International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies (Vol 2 Issue 2)

International Journal of
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 Real-time embedded systems
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 Multimedia cards
 Timers and time processing units
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1. Comparative Study of Searching Algorithms for Databases and Present New Idea for Better Searching
Javad Saghi, Morteza Zahedi 1
2. Microcontroller-Based Automatic Power Off and Bill Metering System
M. Agnihotri, D. Bichwe, J. Bansal, P.V. Rao 16
3. Path Navigation System
Arpita Karhadkar, Abde Ali Mewawala, Mansi Soley, Mehvish Khan 25
4. An Effective Obstacle Alert Parking System Based on AT89S52 Microcontroller Using Ultrasonic Sensor
Parag Sharma, Pankaj Tatiwal, Pravin Sinha 29
5. A New Prepaid Energy Meter Using AT89S52 Microcontroller
Shruti Biware, Kamashya Mishra 36
Contents

IJESET (2016) 1–15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging Technologies
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Comparative Study of Searching Algorithms for Databases and
Present New Idea for Better Searching
Javad Saghi*
, Morteza Zahedi
Department of Artificial Intelligence Engineering, Kerman Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Kerman, Iran
ABSTRACT
Meta-heuristics encompass a very wide range of algorithms, all having very different underlying
principles. But all these algorithms are stochastic in nature. Big data is an emerging field. Big
data has some of its own problem, some of them being the optimization problems. This paper
gives a brief glimpse of Meta-heuristics and its algorithm, big data and its corresponding fields.
In the last section we also explain how these algorithms can be incorporated with big data.
Keywords: algorithms, big data, heuristics
METAHEURISTICS
Introduction
In today’s world, most of the problems are
complex, non-linear and have a very large
solution space. This requires the use of a
technique that is capable of solving such
problems in real time. Several of these are
optimization problems. A technique used to
solve an optimization problem is called an
optimization technique. An optimization
problem in computer science is a problem in
which we aim to find a solution that attains a
maximum/minimum score in some aspect.
When a feasible solution of the problem
reaches its maximum/minimum with respect
to some quality measure, then it is called an
optimal solution. Optimization techniques
can be classified as stochastic and
deterministic. Stochastic optimization
methods are optimization methods that use
random variables to decide for control flow.
On the other hand, deterministic
optimization methods are the ones which
involve no randomness. A deterministic
model will thus always have the same output
from a given starting condition.[1-5]
Another classification for optimization
algorithms may be - exact methods and
approximation techniques. Exact methods
guarantee the optimum solution though the
time taken may be enormous for large
instances of NP-hard problems, the
examples are - branch and bound algorithm,
dynamic programming, etc. On the other
hand, approximation methods give results in
a comparatively less amount of time but the
solution may not be the best possible. The
approximation techniques can be further
classified as approximation algorithms and
heuristic methods. Approximate algorithms
are those algorithms which find a rough,
coarse-grained solution to the optimization
problem. These algorithms guarantee a
certain quality in the solution but do not
guarantee to reach the best, however, using
comparatively small time frame. On the
contrary, a heuristic search is an approach to
problems solving that incorporates the

IJESET (2016) 16-24 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Microcontroller-Based Automatic Power Off and Bill Metering
System
M. Agnihotri*, D. Bichwe, J. Bansal, P.V. Rao
Department of Electronics, Mahakal Institute of Technology and Science, Ujjain, India
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we implemented a system by which we can measure the consumption of
electricity and also the system can OFF the device, when it’s not working for longer time.
This implemented model is based on embedded system. An embedded system is anything that
runs software, which is not a computer. It is a special purpose computer to perform one or
few dedicate function. In this system, two operations are performed simultaneously. If any
device connected to the circuit, the circuit automatically offs the device, when it is not in used
and shows the bill of the power consumed by the device in the rupees. When the device is in
working condition, the supply of power goes on, when it is not in used the power cut off, at
the same time it shows how much power is consumed in that working period. The devices is
connected to the circuit via relay and placed in the vicinity of the sensor. When the
temperature of the device is increased beyond the certain limit, the sensor gives output to the
comparator IC. The comparator compares output to the predefined value and produce output
to the microcontroller. Then the microcontroller gives signal to the relay and the relay cut off
the device from the mains. At the same time, bill is generated. If the relay disconnect the
device from the mains, at the same time the microcontroller gives signal to the stepper motor
to stop and the bill is displayed on the LCD screen.
Keywords: auto-power off, bill metering system, embedded system, microcontroller
INTRODUCTION
We use a lot of electronic devices in our
day today life. Now-a-days these devices
are being a part of our life. Nobody is
intact of these devices. Of course these
devices are useful, but sometimes it gives
reverse effect on our economic condition,
if it is used unnecessary.
There are so many devices are in the
market which control the power supply
and save the power, but at the same time
they cannot show how much power is to
be used for particular purpose. In day
today life we use electric fan, iron,
microwave oven, electric heater etc.
sometime people forget to switch off these
devices, resulting unnecessary power
consumption. Here we introduce a circuit,
which not only control the unnecessary use
of power but also shows how much power
is to be used.
Our circuit ” Auto power off & Bill
metering system”, which means it cut the
power when the power is not required and
also shows how much power is used when
it is in working condition. Our circuit is
based on Embedded System. An
embedded system is anything that runs
software, which is not a computer. It is a
special purpose computer to perform one
or few dedicate function. It is usually
embedded as part of a complete device

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Path Navigation System
Arpita Karhadkar*, Abde Ali Mewawala, Mansi Soley, Mehvish Khan
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mahakal Institute of Technology, Ujjain, India
ABSTRACT
In today’s world where every minute is important for all of us and so we must spend it
accordingly that is the main reason why the use of automation in every activities is
increasing day by day. Path navigation system is one of them. With the help of this we can
follow the desired path without any trouble. Considering this thing, we have implemented a
“Path Navigation System” which is based on interfacing of 128×64 GLCD with PSOC. The
main aim of this system is to navigate desired path for the user.
Keywords: ARM controller, GLCD, path navigation, PSOC
INTRODUCTION
There are so many navigation system has
been already developed to the people to go
their destination place. GPS system is very
common in automobile vehicle, aircrafts,
mobile device etc. With the help of this,
we can go to our correct destination place.
But the GPS system requires strong
network connection. Without strong
network connection, we unable to find our
destination place. Navigation systems
guide the user moving from one place to
another have improved recently with the
rapid advances in positioning,
communication, and spatial data storage
and processing technologies.[1]
In this
paper, we have implemented a system that
is to work with weak network signals. This
service will work in the areas having very
week networks like rural or remote places
as all it needs is a very minimal
GPS/CDMA connection.[2]
It is based on
embedded systems, which is compiled and
burned with the software PSOC creator.
Four switches are provided to select the
desired destination, whose path will be
displayed on the GLCD which is
controlled by ARM controller. The
displayed path will be in the form of
arrows along with the landmarks and
images. We have also used an audio
device ipod and an IR sensor for detection.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The components required to make such
system includes.
PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip)
Programmable System-on-Chip (PSoC) is
one and only world’s programmable
embedded system-on-chip integrating an
MCU core (8-, 32-bit options),
programmable analog blocks (PAB),
programmable interconnect,
programmable digital blocks (PDB and
routing, and CapSense capacitive
sensing.[3]
PSoC Creator is the second
generation software IDE to design debug
and program the PSoC 3/4/5 devices. The
development IDE is combined with
graphical design editor to form a powerful
hardware/software codesign environment.
PSoC Creator consists of two basic
building blocks. The program that permits
the user to select, configure and connect
existing circuits on the chip and the
components which are the equivalent of
peripherals on MCUs. What makes PSoC

IJESET (2016) 29-35© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 29
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
An Effective Obstacle Alert Parking System Based on AT89S52
Microcontroller Using Ultrasonic Sensor
Parag Sharma*, Pankaj Tatiwal, Pravin Sinha
Department of Electrical, Poornima University, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
On grounds of safety & security, automation & protection are the areas which find their
applications in almost all the fields as they make human life more comfortable, economic &
less rigid. This paper is about for developing a module which assists and warn a car driver it
continuously detects the obstacle so as to avoid accidental situation while reversing the
vehicle. This system can be used in vehicles, handy tool for disabled person, robotics,
medical field, measurement, agriculture and industrial applications. These is a
microcontroller based system in which an ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves from
its sensor head and once more receives the ultrasonic waves reflected from an obstacle and
inform the microcontroller which signals the driver with an alarm and controls the vehicle by
stopping it. This system endures mainly the obstacle detection module, which is interfaced
with AT89S52 microcontroller. The hardware circuits of entire system and the success of
several key technologies are considered, including transducer structure and parameters
selection, design of the corresponding circuit and AT89S52 microcontroller which is used as
systems main control unit.
Keywords: AT89S52 microcontroller, automation, embedded system, piezoelectric,
ultrasonic sensor
INTRODUCTION
The development in automobile
innovation is presently pulling in
electronics engineers. The reason is,
presently automobile is not a mechanical
system but rather gets to be intelligent
automobile with an electromechanical
system. Lately automobile are completely
furnished with electronic systems and
electronic sensors. One of them is
Intelligent Vehicle Assistance System.
The point of this system is to prevent
accident with other vehicle or any protest
while moving backward heading [1].
This system has been intended to help
driver to prevent accident while stopping
backward course. Separate sensors are
utilized to detect the articles and used to
recognize the distance. The system utilizes
distance sensor as range finder,
microcontroller to process calculation. It
shows result on LCD screen and ready
people on foot by buzzer and blazing LED
lights. The system is enacted when the
reverse gear is applied. At that point it
persistently shows the distance of the
obstacle on LCD show while turning
around. It cautions the person on foot with
flashing light and buzzer. At the point
when the obstacle is close i.e. the distance
amongst vehicle and obstruction is
underneath limit esteem the system
consequently applies brakes. It first
searches down accessible stopping region.
The microprocessor makes a calculation
about car length and accessible space and

Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A New Prepaid Energy Meter Using AT89S52
Microcontroller
Shruti Biware*, Kamashya Mishra
School of Engineering and Technology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, India
ABSTRACT
A plan of Electricity charging system called PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF
INDICATOR can encourage in enhanced trade stream administration out energy utilities and
can diminishes issue connected with charging buyer living in confined range and decreases
organization of labor for taking meter readings. Each shopper can purchase a memory card
(is only an EEPROM IC) with a secret word put away inside it utilizing a MC program. The
memory card is accessible at different reaches (i.e. Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 200 etc).In our venture
we have given the name for memory card as savvy card. At the point when the purchaser
embed a brilliant card into the card reader which is associated in prepaid energy meter with
levy pointer unit. The card reader will read the put away data and erase the data from the
EEPROM IC (smart card) utilizing the MC program. So that the brilliant card cannot be
reused by others. Assume if a buyer purchases a card for Rs.50/–so on. He/she can embed
this sum through the card reader so that prepaid vitality meter with duty pointer unit will be
actuated. As indicated by the power utilization the sum will be lessened. At the point when
the sum is over, the transfers will naturally close down the entire system. In this paper, we
additionally have an arrangement to give a caution sound to buyer before the entire sum is
decreased.
Keywords: card reader, EEPROM, IC, prepaid energy meter, smart card
INTRODUCTION
Prepaid Energy Meter using Smart Cards
is an efficient scheme of electricity billing.
It is more advantageous to consumers and
industrial power plant in terms of revenue
and power sector reforms.[1]
Electricity is
a main source of energy in the world and
used in every civilized country for
domestic, commercial and industrial
purpose. Currently owing to raise in
number of new housing, commercial and
industrial developments in India, the
number of users of electricity have been
increased in the network distribution. The
monthly power bill for the consumers is
evaluated from post-paid meter reading
based on the electricity consumption. But
the disadvantage of this system is that
meter checkers are needed to visit every
house to read the meter for billing
purposes. This is a tedious and error prone
process. Moreover, there is a chance for
electricity consumers as well as meter
checkers to do the corruption. In post-paid
system,[2]
the monthly bill sent to the
consumer by mail in the beginning of the
month and all the consumers often need to
gather in a long queue to pay the bills.
This method is tedious and time
consuming. In this paper, a prepaid energy
meter (PPM) system[3]
has been designed.
Each consumer has to install digitally
designed prepaid energy meter along with
smart card in their home, office, etc.

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