International Journal of Mechanics and Design vol 2 issue 2

International Journal of
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Department of Mechanical Engineering,
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Dr. R S Jadoun
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture &
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Dr. Muthuramalingam Thangaraj
SRM University, Chennai, India
Dr P. M. M. Subrahmanya Sarma
VIZAG Institute of Technology, Dakamarri,
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Karunya University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu),
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Marwadi Education Foundation,
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Dr. Sumit Bhowmik
National Institute of Technology,
Silchar, Assam, India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
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PuneetMehrotra
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1. The History of Clock Mechanism
Sourav Kumar Bhoumik 1
2. An Insight into Industrial Automation
Kumar Khimnani 8
3. 100 Years of General Theory of Relativity
Moumita Halder 12
4. Design Calculations of Chain Sprocket Drive
C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar 25
5. A Brief Note on Biomechanics
Debasish Mohanta 28
Contents

IJMD (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Mechanics and Design
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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The History of Clock Mechanism
Sourav Kumar Bhoumik*
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
ABSTRACT
Time is the temporal dimension of the world perceived by our human senses. The human
experience of time is universal, thorough and immediate. Life, death, and time are related to
each other in a complex manner, which is difficult to explain. Time is the principal of all
forms of human knowledge and expression. Time has been defined in all great philosophies
and religions. Time is connected with the functions of the mind. Time has been added as
the fourth dimension of spacetime by Hermann Minkowski in 1908, which served the basis for
Einstein’s special and general theory of relativity.
Keywords: connection, dimension, fourth, relativity, fundamental
INTRODUCTION
Time always represents the past, present
and future in a frame of reference,
therefore the actions in time are always
complemented with a mental imagery of
every particular event. Time is a
dimension and the art of constructing
machines for measuring time is known as
‘Horology’.
Fig. 1. Horologium constellation.
In Greek mythology, the Horae or Horai
were the goddesses of the seasons and the
natural portions of time. In 1752, French
astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille
added the constellation Horologium to the
modern constellations to honor, Christiaan
Huygens [1–3]. He invented the
first pendulum clock in 1656 based on the
pendulum presented by Galileo Galilei.
Horologium is the name of a small and
faint constellation, in the Southern sky
with declination angle of around 600
.
Gradually Horology was replaced by the
Latin word ’clock’ which means ‘bell’. A
clock is an instrument for keeping time
(Figure 1).
HISTORY OF CLOCKS
1. Sundials: Sundial was the oldest
method of telling the time of day. There is
no record for the origin of the sundial but
they were certainly used in Ancient Egypt
with clear mention in the Old Testament.
Greeks and the Romans also used sundials.
The disadvantage of the Sundial was that,
they would only be used during sunlight
(Figure 2).

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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An Insight into Industrial Automation
Kumar Khimnani*
Delhi College of Engineering, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Automation is the process of following a pre-defined sequence of operations with or without
human labour, by using specialized equipment and machines that perform and control
manufacturing processes. Automation in full sense can only be achieved through the
combined use of devices, techniques, and equipment capable of perceiving the manufacturing
process, making decisions regarding the changes, needed in the operation, and control.
Keywords: automation, control, device, machine, process
INTRODUCTION
The word automation is derived from the
Greek word "automates", meaning self-
acting but the term automation was coined
in the mid-1940s. The definition of
automation has extended after the
developments in computers and control
systems. During middle of the 20th
century, automation was limited on a small
scale, with the use of mechanical devices
to automate the production, but the
concept became practical after the
implementation of the computers in
industrial field [1, 2].
Automation is the process in industry
where various production operations are
converted from a manual process, to an
automated or mechanized process with the
help of machines. Automation is a step
beyond mechanization. Industrial robotics
are said to be the most visible part of
automation. Modern automated processes
are typically controlled by computer
programs, with close monitoring of
progress and control of the sequences of
events until the process is complete. All
the decisions made by the computer
logically to ensure that the process should
complete accurately and quickly.
Automation is a technology dealing with
the application of mechatronics and
computers for production of goods and
services [3].
EXPERIMENTAL
Role of Automation
• Material handling.
• Storage and retrieval systems.
• Inspection systems.
• Feedback control systems.
• Transforming designs into parts.
 Assembly of machine parts.
• Planning and Decision making to
support manufacturing.
• Segregation of products manufactured.
• Quality checks and monitoring the rate
of production.
Difference Between Mechanization and
Automation
Mechanization refers to the use of power-
driven machinery to help a human operator
in their task. The invention of powered
machine tools; such as the steam operating
machines reduced the amount of time
required to carry out different tasks, and
improves productivity. Automation and
mechanization are different from with each
other. Mechanization saves the physical

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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100 Years of General Theory of Relativity
Moumita Halder*
ABSTRACT
The General Theory Relativity is the generalization of the Special Theory of Relativity. This
theory certainly is one of the most extraordinary achievements of the scientific world till date.
Einstein's discovery of General Theory of Relativity is itself series of dramatic incidents, from
the beginning until it’s proven. The theory reviewed our understanding of gravity, light and
time, and paved the way for many modern technologies. The observational evidence is
overwhelming. Einstein’s theory is essential to the new fundamental theory of nature. Dark
matter, dark energy, black holes, and string theory are all product of Einstein’s theory, and
right now they are dominating physics and astronomy. String theory depends on a
complicated space-time with strange geometrical properties in higher dimensions. Far
obscure than Einstein’s theory ever was, it is addressed by many as the final theory. In the
year 2015, Scientist had also able to detect gravitational wave, a prediction of General
Theory of Relativity. Through this paper, I have presented that how general theory is
originated from the special theory. The main emphasis has been given on all the work that
has happened in the last 100 years after the General Theory of Relativity. The year 2015
marked the 100 anniversary of Einstein’s Field equation. The paper gives a comprehensive
review based on one hundred years of development of general relativity and its scientific
influences.
Keywords: big bang, cosmological constant, deflection of light, expanding universe,
gravitational lens
BACKGROUND
Gravity is the basic force of the universe.
From motion of the ocean tides to the
expansion of the universe, a wide range of
astronomical phenomena are controlled
by gravity. Three centuries ago Newton
was the first scientist to sum up gravity in
mathematical form. Einstein’s greatest
achievement was that he helped us to
visualize gravity. Through astronomical
experiments, he proved that gravity is not
a mathematical form only.
The Theory of General Relativity is 100
years old, but the irony is that, this theory
still helps the scientist to discover new
things. Using this theory scientist has
been able to unlock many celestial objects
and their characteristic. We have been
able to understand the universe, its birth
as well as its end. Though Einstein started
developing this theory from 1905, the
ultimate formula was published in 1915.
The theory was itself took 10 years,
within this decade many scientists
contributed in this equation. Though it
was Einstein’s theory, but he would never
been able to prove it without
contributions of the astronomers as well
as mathematicians, who helped him to
create the perfect theory of gravity. The
general theory’s application is increasing
as days are passing by. After the

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Design Calculations of Chain Sprocket Drive
C. Chinglenthoiba*
, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University,
Namakkal, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
Chain drives, gear drives and belt drive systems are all effective power transmission
selections. Chain Drives are easy to install, can be easily reconfigured as compared to gear
drives. Chains perform better than gears under shock and load conditions. Chain drives are
special as they spread functional loads over many teeth. Chain drives do not require tension
on the slack side, thus bearing loading is reduced. Chain drives require less space and are
less costly to maintain as well as build for a given loading and speed condition.
Keywords: chain drive, easy, load, operational, system, tension
DESIGN OF CHAIN DRIVE
Step 1: determination of transmission ratio
n₁ = 20
n₂ = 16
Transmission ratio, (i) = z₂/z₁ = n₁/n₂
= 20/16 = 1.26 1.25 (approx)
Step 2: selection of no. of teeth on driver
sprocket[1–10]
z₁ = 15
z₂ = i z₁
= 1.25 × 15 = 19
Step 3: center distance
a = (30–50)p
a = 150 mm
p max = a/30 = 150/30 = 5 mm
P min = a/50 = 150/50 = 3 mm
P = 9.525 is chosen
Step 4: selection of chain
Assume the chain to be Duplex
From table 7.72
For duplex DR 50
10 A-Z DR 50 is chosen 54
Step 5: total load on the driving side chain
Σp = pt + pc + ps
pt = 102 × 0.75/0.0476 = 160.71 kgf
v = No. of teeth on driver sprocket × pitch
× rpm/60 × 1000
= 15 × 9.525 × 20/60 × 1000 = 47.62
mm/sec
pt = 102 × 0.75/0.0476 = 160.71 kgf
pc = wv²/g
(From page 7.72) for duplex DR 50 (P.No.
7.72)
w = 1.78 kg/m
pc = 1.78 × (0.0476)²/9.81 = 4.8 kgf
Tension due to staging by chain
ps = 6 × 1.78 × 0.5 = 5.34 kgf
Σ₁p = 5.34 + 4.8 + 160.71 = 170.85 kgf
Step 6: design load
Design load = Ks x Σp
Ks = k₁k₂k₃k₄k₅k₆
k₁ = Load factor = 1.25

Vol. 2: Issue 2
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A Brief Note on Biomechanics
Debasish Mohanta*
ABSTRACT
Biomechanics is generally referred to as the study of how the systems of living organisms
from plants to animals, react to the various forces of nature and stimuli. Biomechanics is the
science of dealing with effects produced by external and internal forces on the living body.
The need to study biomechanics for any the particular case is necessary for every physical
educator or coach, who is involved in teaching movement technique as well as the athletic
instructor or physical therapist for curing the injury caused due to sprain, strain, swollen
muscles, dislocations and fractures by using biomechanics, effectively through analyzing and
identifying biomechanical principles involved in action and movement.
Keywords: biomechanics, force, movement, system, limit, performance, principle
INTRODUCTION
The word Biomechanics is combination of
two words biology and mechanics. The
common disciplines of biomechanics are
Physics, Mathematics, Biology, Anatomy,
and Physiology. Kinesiology is the study
of human movement and Biomechanics is
one of the sub disciplines of kinesiology.
Biomechanics has been defined as the
study of the movement of living things
using the science of mechanics (Hatze,
1974). Biomechanics provides key
information on the most effective and
safest movement patterns, equipment, and
relevant exercises to improve human
movement. Biomechanics formulates
conceptual and mathematical tools that are
essential for understanding how living
things move and how kinesiology can
improve movement or make movement
safe. Scientists often apply physical and
mathematical analysis to determine the
limits and capabilities of different
biological creatures and hence combine
and create the graphical data which
correlates in the improvement of athletic
and sports performances of players related
to all sports [1–3]. The importance of
introduction of biomechanics in sports
sciences has helped in a big way by the
improving the performance of players.
Sports biomechanics allows the detailed
analysis of a player’s movement and with
the help of the acquired data; the player’s
movement can be improved by allowing
less injury risk and enhancing performance
in various sports.
The applications of biomechanics can be
classified into some key thrust areas such
as, the improvement of performance and
the reduction or treatment of injury.
Human movement performance can be
improved in many ways. Effective
movement involves anatomical factors,
neuromuscular skills, physiological
capacities, and psychological/cognitive
abilities.
In order to gather specific data to
determine the performance of an athlete,
sports biomechanics should analyze:

International Journal of Mechanics and Design vol 2 issue 2

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