This article discusses the cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin type A. Botulinum toxin is used to reduce muscle activity and treat aging symptoms. It has been used for over 40 years in cosmetic treatments. Botulinum toxin type A is commonly used and works by inhibiting the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at nerve-muscle junctions. It is administered via injections and provides effects that last around 3 months. While effective for cosmetic purposes, overuse of botulinum toxin injections can weaken adjacent muscles. The toxin remains important for cosmetic treatments due to societal pressures to look younger.

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 Animal genetics and genomics
 Transgenic technology
 Reproductive biotechnology
 Infectious diseases
 Bioinformatics and nutrition enrichment
 Transgenic animals
 Animal cell culture
 Probiotics & feed biotechnology
 Gene cloning and expression
 Stem cells
 Cryopreservation
 Animal tissue culture
 Recombinant DNA technology
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Scientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

7. From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. This journal is
part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Animal Biotechnology
and Applications issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the
validationofemergingtechnologies.
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Applications.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

8. 1. Botulinum Toxin: Cosmetic Purposes
Peenal Raj 1
2. An Overview of Stem Cells
Som Kumar 7
3. Cryopreservation of Embryo
Manjit Singh 12
4. Transgenic Animal: Their Production, Benefits and Concerned Ethical Issue
Rahul Sharma 15
5. Animal Cell Culture: Features, Requirements and Various Applications
Som Kumar 19
Contents

9. IJABA (2016) 1-6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications
eISSN: 2455-7315
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Botulinum Toxin: Cosmetic Purposes
Peenal Raj*
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
Botulinum toxins are used for curing skin problems and for cosmetic purposes. These are
generally called as BTX. It had been used earlier for reducing certain muscle activities which
were responsible for aging symptoms. Dr. Alan Scott had started his research in the BTX
about 40 years ago. BTX has so many types like A, B, E and F but the type used for cosmetic
treatment is type A. BTX type A is used for the treatment of blepharospasm, a physiological
condition in which there is recurring closing of the eyelids. The main mechanism lies in the
inhibition of release of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine at the junction of nerves and muscles.
It also acts at the parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. It is used in the form of
injections and it is effective for about 3 months. The overuse of BTX injections may weaken
the adjacent muscles. Botulinum toxin type A is very much needed for future generation
because we live in a society where looks matters most of the time rather than knowledge so
everyone wants to look younger and smarter than others.
Keywords: Botulinum toxin, cosmetics, aging; skin problems, acetylcholine
INTRODUCTION
The earth consists of large varieties of
species which are present in nature. One of
the smallest organisms is bacteria which
are present everywhere in the
environment. The bacterium Clostridium
botulinum, anaerobic in nature produces
the botulinum neurotoxins. It is the most
poisonous substance present in the nature.
It causes food poisoning and it also affects
the autonomic nervous system. Van
Emergen describes the relation between
botulism and the bacterial toxin in 1897.[1]
The botulinum toxin stops the transmission
of the neuromuscular.[2]
Dr. Alan Scott
was an ophthalmologist and in 1981, he
used botulinum toxin for the treatment of
strabismus for the first time.[3]
Then after
some time Dr. Jean and Dr. Alastair
Carruthers observed that there is reduction
in the vertical and horizontal lines on the
forehead and reported in 1992.[4]
The USA
had conducted a study on seven hundred
people for double-blind and declared that
BTX type A is safe to use for cure of
lower forehead vertical lines (Figure 1).[5]
Fig. 1. Botulinum research in different
countries.(Source:
http://earthzine.org/2009/02/10/botulinum-
toxins-the-good-bad-and-the-ugly/).
There are various products of botulinum
toxin, type A like Onabotulinumtoxin A,

10. IJABA (2016) 7–11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications
eISSN: 2455-7315
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
An Overview of Stem Cells
Som Kumar
Department of Biotechnology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India
BACKGROUND
Immature microorganisms are a class of
undifferentiated cells that can separate into
specific cell types. Generally, immature
microorganisms originate from two
fundamental sources:
 Embryos framed amid the blastocyst
period of embryological advancement
(embryonic immature
microorganisms) and
 Adult tissue (grown-up immature
microorganisms).
Both types are for the most part
characterized by their strength, or
potential to separate into various cell
types, (for example, skin, muscle, bone,
and so on.).
ADULTS STEM CELLS
Adult stem cells exist throughout the body
after embryonic development and are
found within various types of tissue.
These undeveloped cells have been found
in tissues, for example, the cerebrum, bone
marrow, blood, veins, skeletal muscles,
skin, and the liver. They stay in a non-
dividing state for quite a long time until
initiated by infection or tissue damage.
Adult stem cells can separate or restore
itself uncertainly and empowers them to
produce a scope of cell sorts from the
beginning organ or even recovers the
whole unique organ [1, 2]. It is by and
large felt that grown-up undifferentiated
organisms are restricted in their capacity
to separate in view of their tissue of origin,
yet there is some confirmation to propose
that they can separate to end up distinctly
other cell types.
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
Embryonic undifferentiated cells are
derived from a four-or five-day-old human
embryo blastocyst phase of development.
The embryos are typically created in IVF
(in vitro treatment) clinics where a several
eggs are fertilized in a test tube, however
just a single is implanted into a woman.
Sexual reproduction begins when a male's
sperm prepares a female's ovum (egg) to
shape a solitary cell called a zygote. The
single zygote cell then starts a progression
of divisions, shaping 2, 4, 8, 16.
Following four to six days - before
implantation in the uterus - this mass of
cells is known as a blastocyst. The
blastocyst comprises of an inward cell
mass (embryoblast) and an external cell
mass (trophoblast). The external cell mass
turns out to be a piece of the placenta, and
the internal cell mass is the gathering of
cells that will separate to wind up
distinctly every one of the structures of a
grown-up life form. This last mass is the
wellspring of embryonic undeveloped
cells - totipotent (cells with aggregate
potential to form into any phone in the
body).
CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE
In a typical pregnancy, the blastocyst
organizes proceeds until implantation of
the incipient organism in the uterus, and
soon thereafter the developing life is
alluded to as a baby. This more often than
not happens before the end of the tenth

11. IJABA (2016) 12–14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications
eISSN: 2455-7315
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Cryopreservation of Embryo
Manjit Singh
Department of Biotechnology, DAV College, Jalandhar, India
BACKGROUND
Cryopreservation or cry conservation is a
procedure where organelles, cells, tissues,
extracellular matrix, organs or whatever
other natural develops powerless to harm
brought on by unregulated chemical
kinetics are protected by cooling to low
temperatures[1](typically - 80 °C utilizing
strong carbon dioxide or - 196 °C utilizing
fluid nitrogen). At sufficiently low
temperatures, any enzymatic or chemical
activities which may make harm the
biological material being referred to be
viably halted. Cryopreservation techniques
look to achieve low temperatures without
bringing about extra harm brought about
by the development of ice amid
solidifying. Conventional cryopreservation
has depended on covering the material to
be solidified with a class of particles
named cryoprotectants. New techniques
are continually being researched because
of the inherent toxicity of numerous
cryoprotectants. [2] By default it ought to
be viewed as that cryopreservation adjusts
or bargains the structure and capacity of
cells unless it is demonstrated generally
for a specific cell population.
Cryoconservation of animal genetic
resources is the procedure in which animal
genetic material is gathered and put away
with the expectation of protection of the
breed.
Cryopreservation of embryos is the way
toward preserving an embryo at sub-zero
temperatures, by and large at an
embryogenesis stage comparing to pre-
implantation, that is, from preparation to
the blastocyst stage. Cryopreservation for
embryos is used for embryo storage.
Pregnancies have been reported from
embryos stored for 16 years. Many
reviews have assessed the children born
from frozen embryos, or "frosties". The
outcome has been consistently positive
with no expansion of birth defects or
development abnormalities.[3-5] An
investigation of more than 11,000
cryopreserved human embryos had no
significant effect of storage time on post-
defrost survival for in vitro fertilization
(IVF) or oocyte donation cycles, or for
embryos frozen at the pronuclear or
cleavage stages. Additionally, the duration
of storage did not have any critical impact
on clinical pregnancy, miscarriage,
implantation, or live birth rate, whether
from IVF or oocyte donation cycles.
Rather, oocyte age, survival extent, and
number of exchanged embryos are
indicators of pregnancy result.
METHODS
Embryos cryopreservation is for the most
part executed as a segment of in vitro
fertilization (which by and large likewise
incorporates ovarian hyperstimulation, egg
retrieval and embryo transfer). The
ovarian hyperstimulation is ideally done
by utilizing a GnRH agonist instead of
human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for
definite oocyte development, since it
diminishes the danger of ovarian
hyperstimulation disorder with no
confirmation of a distinction in live birth
rate (as opposed to new cycles where use
of GnRH agonist has a lower live birth
rate).
The principle procedures utilized for
embryo cryopreservation are vitrification
versus moderate programmable freezing

12. IJABA (2016) 15–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15
International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications
eISSN: 2455-7315
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Transgenic Animal: Their Production, Benefits and Concerned
Ethical Issue
Rahul Sharma
Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
BACKGROUND
Transgenic Animal is animals in which
there has been a deliberate modification of
its genome, the genetic makeup of a living
being in charge of inherited characteristics.
The nucleus of all cells in each living life
form contains qualities made up of DNA.
These qualities store data that directs how
our bodies shape and capacity. Genes can
be altered artificially, so that a few
characteristics of an animal are changed.
For instance, a developing life can have an
additional, working quality from another
source misleadingly brought into it, or a
quality presented which can thump out the
working of another specific quality in the
embryo. Animals that have their DNA
controlled along these lines are knows as
transgenic animals.
The larger part of transgenic animals
delivered so far are mice, the animal that
pioneered the technology. The principal
fruitful transgenic animal was a mouse.
Transgenic Animals are valuable as
sickness models and makers of substances
for human welfare.
 Some transgenic animals are delivered
for particular financial attributes. For
instance, transgenic cows were made
to create drain containing specific
human proteins, which may help in the
treatment of human emphysema.
 Other transgenic animals are delivered
as ailment models (creatures
hereditarily controlled to display
infection indications so that
compelling treatment can be
concentrated on). For instance,
Harvard researchers made a
noteworthy logical leap forward when
they got a U.S. patent (the organization
DuPont holds elite rights to its
utilization) for a hereditarily designed
mouse, called OncoMouse® or the
Harvard mouse, conveying a quality
that advances the improvement of
different human cancers.
Production of Transgenic Animals
Since the disclosure of the molecular
structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in
1953, molecular biology research has
gained momentum [1]. Molecular biology
technology consolidates strategies and
aptitude from biochemistry, genetics, cell
biology, developmental biology, and
microbiology.
Scientists can now produce transgenic
animals on the grounds that, since Watson
and Crick's disclosure, there have been
achievements in:
The insertion of a foreign gene (transgene)
into an animal is successful just if the
quality is acquired by posterity.
The achievement rate for transgenesis is
low and effective transgenic animals
should be cloned or mated.
• Recombinant DNA (falsely created
DNA)
• Genetic cloning
• Analysis of quality expression (the
procedure by which a quality offers
ascend to a protein)
• Genomic mapping

13. IJABA (2016) 19–24 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications
eISSN: 2455-7315
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Animal Cell Culture: Features, Requirements and Various
Applications
Som Kumar*
Department of Biotechnology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Animal cell culture fundamentally includes the in vitro (in the laboratory) support and
proliferation of animal cells in a suitable nutrient media. In this manner, culture is a
procedure of developing cells falsely. Cell culture has turned into a key innovation in
different branches of life sciences.
Keywords: animal, cell, plastic
INTRODUCTION
Animal cells can develop in
straightforward glass or plastic
compartments in nutritive media however;
they become just too constrained eras.
Animal cells display contact inhibition. In
culture the disease cells obviously vary
from the normal cells. Because of
uncontrolled development and more
adjusted shape, they lose contact hindrance
and heap over each other. There is a
distinction in the in vitro and in vivo
development example of cells.
(i) There is a nonattendance of cell-cell
association and cell lattice interaction
(ii) There is an absence of cell-cell
interaction and cell matrix interaction
(iii)Changed hormonal and nutritional
environment
They method for adherence to glass or
plastic holder in which they develop, cell
multiplication and state of cell results in
modifications.
The support of development of cells under
laboratory conditions in reasonable culture
medium is known as Primary Cell Culture
[1, 2]. Cells are separated frame tissues by
mechanical means and by enzymatic
processing utilizing proteolytic enzymes.
Cells can grow as adherent cells
(anchorage dependent) or as suspension
cultures (anchorage independent).The
essential culture is sub cultured in fresh
media to build up Secondary Cultures.
The different types of cell lines are
arranged into two types as Finite cell line
and Continuous cell line. Finite cell lines
are those cell lines which have a restricted
life expectancy and become through a
predetermined number of cell eras. The
cells regularly separate 20 to 100
circumstances (i.e. is 20-100 populace
doublings) before extinction. Cell lines
changed under in vitro conditions offer
ascent to continuous cell lines.
The continuous cell lines are changed,
immortal and tumorigenic. The physical
environment incorporates the ideal pH,
temperature, osmolality and gaseous
environment, supporting surface and
shielding the cells from substance,
physical, and mechanical stresses [3].
Nutrient media is the blend of inorganic
salts and different supplements equipped

14. Animal Biotechnology
& Applications
International Journal of
Jul–Dec 2016IJABA
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« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
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« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
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Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damage
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« International Journal of Structural Mechanics
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Biotechnology
« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
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