This document provides an overview of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology. It begins by discussing how BCIs can help individuals with severe neuromuscular impairments by translating brain signals into commands to control devices. The document then covers various components of a BCI system including electroencephalography to record brain activity, signal processing to interpret commands, and electrical stimulation of muscles. Examples of potential BCI applications discussed include assisting those with epilepsy, paralysis, and other conditions. The document concludes by noting the growing market for BCIs and their potential to improve lives without relying on normal motor function.

1. Brain – Computer Interface
Sunday, February 24th, 2019
LMP Education Trust
Image Source: https://alsadotorg.wordpress.com/2016/06/02/bringing-brain-computer-interface-home/

2. Yaksha Prashna
The Yaksha asked, "What is heavier than Earth, higher than heavens, faster
than the wind and more numerous than straws"?
https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-complete-dialogue-between-Yudhisthir-and-Yaksha-from-Mahabharata
Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/healthblog/8384110298

3. Interacting with the world faster
Actions = Mechanical Thoughts = Electrical impulses
Image source: https://coach.nine.com.au/2016/12/16/13/43/sprint-your-way-to-a-marathon
Image source: https://www.sott.net/article/234261-How-
The-Brain-Controls-Impulsive-Behaviour

4. MATRIX movie

5. https://www.businessinsider.in/China-is-monitoring-employees-brain-waves-and-emotions-and-the-technology-boosted-one-companys-profits-by-315-million/articleshow/63970711.cms
The technology works by placing wireless
sensors in employees' caps or hats which,
combined with artificial intelligence
algorithms, spot incidents of workplace
rage, anxiety, or sadness.
Employees' brain waves are reportedly
being monitored in factories, state-owned
enterprises, and the military across China.
The technology reportedly increases
productivity and profitability, with one
company claiming its profits jumped by
$315 million.

6. Source:
https://www.recode.net/2017/3/6/14831108/robot-mind-
reading-technology-brain-mit-telepathy
There are many ways to control a robot. You
can code it, or manipulate it with a
touchscreen or a joystick. Robots can even
teach themselves new tricks with machine
learning. But now, researchers at MIT’s
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory and Boston University have added
a new way: Thinking with your brain.
The researchers have created a feedback
system that reads a person’s brain responses
while watching a robot at work. If the robot
makes a mistake that the person recognizes,
the robot is sent a signal to correct its error.
No one presses a button or utters a word.

7. Brain : Chemical – electrical entity
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_brain_in_a_vat.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemical_synapse_schema
_cropped.jpg

8. http://news.mit.edu/2018/seeing-brains-electrical-activity-0226
“If you put an electrode in the
brain, it’s like trying to
understand a phone
conversation by hearing only one
person talk,” says Edward
Boyden, an associate professor
of biological engineering and
brain and cognitive sciences at
MIT. “Now we can record the
neural activity of many cells in a
neural circuit and hear them as
they talk to each other.”

9. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42894312

10. Is your brain a computer - Video
• Video Parietal Lobe - involved in the reception and
processing of sensory information from the
body.
Frontal Lobe - involved with decision-making,
problem solving, and planning.
Occipital Lobe - involved with vision.
Temporal Lobe - involved with memory,
emotion, hearing, and language.http://www.sheffieldneurogirls.com/our-brain

11. Individuals with severe neuromuscular
impairments
Image source: https://medlineplus.gov/neuromusculardisorders.html

12. Neuromuscular Disorders
Each year, 750,000 people in the US experience a stroke and 11,000
suffer a spinal cord injury. 500,000 Americans currently live with
cerebral palsy, 270,000 with multiple sclerosis and 5.3 million with the
after-effects of a traumatic brain injury, and thousands more with
movement disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou
Gehrig’s disease) and other conditions that rob them of their ability to
move their muscles and, in many cases, live independently.
Source: http://aemf.org/item/neuromuscular-disorders/

13. Neuromuscular Disorders
• Patients who have lost the ability to move an arm or a leg, stand up
out of a chair or swallow a mouthful of food due to a neuromuscular
condition are often faced with months to years of physical therapy to
try to restore or retain some level of muscle function. While many
patients experience success in their efforts, those who don’t may face
fewer clinical options as time passes from the original onset of their
symptoms.
Source: http://aemf.org/item/neuromuscular-disorders/

14. Neuromuscular Disorders
In 1791, scientist Luigi Galvani first showed that electricity, when applied to a
frog’s leg, could cause muscle twitches. In the intervening centuries,
scientists have learned much about how electrical stimulation affects muscle
tissue and have tried to apply it to muscles paralyzed by neuromuscular
disease to create both therapeutic and functional effect.
This field of medicine is known variously as
• electrical muscle stimulation (EMS),
• neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES),
• functional electrical stimulation (FES) and
• electromyostimulation.
Source: http://aemf.org/item/neuromuscular-disorders/

15. Movement Commands from Brain
(a) In healthy subjects, primary motor area sends movement commands to muscles via spinal cord.
(b) In paralyzed people this pathway is interrupted.
(c) Computer based decoder translates this activity into commands for muscle control.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262914980_Prospect_of_Brain-
Machine_Interface_in_Motor_Disabilities_The_Future_Support_for_Multiple_Sclerosis_Patient_to_Improve_Quality_of_Life/figures?lo=1
Available via license: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

16. How Brain Functions - video
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224145401_Brain-Computer_Interfacing_In_the_Spotlight/figures?lo=1

17. http://www.neurotechcenter.org/sites/default/files/misc/The%20Emerging%20World%20of%20Motor%20Neu
roprosthetics%20-%20A%20Neurosurgical%20Perspective.pdf
Schematic showing the essential components of the BCI

18. Electrical stimulation can be applied to the
affected muscles one of two ways
• Surface Electrodes • Implanted Electrodes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_muscle_stimulation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocorticography

19. Electroencephalography (EEG)
https://speakingofresearch.com/2016/08/22/research-using-sheep-leads-to-
a-new-device-to-record-and-stimulate-the-brain/ https://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain-computer-interface.htm

20. Types of EEG Waves
1.Delta Waves
2.Theta Waves
3.Alpha Waves
4.Beta Waves
5.Gamma Waves
Source: http://www.crystalblueent.com/brain-waves.html

21. Use of EEG
http://slideplayer.com/slide/10445941/release/woothee Slide #20

22. Do not rely on peripheral nerves or muscles,
but rather on signals from the central nervous
system, to enable communication or control
Modern
Approach
https://futurism.com/elon-musk-wants-meld-human-brain-computers

23. Brain-Computer Interface technology
for Epilepsy
https://www.apnews.com/29adb5cce1724b8ebd66f380c83202aa
Of the roughly 3.4 million adults in
the U.S. with epilepsy, as many as
one-third have seizures that are
not controlled by existing
therapies. As the only FDA-
approved medical device that
utilizes brain-computer interface
technology for epilepsy, the RNS
System offers an advanced
treatment option for patients with
refractory focal seizures.

24. History of BCI
• In 1924 Berger was the first to record human brain activity by means of
EEG. Berger was able to identify oscillatory activity, such as Berger's wave
or the alpha wave (8–13 Hz), by analyzing EEG traces.
• Algorithms to reconstruct movements from motor cortex neurons, which
control movement, were developed in 1970s.
• The first Intra-Cortical Brain-Computer Interface was built by implanting
electrodes into monkeys.
• After conducting initial studies in rats during the 1990s, researchers
developed Brain Computer Interfaces that decoded brain activity in
monkeys and used the devices to reproduce movements in monkeys and
used the devices to reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface

25. http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface

26. Star Wars: 10 Powers Fans Didn’t Know
Darth Vader Has
https://screenrant.com/star-wars-darth-vader-hidden-powers-weaknesses/
Darth Vader's arms and legs were replaced by prosthetics, which were operated by a special neuron rig that was
connected to his brain.

27. In 1998, Kevin Warwick, a Professor of Cybernetics at Reading University, became the world's first cyborg. Well, to
be exact, he had a radio frequency ID implanted in his arm. As a result, he can turn on lights by snapping his
fingers; once he let his wife's brain waves take control of his body (she's also cybernetic).
https://becomingasuperhuman.com/kevin-warwick-worlds-first-cyborg-on-artificial-intelligence/
https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/788axy/the-cyborg-kevin-warwick-is-the-worlds-first-human-robot-hybrid

28. Typical BCI Interface
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/cagdasulas00/miscstuff

29. BCI Model
Image source: http://bsi.riken.jp/bsi-news/bsinews34/no34/research1e.html

30. Source: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain-computer-interface1.htm

31. https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/mind-communication1.htm

32. Potential of BCI
• Does not involve voluntary
motor function
• Cognitive function – to
interact with external
environment
http://www.fgcsic.es/lychnos/en_en/articles/Brain-Computer-Interface

33. BCI as an assistive technology
Disabilities such as those resulting from
• autism
• aphasia
• brainstem stroke
• spinal cord injury , and
• neurodegenerative diseases , among other afflictions and challenges
Image sources: https://aaspeech.com/june-aphasia-awareness-month/
https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-mild-autism-260244

34. https://www.epainassist.com/brain/brain-stem-stroke

35. https://twitter.com/stjamesdublin/status/983965406791692288

36. BCI systems – P300 Signal
The P300 signal is an event related potential
(ERP), meaning that the signal is seen on an
EEG as a rapid single potential change as a
response to a sensory, cognitive, or motor
event.
Video: 1. How the brain recognizes what the eye sees
2. Measuring P300

37. Global Brain Computer Interface Market
• Growth @ CAGR of 22.8% during 2018-2023
• Reason is increasing use of sensor technology
Market To Be Worth $1.73 Billion By 2022: Grand View Research, Inc.
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/brain-computer-interfaces-market

38. Market Growth Factors
• Increasing numbers of brain disorder patients
• Advancements in Neuro-imaging technologies
• Increase of sensor application in medical field
• New application areas of BCI in Education and Defence

39. Market Challengers
•Cost structures
•Poor Information
Transfer Rate of BCI
http://learn.neurotechedu.com/introtobci/
https://www.brainscientific.com/about/

40. Market Opportunities
• Developing cure for paralysed brain disorder patients
• providing better smart home control system
• calibrating the movement in physically challenged individuals
• Emerging use of BCI in Gaming Enterprises
Image source: https://www.factor-tech.com/feature/brain-computer-
interfaces-the-video-game-controllers-of-the-future/
https://interestingengineering.com/researchers-develop-special-brain-computer-
interface-system-for-people-with-paralysis

41. Regional Growth
Source: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/brain-computer-interfaces-market

42. Market Segmentation
By Components:
• Hardware
• Software
OpenBCI
OpenViBE: Open-Source Software for Brain-Computer Interfaces
https://bciovereeg.blogspot.com/2012/04/open-source-software-for-eeg.html

43. Market Segmentation
By Type
Invasive-
inside grey matter
of brain
Partially Invasive-
inside the skull but
outside the grey
matter
Non Invasive-
outside the skull, on
the scalp
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia_ml/pub/2424.ph
p?from=7923
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4446/17ec6a720a7291faf1b70d5bd0cf
d82461f6.pdf?_ga=2.201837649.110001340.1551214808-
2081305395.1551214808

44. Market Segmentation
By Application:
• Medical
• Smart home control
• Gaming and Virtual Reality
• Communication and Control
https://meetings.ninds.nih.gov/assets/Neural_Interfaces/9_Guger_NIC-NIH.pdf
http://neurable.com/news/mind-controlled-vr-game-really-works
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2011.00005/full

45. Market Segmentation
By Technology
• Electro-encephalography (EEG)
• Magneto-encephalography
(MEG)
• Electro-Corticography (ECoG)
• Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (FMRI)
• Near Infrared Spectroscopy
• Intra-cortical Neuro Recording
Image source: https://cultocracy.wordpress.com/2018/03/17/ecog-speech-synthesis-
bcis-implant-arrays/
https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/13523/Brain-
Computer-Interface-Generates-Sensory-Feedback-from-Cortical-Stimulation.aspx

46. Market Segmentation
By End User
• Education
• Health Care
• Defence
https://www.ise.ncsu.edu/bci/projects/p300-based-brain-
computer-interface-bci/
https://www.army-technology.com/features/featurebrain-
computer-interfacing-military-mind-control/

47. https://meetings.ninds.nih.gov/assets/Neural_Interfaces/9_Guger_NIC-NIH.pdf

48. http://www.electrostim.ro/index_e.php?p=brain_computer_interface

49. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110866515000237

50. BCI Examples - Prostheses
The results suggest that people with severe motor disabilities could use brain signals to operate a robotic arm or a
neuroprosthesis without needing to have electrodes implanted in their brains.
https://deliveryimages.acm.org/10.1145/1950000/1941506/figs/f1.jpg

51. BCI Examples - Prostheses
Online experiments have shown that subjects successfully control the robot to circumnavigate obstacles and
reach some specified targets in separate rooms by motor imagery of their hands and feet.
Source:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f475/6a0a925c36d1ec853dd0afd06e4ac52238f9.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/203918369_Evaluation_of_a_robot_as_
embodied_interface_for_brain_computer_interface_systems/figures?lo=1

52. BCI Examples - Prostheses
Our results open the possibility for physically disabled people to use a portable EEG-based brain-machine
interface for controlling wheelchairs and prosthetic limbs. Source: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1300798
Image grab:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUcubnQML9s

53. BCI Examples - Music
Our research successfully demonstrates the suitability of the SSVEP technique for eliciting control over
musical notation in the continuous fashion required for acoustic music performance.
Source: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/72da/8f12ded41fb2c906a616499131c6a366bd6a.pdf

54. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2013/802063/

55. BRAINGATE
Developing brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies to restore the communication,
mobility, and independence of people with neurologic disease, injury, or limb loss
https://www.braingate.org/

56. Neuroelectrics’ Starstim™ - a novel
form of non-invasive neuromodulation
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190225005464/en/
February 25, 2019 07:00 AM Eastern Standard Time
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--At the recent
American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting in New
Orleans, Neuroelectrics Corporation presented
positive results from its clinical trial treating patients
with drug resistant epilepsy with Starstim™, a device
that uses mild electric currents applied on the scalp
to calm abnormal activity of the brain. Of the
seventeen patients that completed the study,
treatment with Neuroelectrics’ Starstim™ device
resulted in a reduction in seizure frequency of at
least 40% from baseline in 75% of the patients,
measured eight weeks after treatment. Also, no
device-related adverse events were reported during
the study.

57. Consumer Gaming
Image source: https://www.factor-tech.com/feature/brain-computer-interfaces-the-video-game-controllers-of-the-future/

58. Harvard-incubated BrainCo’s Focus 1
A neurofeedback device that is worn like a headband to improve focus by training certain brainwave frequencies
source: https://www.factor-tech.com/feature/brain-computer-interfaces-the-video-game-controllers-of-the-future/

59. https://www.emotiv.com/brain-controlled-technology/

60. Understanding Consumer Behaviour
https://www.apnews.com/dde926881bcda3b0ecc566ea381b68bd
Marketing Brainology, a neuromarketing
firm using neuroscience approaches to
understand consumer behavior, invited
consumers into their Neurolab to measure
the impact of various Super Bowl
advertisements. Using the NeuroCap EEG
cap to measure brain activity, along with
eye-tracking software, subjects were
presented with multiple media
impressions. Marketing Brainology was
able to analyze responsive biomarkers and
determine the most effective and
memorable commercials aired during
Super Bowl LIII.
“Our Super Bowl study MEASURED BRAIN ACTIVITY and EYE-TRACKING to
capture why and when consumers reacted to specific Super Bowl
commercials. Marketing departments can use this data to better connect
with consumers before allocating millions of dollars in producing a
commercial.”

61. Brain Scientific’s NeuroCap and
NeuroEEG
“Our Super Bowl study MEASURED BRAIN ACTIVITY and EYE-TRACKING to
capture why and when consumers reacted to specific Super Bowl
commercials. Marketing departments can use this data to better connect
with consumers before allocating millions of dollars in producing a
commercial.”
https://www.apnews.com/dde926881bcda3b0ecc566ea381b68bd
https://www.brainscientific.com/neuroeeg/
Image source: https://www.mvapmed.com/skmvapflyers/Quarterly_Flyer.pdf

62. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Source: https://www.apnews.com/ce1b492b6e8e40649f0278166f1035d7
… the hat can determine what a person is thinking about and use the
information to sort them into a Hogwarts house in one test…
Image for representation only.
source:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/asu
english/33040919442
Non Invasive electrodes to capture brain activity

63. MIT McGovern Institute for Brain
Research
https://mcgovern.mit.edu/

64. Cognitive role of BCI
• HTML and CSS – user puts the content and browser does the layout
• Machine Learning Techniques
• Adjusting Information Flow – Cognitive state through BCI
• Using brain imaging, the system knows approximately how the user’s
attentional and cognitive resources are allocated, and could tailor
information presentation to attain the largest communication
bandwidth possible.
• Cognitive overload >>>> system provides less information
Source: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ace2007-bcigames.pdf

65. Interruptions disrupt thought
processes
• User thinking really hard >>> system detects >>> manage pending
interruptions such as e-mail alerts and phone calls accordingly
• User is staring blankly at the wall >>> System differentiates between
deep thought and no thought
• User getting verbally overloaded >>> System could attempt to turn
down the music, since musical lyrics get subconsciously processed
and consume valuable verbal resources.
Source: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7c33/2970584bb9ec2feaaedc47c4c2be1425cc0d.pdf

66. Higher level cognitive events
• User having higher level cognitive events like confusion and
frustration or satisfaction and realization (the “aha” moment) >>>
System could tailor interfaces that provide feedback or guidance on
task focus and strategy >>> increases information understanding and
retention
Source: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ace2007-bcigames.pdf

67. Thank you!