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![IJSSM (2016) 1–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Fabrication and Testing of a Light Weight Solar Concentrator
S. Mahavar*, A. Bhardwaj, P. Dashora
Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
Solar energy is the prime inexhaustible energy available to all. India is one of the sun’s most
favoured nations, blessed with 5,000 trillion kWh/year insolation. Thus, investment in solar
energy is a natural choice for India. Solar energy can be collected and utilized to generate
electricity through photovoltaic system or to generate heat through solar thermal systems.
Different solar thermal appliances uses different solar collectors. Among those,
concentrators are the most efficient way to collect solar radiation. A low price, light weight
material with good reflectivity is desirable to decrease the cost and weight of solar
concentrators and to reduce tracking complications. Considering this aspect present
research work is focused on fabrication and testing of a light weight parabolic dish solar
concentrator. This light weight solar concentrator (LWSC) (having 1.2 m diameter, 0.2 m
height and focal length 0.45 m) is fabricated of iron supporting structure and six polymeric
reflector sheets. Study of thermal performance of the system is done using two metallic disks
coated with thin matt black paint. During experimental studies, azimuth-elevation tracking of
this small system is done manually. Experimental studies done over a number of days show
that with manual tracking of LWSC the highest temperature about 177 °C is achieved for
steel receiver (0.057 m2
) within 15 min under an average solar insolation of 850 W/m2
. This
study shows that polymeric reflector can be a suitable material to be used in large size solar
concentrator to reduce weight of the system as well as tracking complications.
Keywords: parabolic solar concentrator, polymeric reflector, receiver, tracking system
INTRODUCTION
The Sun, source of energy for our earth, is
an averaged sized star of Milkyway
[Akashganga] galaxy having mass around
1.987x1030
kg, diameter about 1.39x109
m
and temperature around 6000˚K. At its
centre fusion process of hydrogen to form
helium is continuously occurring which
causes release of a great amount of energy
at the rate of 3.83×1026
W. The intensity
(solar radiation leaving the sun) is constant
and it is called solar constant (at mean
distance of 1 AU) denoted by, Isc = 1367
W/m2
. The solar energy that hits the earth
every second is equivalent to 4 trillion
hundred-watt light bulbs. Furthermore, the
solar energy received at one square mile in
a year is equivalent to the energy produced
by 4 million barrels of oil. Thus, the
potential of solar energy is immense [1–4].
Due to continuously increasing demand of
electricity, our country needs to shift to
non-polluting renewable sources of energy
to meet future demand for electricity. Solar
is the prime inexhaustible energy available
to all. India is one of the sun’s most
favoured nations, blessed with about 5,000
trillion kWh/year of solar insolation every
year with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh
per meter square per day. Thus, investment
in solar energy is a natural choice for India
[3]. Solar energy can be collected and
utilized to generate electricity through
photovoltaic system or to generate heat](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofsolidstatematerialsvol2issue2-170214054520/75/International-Journal-of-Solid-State-Materials-Vol-2-Issue-2-10-2048.jpg)
![IJSSM (2016) 10–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Parametric Comparison of Organic Solar Cells, Dye-Sensitized
Solar Cells, Quantum Dot Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells
Amit Mishra*
, Abhinav Shekhar, Vivek Kumar, Mohit Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
Organic solar cells have great potential due to their advantages such as low cost, easy
manufacturing techniques, made of abundant earth materials, ability to overcome Shockley
Queisser efficiency limit etc., but as of current technology status, the widespread
commercialization of organic solar cells are limited due to low lifetime. Two modeling
approaches are studied, equivalent circuit model and optical model. Two studies conducted
in this section, two diode model studies on degradation of organic solar cell under
continuous illumination and comparison of two diode model parameters for various
emerging photovoltaic technologies including organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells,
perovskite solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells.
Keywords: equivalent circuit, organic solar cell, perovskite solar cell, quantum dot solar cell,
Queisser efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Energy is the backbone of any economy.
All economic activities including
production of goods and services,
development of basic amenities,
eradication of poverty and development of
standard of living, all requires a
continuous reliable supply of energy. Solar
energy is an important source of renewable
energy and as of the current status it
contributes 0.24% of the total energy
demand [3]. Along with wind energy it
constitutes two high potential and growing
energy markets. Solar energy technologies
can be broadly classified as active solar
and passive solar.
Solar cells are classified into three
categories namely – first, second and third
generation solar cells. The first generation
solar cells are also called conventional or
wafer based solar cells. They are made of
mono and poly crystalline silicon and are
the commercially predominant solar cell
technology. Second generation of solar
cells includes thin film solar cells, which
include amorphous silicon, CdTe and
CIGS solar cells. Third generation of solar
cells is often seen as emerging
photovoltaic technologies. They are
predicted to have high efficiencies and
performances but most technologies are in
research or developmental phase. They
include organic solar cells, quantum dot
solar cells, dye sensitized solar cells, etc.
Organic Solar Cell: Principle and
Mechanism
The major difference of organic
semiconductors and atomic
semiconductors is the presence of
molecules instead of atoms. This results in
optical properties like absorption and
luminescence and the electrical properties
including transport gaps, charge carrier
localization, separation, and transport. The](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofsolidstatematerialsvol2issue2-170214054520/75/International-Journal-of-Solid-State-Materials-Vol-2-Issue-2-11-2048.jpg)
![IJSSM (2016) 19–25 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Applications of Paraffin as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in
Different Areas
Sonali Mangal*, Diksha Joshi
Poornima University, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
Plants of renewable sources of energy are situating across many places as they are never
ending resources. But their cost is very high, their efficiency is less. Their day time utility is
present but it is hard to utilize solar energy in night. Hence solution to these problems
coming is Thermal Energy Storage systems. PCM i.e. phase change materials are used as
storage material in these TES system. Paraffin wax is commercially available and in use as
PCM. This paper investigates and reviews on the paper presented previously on the
applications of Paraffin wax in TES in different areas like water distillation, storage and how
their efficiency can be increased. It is found that now-a-days paraffin wax is better than other
because of its high thermal conductivity and using composite with paraffin makes it more
productive. But at some areas Paraffin fails in front of hydrated PCM salts. Moreover overall
system is reliable.
Keywords: composite, distillation, hydrated PCM salt, thermal energy storage, paraffin wax
INTRODUCTION
Human sustainability requires energy in
any form that can be from renewable
source or non-renewable sources of
energy. Since human activity demand is
increasing day by day and the store of non-
renewable source of energy is decreasing
with a greater rate, hence there is a great
demand of non-renewable source of
energy. There are many non-renewable
energy resources in which solar energy is
one, which provides thermal energy. But
the prime drawbacks of this are efficiency
of this is very less, they are dependent on
time and their storage [1–6].
Hence, there is a great requirement to
upgrade its efficiency through other ways
like using a product which can trap and
store its energy and can provide whenever
needed. PCM i.e. Phase Change Material
as Thermal Energy storage material is one
of those product which increases its
efficiency, its utility, decreases the
wastage and effects the overall gain.
THEORY
Thermal Energy Storage
Thermal energy storage method is used in
order to cool or heat buildings or tanks
when the temperature inside is above or
below the internal energy in the stored
substance. It is used so that energy could
not be wasted and can be utilized with its
maximum efficiency whenever required.
This method is a solution to the drawbacks
of solar energy:
(1) Storing and delivering power
according to the time requirement for
e.g. storing in daytime and delivering
in night time.
(2) Security of energy supply.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofsolidstatematerialsvol2issue2-170214054520/75/International-Journal-of-Solid-State-Materials-Vol-2-Issue-2-12-2048.jpg)
![IJSSM (2016) 32–43 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 32
International Journal of Solid State Materials
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Revolution and Expansion of Nanofluids in Different Sectors
Arvind Mahla*
, Ashok Rinwa, Sourabh Soni
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sobhasaria Engineering College, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Generally, heat transfer has become critical issue in many sectors due to compact designs as
one cannot manipulate with design much more. But in this technical era, there has been a
huge demand of an alternative source which can enhance the heat transfer rate with less
power consumption and maximum efficiency. Traditional fluids + nanoparticles could only
enhance the thermal conductivity by 25% (approx.) with the application in limited sectors.
For the enhancement of thermal conductivity, liquid-metal fluid with the addition of recent
predicted nanoparticles such as CNTs, Cerium-oxide, Al2O3, graphite increased the
applications in many sectors.
This paper discusses applications in electronic, electrical, automotive, aerospace,
aeronautics, optics, heating and air conditioning systems. Heat removal and control are the
demanding challenges in some high heat flux systems such as nuclear fission, fusion,
micro/nanoelectronics mechanical systems, solar collectors and micro chemical reactions.
Keywords: heat flux, thermal conductivity, stability of nanofluids
INTRODUCTION
New focus is on the world’s oil production
and concern of greenhouse gas emissions
which led to increased propellant
performance and environment
sustainability. Current propellant use
Hydrazine which have many negative
health and environmental effects to living
being. According to U.S. environmental
protection agency [EPA] [1], short term
exposure to hydrazine can result in
permanent damage to the central nervous
system, kidneys, livers.
Thus wide use of diesel engines leads to
harmful threat of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and
hydrocarbon (HC) emissions.
Improvement in the performance of diesel
engines is a very important challenge to be
addressed, in the recent era due to the fast
depletion of fossil fuel resources as well as
due to the harmful hydrocarbon and
nitrogen oxide emissions. Efforts are also
made for the reformulation of diesel fuel to
decrease these harmful emissions without
affecting the physicochemical properties
of fuel such as viscosity, flash and fire
point. Improvements in heat transfer
systems can be achieved by increasing the
surface area or the heat transfer
coefficient.
Fins or extended surfaces are employed to
augment the heat dissipation area. The heat
transfer coefficient for forced convection
depends on multiple parameters such as
geometry, fluid velocity and thermo-
physical properties, flow regime, etc. but
with increase in fins, the geometry has to
be changed, which causes increase in the
size. A nanofluid is a fluid consisting of
uniformly dispersed and suspended
nanometer-sized particles in fluids with the
purpose of improving their properties,
such as the thermal conductivity and the
viscosity. The innovative idea of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/internationaljournalofsolidstatematerialsvol2issue2-170214054520/75/International-Journal-of-Solid-State-Materials-Vol-2-Issue-2-14-2048.jpg)
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International Journal of Solid State Materials (Vol 2 Issue 2)
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- 4. International Journal of SolidState Materials International Journal of Solid State Materials is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of solid state and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to solid state material. Allarticlespresentedherearepeer-reviewedandareofgood quality. Focus andScopeoftheJournal Amorphous oxide semiconductors Photovoltaics Advanced materials for CMOS Novel devices Thin films Crystal structure Quasicrystals Spin glasses High-temperature superconductivity International Journal of Solid State Materials is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentionedinthispublication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permissiontothepublisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).
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- 6. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr.Nitu R Katariya Rajiv Gandh Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Bhavana Singh Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India Dr Saikat Kumar Seth Department of Physics, Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya Bhupatinagar, Purba Medinipur West Bengal, India Tanmaya Badapanda Department of Physics, C.V.Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Alexander Samardak Far Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation Dr. Pravanjan Mallick North Orissa University, Orissa, India P D Sahare Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Joydeep Chowdhury Department of Physics, Sammilani Mahavidyalaya, E.M. Bypass, Baghajatin, Kolkata, India Mohammad Mirzazadeh Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Islamic Dr. Malay Kanti Sikdar The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi Neijing Normal University, Department of Mathematics, Neijiang, Sichuan, China Dr Ramachandran Esakki Department of Physics, Thruvalluvar College Papanasam, Tamilnadu, India Hong Van Nguyen Department of Computational Physics, School of Engineering Physics, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Dr. Binay Prakash Akhouri Ranchi University, Ranchi, India Mustafa Okumuş Batman University, Turkey Dr. Nabachandra Singh Asem Department of Physics, Thoubal College, Thoubal, Manipur, India Dr. P Murali Krishna National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India Dr Gurmeet Singh Lotey DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India Ajay D. Thakur Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences & Center for Energy and Environment, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna Patliputra, India Dr. M. Jayasimhadri Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, India
- 7. EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr.Ajaykumar P Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Kinhavali, Tal. Shahapur, Dist. Thane, India Dr. Narendra Kumar Department of Physics (CASH), Mody University of Science & Technology, India Dr. M Wasi Khan Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Prof. Rupayan Bhattacharya University of Calcutta, India Hemen ch. Medhi Lecturer , Department of Electronics St. Edmund's College, Shillong - 793003,Meghalaya,, India Dr. Santanu K. Maiti Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit Indian Statistical Institute 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road Kolkata, India Dr. Kushal Kalita Physics Department, Gauhati University, Shillong, India
- 8. From the Editor'sDesk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Solid State Materials. This journal is part of the physics, and is devoted to the scope of present physics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependentstudiesandthevalidationofemergingtechnologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Solid State Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Solid State Materials community,addressing researchersandpractitionersinthisarea. The core vision of International Journal of Solid State Materials in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Solid State Materials in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Solid State Materials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Amorphous oxide semiconductors, Photovoltaics,Advanced materials for CMOS, Novel devices, Thin films, Crystalstructure,Quasicrystals, Spinglasses, High-temperaturesuperconductivity. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Solid State Materialsand solutionsinthearea. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Solid State Materials community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developmentsinthefieldofSolidStateMaterials. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Solid State Materials readers and willstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofsolidstatematerials. PuneetMehrotra ManagingDirector
- 9. 1. Fabrication andTesting of a Light Weight Solar Concentrator S. Mahavar, A. Bhardwaj, P. Dashora 1 2. Parametric Comparison of Organic Solar Cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Quantum Dot Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells Amit Mishra, Abhinav Shekhar, Vivek Kumar, Mohit Kumar 10 3. Applications of Paraffin as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Different Areas Sonali Mangal, Diksha Joshi 19 4. Analysis of Different Output Parameters of Multi-junction Inorganic Solar Cell Nidhi Sinha, Varun Chandra, Diksha Joshi 26 5. Revolution and Expansion of Nanofluids in Different Sectors Arvind Mahla, Ashok Rinwa, Sourabh Soni 32 Contents
- 10. IJSSM (2016) 1–9© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1 International Journal of Solid State Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Fabrication and Testing of a Light Weight Solar Concentrator S. Mahavar*, A. Bhardwaj, P. Dashora Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India ABSTRACT Solar energy is the prime inexhaustible energy available to all. India is one of the sun’s most favoured nations, blessed with 5,000 trillion kWh/year insolation. Thus, investment in solar energy is a natural choice for India. Solar energy can be collected and utilized to generate electricity through photovoltaic system or to generate heat through solar thermal systems. Different solar thermal appliances uses different solar collectors. Among those, concentrators are the most efficient way to collect solar radiation. A low price, light weight material with good reflectivity is desirable to decrease the cost and weight of solar concentrators and to reduce tracking complications. Considering this aspect present research work is focused on fabrication and testing of a light weight parabolic dish solar concentrator. This light weight solar concentrator (LWSC) (having 1.2 m diameter, 0.2 m height and focal length 0.45 m) is fabricated of iron supporting structure and six polymeric reflector sheets. Study of thermal performance of the system is done using two metallic disks coated with thin matt black paint. During experimental studies, azimuth-elevation tracking of this small system is done manually. Experimental studies done over a number of days show that with manual tracking of LWSC the highest temperature about 177 °C is achieved for steel receiver (0.057 m2 ) within 15 min under an average solar insolation of 850 W/m2 . This study shows that polymeric reflector can be a suitable material to be used in large size solar concentrator to reduce weight of the system as well as tracking complications. Keywords: parabolic solar concentrator, polymeric reflector, receiver, tracking system INTRODUCTION The Sun, source of energy for our earth, is an averaged sized star of Milkyway [Akashganga] galaxy having mass around 1.987x1030 kg, diameter about 1.39x109 m and temperature around 6000˚K. At its centre fusion process of hydrogen to form helium is continuously occurring which causes release of a great amount of energy at the rate of 3.83×1026 W. The intensity (solar radiation leaving the sun) is constant and it is called solar constant (at mean distance of 1 AU) denoted by, Isc = 1367 W/m2 . The solar energy that hits the earth every second is equivalent to 4 trillion hundred-watt light bulbs. Furthermore, the solar energy received at one square mile in a year is equivalent to the energy produced by 4 million barrels of oil. Thus, the potential of solar energy is immense [1–4]. Due to continuously increasing demand of electricity, our country needs to shift to non-polluting renewable sources of energy to meet future demand for electricity. Solar is the prime inexhaustible energy available to all. India is one of the sun’s most favoured nations, blessed with about 5,000 trillion kWh/year of solar insolation every year with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per meter square per day. Thus, investment in solar energy is a natural choice for India [3]. Solar energy can be collected and utilized to generate electricity through photovoltaic system or to generate heat
- 11. IJSSM (2016) 10–18© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10 International Journal of Solid State Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Parametric Comparison of Organic Solar Cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Quantum Dot Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells Amit Mishra* , Abhinav Shekhar, Vivek Kumar, Mohit Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India ABSTRACT Organic solar cells have great potential due to their advantages such as low cost, easy manufacturing techniques, made of abundant earth materials, ability to overcome Shockley Queisser efficiency limit etc., but as of current technology status, the widespread commercialization of organic solar cells are limited due to low lifetime. Two modeling approaches are studied, equivalent circuit model and optical model. Two studies conducted in this section, two diode model studies on degradation of organic solar cell under continuous illumination and comparison of two diode model parameters for various emerging photovoltaic technologies including organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, perovskite solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells. Keywords: equivalent circuit, organic solar cell, perovskite solar cell, quantum dot solar cell, Queisser efficiency INTRODUCTION Energy is the backbone of any economy. All economic activities including production of goods and services, development of basic amenities, eradication of poverty and development of standard of living, all requires a continuous reliable supply of energy. Solar energy is an important source of renewable energy and as of the current status it contributes 0.24% of the total energy demand [3]. Along with wind energy it constitutes two high potential and growing energy markets. Solar energy technologies can be broadly classified as active solar and passive solar. Solar cells are classified into three categories namely – first, second and third generation solar cells. The first generation solar cells are also called conventional or wafer based solar cells. They are made of mono and poly crystalline silicon and are the commercially predominant solar cell technology. Second generation of solar cells includes thin film solar cells, which include amorphous silicon, CdTe and CIGS solar cells. Third generation of solar cells is often seen as emerging photovoltaic technologies. They are predicted to have high efficiencies and performances but most technologies are in research or developmental phase. They include organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, dye sensitized solar cells, etc. Organic Solar Cell: Principle and Mechanism The major difference of organic semiconductors and atomic semiconductors is the presence of molecules instead of atoms. This results in optical properties like absorption and luminescence and the electrical properties including transport gaps, charge carrier localization, separation, and transport. The
- 12. IJSSM (2016) 19–25© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19 International Journal of Solid State Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Applications of Paraffin as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Different Areas Sonali Mangal*, Diksha Joshi Poornima University, Jaipur, India ABSTRACT Plants of renewable sources of energy are situating across many places as they are never ending resources. But their cost is very high, their efficiency is less. Their day time utility is present but it is hard to utilize solar energy in night. Hence solution to these problems coming is Thermal Energy Storage systems. PCM i.e. phase change materials are used as storage material in these TES system. Paraffin wax is commercially available and in use as PCM. This paper investigates and reviews on the paper presented previously on the applications of Paraffin wax in TES in different areas like water distillation, storage and how their efficiency can be increased. It is found that now-a-days paraffin wax is better than other because of its high thermal conductivity and using composite with paraffin makes it more productive. But at some areas Paraffin fails in front of hydrated PCM salts. Moreover overall system is reliable. Keywords: composite, distillation, hydrated PCM salt, thermal energy storage, paraffin wax INTRODUCTION Human sustainability requires energy in any form that can be from renewable source or non-renewable sources of energy. Since human activity demand is increasing day by day and the store of non- renewable source of energy is decreasing with a greater rate, hence there is a great demand of non-renewable source of energy. There are many non-renewable energy resources in which solar energy is one, which provides thermal energy. But the prime drawbacks of this are efficiency of this is very less, they are dependent on time and their storage [1–6]. Hence, there is a great requirement to upgrade its efficiency through other ways like using a product which can trap and store its energy and can provide whenever needed. PCM i.e. Phase Change Material as Thermal Energy storage material is one of those product which increases its efficiency, its utility, decreases the wastage and effects the overall gain. THEORY Thermal Energy Storage Thermal energy storage method is used in order to cool or heat buildings or tanks when the temperature inside is above or below the internal energy in the stored substance. It is used so that energy could not be wasted and can be utilized with its maximum efficiency whenever required. This method is a solution to the drawbacks of solar energy: (1) Storing and delivering power according to the time requirement for e.g. storing in daytime and delivering in night time. (2) Security of energy supply.
- 13. IJSSM (2016) 26–31©JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26 International Journal of Solid State Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Analysis of Different Output Parameters of Multi-junction Inorganic Solar Cell Nidhi Sinha*, Varun Chandra, Diksha Joshi Poornima University, Rajasthan, India ABSTRACT One of the partial solutions to the urgent crisis of global warming and energy shortage is the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable sources. The solar cell is one of the most attractive sources of renewable energy. To increase the efficiency of Solar cell various multi-junction solar cell designs were proposed and analyzed. In general, By and large, the productivity of the multi-junction solar cell relies on different outline parameters, for example, material sort, thickness of the layers, doping concentration, type of texturing and thickness of anti-reflective coating. Multi-junction solar cells comprising of series stacked p-n junction layers offer a huge change in efficiency over ordinary solar cells by generating power over a bigger range of daylight. The plan of multi-junction solar cells is confused by both the longing to have maximally effective intersection layers and the need to coordinate the current delivered in every junction layer under ideal load conditions. Maximum reported efficiency was >50% with the four junction InGaP/GaAs/MQW/Ge solar cell. Keywords: multijunction inorganic solar cell, photovoltaic cell, solar cell INTRODUCTION Solar Power (otherwise called Solar radiation or insolation) is energy from the Sun. This energy, as warmth and light, bolsters all life on earth, drives the Earth's atmosphere and climate and is predominately in charge of class of resources all things considered known as renewable energy. Every hour the sun beam onto the Earth more than lots of energy to satisfy global energy needs for an entire year. Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun’s energy and make it usable. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, change when exposed to light. The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes: The assimilation of light, creating either electron-hole pair or excitons The partition of charge carriers of opposite types. The different extraction of those carriers to an outside circuit. Cells, Modules, Panels and Systems Different solar based cells in a coordinated gathering all situated in one plane, constitute a solar photovoltaic board or solar photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic modules regularly have a sheet of glass on the sun-confronting side, permitting light to pass while ensuring the semiconductor
- 14. IJSSM (2016) 32–43© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 32 International Journal of Solid State Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com Revolution and Expansion of Nanofluids in Different Sectors Arvind Mahla* , Ashok Rinwa, Sourabh Soni Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sobhasaria Engineering College, Sikar, Rajasthan, India ABSTRACT Generally, heat transfer has become critical issue in many sectors due to compact designs as one cannot manipulate with design much more. But in this technical era, there has been a huge demand of an alternative source which can enhance the heat transfer rate with less power consumption and maximum efficiency. Traditional fluids + nanoparticles could only enhance the thermal conductivity by 25% (approx.) with the application in limited sectors. For the enhancement of thermal conductivity, liquid-metal fluid with the addition of recent predicted nanoparticles such as CNTs, Cerium-oxide, Al2O3, graphite increased the applications in many sectors. This paper discusses applications in electronic, electrical, automotive, aerospace, aeronautics, optics, heating and air conditioning systems. Heat removal and control are the demanding challenges in some high heat flux systems such as nuclear fission, fusion, micro/nanoelectronics mechanical systems, solar collectors and micro chemical reactions. Keywords: heat flux, thermal conductivity, stability of nanofluids INTRODUCTION New focus is on the world’s oil production and concern of greenhouse gas emissions which led to increased propellant performance and environment sustainability. Current propellant use Hydrazine which have many negative health and environmental effects to living being. According to U.S. environmental protection agency [EPA] [1], short term exposure to hydrazine can result in permanent damage to the central nervous system, kidneys, livers. Thus wide use of diesel engines leads to harmful threat of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. Improvement in the performance of diesel engines is a very important challenge to be addressed, in the recent era due to the fast depletion of fossil fuel resources as well as due to the harmful hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. Efforts are also made for the reformulation of diesel fuel to decrease these harmful emissions without affecting the physicochemical properties of fuel such as viscosity, flash and fire point. Improvements in heat transfer systems can be achieved by increasing the surface area or the heat transfer coefficient. Fins or extended surfaces are employed to augment the heat dissipation area. The heat transfer coefficient for forced convection depends on multiple parameters such as geometry, fluid velocity and thermo- physical properties, flow regime, etc. but with increase in fins, the geometry has to be changed, which causes increase in the size. A nanofluid is a fluid consisting of uniformly dispersed and suspended nanometer-sized particles in fluids with the purpose of improving their properties, such as the thermal conductivity and the viscosity. The innovative idea of
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