa). GO is a form
of graphene with oxygen containing
functional groups acting as binders
between GO and cement.[1]
The benefits of
introduction of GO in cement composite
systems include obtainment of elastic,
lightweight and extremely strong material.
The physical and chemical properties such
as reactivity, sensitivity, and
agglomeration capacity of GO strongly
influence the overall properties of GO
added cement composite. Addition of GO
is expected to improve the degree of
hydration of the cement paste and increase
the density of the cement matrix thus
creating a more durable product.
Fundamental understanding of GO and
past studies related to GO application is
essential for increased research in this
area.
This is a summary paper on the work done
with usage of GO as replacement of
Portland cement at various ratios to
improve the mechanical properties of
concrete. Usage of GO as an antibacterial
agent in improving the life of concrete is
also discussed in this review. The
influence of GO nanoparticles on rate of
hydration and compressive strength are
also reviewed.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Gold Nanoparticles and Its Preparation
Dinesh Singh*
Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
Abstract
Among the colorimetric detection tactics, metallic nanoparticle based detection is gaining
more attention due to quickness and less resource requirement at the point of use. Unique
chemical inertness, shape, size and optical attributes of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) make
them ideal for various diagnostic tools. In this approach synthesized GNPs were stabilized by
citrate counter ions. These GNPs were characterized for their optical properties, shape, size,
zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. Absorption maxima (λmax) were observed at
519.8 nm with the average particle size of 34.8 nm. Transmission electron microscopy also
revealed that the average size of GNPs were about 35 nm. Negative zeta potential (–
43.2 mV) indicates presence of negative charge at the surface of GNPs. To find the stability
of GNPs in buffer, two buffers (borate and phosphate) having different pH (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5)
and same molarity (0.1 M) were evaluated with a purpose to determine the suitable buffer
required for conjugation of GNPs to antibody for lateral flow assays.
Keywords: antibody, citrate reduction, dynamic light scattering, gold nanoparticles, size
distribution, zeta potential
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, metal nanoparticles have
attracted an increasing attention in
different fields of sciences because of their
easy biofunctionalization, high surface
area and spectral properties. Nanoparticles
are typically in the size range of 1–100 nm
(1 nm=10-9
). Due to their small size they
comprise unusual physical, chemical and
optical properties which makes them very
important for diagnostic, biological and
biomedical purposes. Widely used
nanoparticles are, gold nanoparticles
(AuNPs or GNPs), quantum dots and
super paramagnetic nanoparticles. Among
these nanoparticles, GNPs are one of the
most useful nanoparticles in medical,
chemical and biological sciences. GNPs
are employed as anti-aging components for
skin protection, to treat wool or cotton
fibres for a permanent coloration of value
textiles, polymer/gold nanocomposites for
novel coatings and paintings, as catalysts,
labelling cancer cells, radiotherapy and
light based therapy for cancer, scaffolds to
couple carbohydrates and protein, in gene
therapy. The GNPs of 15–40 nm size
range can also be used in fabrication of
smart sensing devices such as lateral-flow
devices, lateral-flow immunoassay in
biomedical sciences as diagnostic tools.
GNPs exhibits high sensitivity for the
detection due to characteristic surface
plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption
properties. Size, shape, dielectric
properties, and local environmental
conditions of the GNPs strongly affect the
resonance frequency. Due to aggregation
tendency the colour of GNPs may range
from red to purple, to blue and almost
black. In colloidal solutions, GNPs are
wine red in colour with the λmax at 520 nm
which can be visualized easily without any

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Nanotechnologies for the Future
Dalvinder Singh Grewal*
Desh Bhagat University, Punjab, India
Abstract
The needs of the world are growing while the sources are decreasing. The existing systems
have not been able to cope up this developing situation. It is likely that with the fast
increasing population will worsen this situation. All types of sciences, commerce and arts
have not been able to provide the solutions to this situation so far. Nanotechnology is the new
field which provides us some hope to meet the growing challenges. New wonder
nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, bucky-balls, dendrimers, quantum dots,
nanocrystals, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, silver nanowire and other
such nanosized particles have brought a change in the materials at a surface level but need
now is changing the redundant systems into new workable nanotechnology systems which
could provide worthwhile solutions to the ever growing problems. This concept paper aims at
delineating the role of Nanotechnology in the new world.
Keywords: buildings, energy, health, nanotechnologies, space
INTRODUCTION
The world has grown too big over the
years and requires very large scale
solutions. The various knowledge-sources
provide some solutions but the
continuously growing problems are going
out of hands. The mushrooming of
buildings, factories, automobiles, roads
etc., has not only occupied large
productive lands but also are spreading
uncontrollable pollution. Men want shelter
for which they build houses and occupy
valuable spaces; they want mobility for
which they create cars, buses, trains,
aircrafts and even spacecrafts and to run
them they build roads, rails, bridges and
airports all occupying large spaces and
eating into existing resources.
Men fall sick by the polluted environment
for which they use numerous hospitals and
tons of medicines. They need eatables for
which they want various food items
including vegetables. They need water to
irrigate fields, build reservoirs and dams
for canals and electricity. These too
occupy vast spaces needing vast lands and
resources. This way our earth is now
occupied much beyond its capacity. The
way the population of the world is growing
no space will be left for human beings,
animals, plants or any other type of life
requiring space. This is essentially a set of
problem which needs urgent solutions.[1–5]
Can we spare this space for nature’s
growth? Can be stop these pollutions? Can
we have better treatment or control of
diseases? Can we move unhindered in the
open space and enjoy the nature’s beauty?
Can we have better solution for our food
chain? These and many more questions
need to be answered. For this we have to
change the systems which go on increasing
the burden on the limited earth space and
resources.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport Model
Mayank Sharma*
Department of Nanotechnology, Semiconductor Research and Development Center, IBM, Bangalore, India
Abstract
Nanowire MOSFETs are perceived as a standout amongst the most encouraging possibility
to expand Moore's law into nanoelectronics period. This paper audits the procedure,
application, gadget material science and minimal demonstrating of Gate All around (GAA)
nanowire MOSFETs. The most broadly utilized techniques for nanowire combination have
been examined. The paper shows the different gadget enhancement methods and scaling
capability of nanowire transistors. A process sensitivity study of silicon nanowire transistors
at the end of the paper justifies the theory of nanowire FETs to carry forward the
downscaling of MOSFETs in the sub-10 nm regime.
Keywords: nanowire, scaling, MOSFET, VLS
INTRODUCTION
The steady journey for execution change
of electronic gadgets is basically fulfilled
by lessening the extent of their dynamic
segments, the transistors. Scaling of
semiconductor gadgets to the nanoscale
administration can prompt gadget
execution upgrades. These incorporate
decrease in working voltage, expanded
velocity and more noteworthy bundling
densities.[1]
The more an IC is down
scaled, the higher turns into its pressing
thickness, the higher its circuit speed, and
the lower its energy dissipation.[2,3]
OVERVIEW OF NANOWIRES
Following the revelation of Carbon
Nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima, there has
been awesome enthusiasm for the
amalgamation and portrayal of other One
Dimensional (1D) structures, which
incorporate nanowires (NWs), Nanorods
and Nanobelts.[4,5]
Inorganic NWs can go
about as dynamic parts in gadgets, as
uncovered by late examinations. In the
most recent 4–5 years, Nanowires of
different inorganic materials have been
blended and characterized.[6]
A Nanowire
is an article with a 1D angle in which the
proportion of the length to the width is
more prominent than 10 and the width
does not surpass a couple of several
nanometers. Today, this definition has
been extended to atomic and molecular
wires, which have proved to exhibit very
interesting physical properties without
necessarily having the geometrical
characteristics, defined earlier. Nanowires
represent the smallest dimension for
efficient transport of electrons and
excitons. Thus, they will be used as
interconnects and critical devices in
nanoelectronics and nano-
optoelectronics.[7,8]
They are especially
attractive for nano-science studies as well
as for nanotechnology applications.
Nanowires, compared to other low
dimensional systems, have two quantum
confined directions, while still leaving one
unconfined direction for electrical
conduction.[9]
Today, different types of

International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures vol 2 issue 1

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures vol 2 issue 1

Similar to International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures vol 2 issue 1 (11)

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures vol 2 issue 1