The document discusses brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which enable individuals, especially those with disabilities, to control computers and other devices using their thoughts. It covers the history, technology, applications, advantages, disadvantages, and future potential of BCIs, highlighting their ability to assist paralyzed individuals and improve their quality of life. Despite ethical concerns and technological limitations, BCIs represent a significant advancement in neuroscience, with ongoing research aimed at enhancing their effectiveness.

1. INTERFACE NEURONALE
DIRECTE
-Brain computing interface
Presented by:
P.Anisha
M.Rajeshwari
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

2. Overview:
• Introduction
• History
• BCI technologies
• Component
• Working
• How information is transmitted
• Applications
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Future scope
• Conclusion

3. Introduction
• Interface Neuronale Directe is also called as
brain computer interface(BCI)
• It is a mind-to-movement system that allows a
quadriplegic man to control a computer using his
Thoughts.
• The system is to help those who have lost control
of their limbs or other bodily functions, such as
patients with spinal cord injury to operate various
gadgets such as TV, computer ,lights, fan etc.
• It monitors brain activity in the patient and
converts the intention of the user into computer
commands

4. History
• In 1924 Hans Berger, a German neurologist was
first to record human brain activities by means of
EEG(Electroencephalography ).
• In 1970 researchers on BCIs began at the
university of California Los Angeles(UCLA).
• In 1978 a prototype was planted into a man
blinded in adulthood.
• In 2005 Matthew Nagle was one of the first person
to use BCI to restore functionality lost due to
paralysis.
• In 2013 duke university researchers
successfully connected the brains two rats.
It is the first ever brain to brain interface.

5. BCI Technology
• BCIs usually connects the brain (or nervous
system) with a computer system.
• A Brain Computer Interface, called as direct
neural interface or brain machine interface is a
direct communication pathway between human or
animal brain and an external device.
• Based on the communicative Pathway BCI is
classified as follows
 One Way BCI
 Two Way BCI

6. BCI Technology (Cont.)
• One Way BCI: Computers either accept
commands from the brain or send signals to it (for
example, to restore vision) but not both.
• Two Way BCI: Brains and external devices can
exchange information in both directions but have
yet to be successfully implanted in animals or
humans.
• Brain Computer interface is of three types based
on its features and are
 Invasive BCI
 Non Invasive BCI
 Partially invasive BCI

7. Invasive BCI:
• Invasive BCI are directly implanted into the grey
matter of the brain during neurosurgery. They
produce the highest quality signals of BCI devices.
• BCIs focusing on motor Neuroprosthetics aim to
either restore movement in paralyzed individuals
or provide devices to assist them, such
as interfaces with computers or
robot arms.

8. Partially Invasive BCI:
• Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted
inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather
than amidst the grey matter.
• Electrocorticography(ECoG) uses the same
technology as non-invasive
electroencephalography, but the electrodes are
embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed
above the cortex, beneath the duramater.
• Light Reactive Imaging BCI devices are still in the
realm of theory. These would involve implanting
laser inside the skull

9. Non Invasive BCI:
• The signals which are used in non invasive BCI
have been used to power muscle implants and
restore partial movement in an experimental
volunteer.
• Easy to wear but it produces poor signals.
• Another substantial barrier used in BCI:
 Electroencephalography (EEG)
 Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

10. How does EEG & MEG work
with?

11. Animal BCI Research
• Several laboratories have managed to record
signals from monkey & rat cerebral cortex in
order to operate BCIs to carry out movement.
• Monkeys-They have better abilities, skills and
navigated computer cursors on Screen and
Commanded Robotic Arms.
• Rats-Decoded Visual Signals.

12. This way Monkeys & Rats used
in laboratory

13. Components of BCI:
• The converter: The signal travels to a shoebox-sized
amplifier mounted on the user’s wheelchair,
where it’s converted to optical data and bounced
by fiber-optic cable to a computer.
• The computer: The computer
translates brain activity and creates
the communication output using
custom decoding software.

14. Components of BCI:
• The Neuro chip: A 4-millimeter
square silicon chip studded
with 100 hair-thin
microelectrodes is embedded
in the primary motor cortex
the region of the brain
responsible for controlling
movement
• The connector: When the user thinks “move
cursor up and down”, the cortical neurons fire in
a distinctive pattern: the signal is transmitted
through the pedestal plug attached to the skull

15. Working
• The Brain Gate neural interface device is
a propriety brain-computer interface that
consist of an Inter neural signal sensor
and External Processors.
• The sensor consists of a tiny chip
containing 100 microscopic electrodes
that detect brain cell electrical activity.
• The chip is implanted on the surface of
brain in the motor cortex area that
controls movement.
Motor Cortex

16. Working (Cont.)
• External Processors convert neural signals into an
output signal under the users own control.
• In the pilot version of the device, a cable connects
the sensor to an external processor in a cart that
contains computers.
• The computers translate brain activity and create
the communication output using custom decoding
software.

17. How information is transmitted?
• When a work is done through any
part of body then a potential
difference is created in the brain.
• This potential difference is
captured by the electrodes and is
transmitted via fiber optic to the
Digitizer(external processor).
• The digitizer converts the signal
into some 0’s and 1’s and that is
feed into the computer

18. How information is transmitted?
(Cont.)
• Thus a new path for
propagation of brain
commands from the brain to the
computer via Brain Gate are
created.
• Now when external devices are
connected to the computer ,then
they work according to the
thought produced in the motor
cortex.

19. Applications
• Adaptive BCI for augmented cognition and action.
• BCI offers paralyzed patients improved quality of
life.
• The mental typewriter.
• Provide additional channel of control in Computer
Gaming, Working Memory Encoding, Rapid
Visual Recognition, Error and Conflict
Perception.
• Provides enhanced control of devices such as
wheel chairs, vehicles or assistance robots for
people with disability

20. Advantages
• Allow paralyzed people to control
prosthetic limbs with their mind.
• Transmit visual images to the mind of
a blind person, allowing them to see.
• Transmit auditory data to the mind of
a deaf person, allowing them to hear.
• Allow gamers to control video games
with their minds.
• Allow a mute person to have their
thoughts displayed and spoken by a
computer.

21. Disadvantages
• Research is still in beginning
stages
• The current technology is
crude
• Ethical issues may prevent its
development
• Electrodes outside of the skull
can detect very few electric
signals from the brain
• Electrodes placed inside the
skull create scar tissue in the
brain

22. Future Scope
• Current new advances include a
second-generation interface
software M*Power controller
that will enable users to perform
a wide variety of daily activities
without assistances of technician.
• We can expect that humans can easily
communicate wireless through
thoughts with devices around us.
• Scientist can transplant human brain
to the robots.
• Human dreams can easily be
visualized as video movie in the
computer monitor.

23. Conclusion
• Interface Neuronale Directe is a
method of communication based
on voluntary neural activity
• Intensive R&D in future to attain
intuitive efficiency.
• Will enable us to achieve
singularity very soon.
• Conclusively BCI is a boon for the
paralyzed people.
• The results of BCI are spectacular
and unbelievable.

24. Thank You
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