This document provides an overview of brain-computer interfaces (BCI). It defines a BCI as a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. It discusses early BCI work with monkeys in the 1970s-1990s. It describes the basic mechanisms of how BCIs work, including different types (invasive, partially invasive, non-invasive) and applications. Examples discussed include controlling prosthetics and communication devices. Potential future applications are outlined, along with current limitations and ethical considerations of advancing BCI technology.

1. A Technical Seminar on
BY

2.  Introduction
 What is BCI?
 Early Works
 How Brain Turns Thoughts Into Action?
 Interface
 Basic Mechanism
 Types of BCI
 Applications
 Examples
 May Be In Future!!!
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion

3. It is the study of brain functions.
A collaboration in which a brain accepts and controls
a mechanical device.
Direct communication pathway between a brain
and an external device.

4. A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a technology which
allows a human to control a computer, peripheral, or
other electronic device with thought.
It does so by using electrodes to detect electric signals in
the brain which are sent to a computer.
Thus BCI extracts electro-physical signals from suitable
components of the brain and process them to generate
control signals for computers, robotic machines or
communication devices.

5. Basic block diagram of a BCI system incorporating signal detection,
processing and deployment

6.  Algorithms to reconstruct movements from motor
cortex neurons, which control movement, were
developed in 1970s.
 The first Intra-Cortical Brain-Computer Interface
was built by implanting electrodes into monkeys.
 In the 1990s, researchers developed Brain
Computer Interfaces that decoded brain activity in
monkeys and used the devices to reproduce
movements in monkeys and used the devices to
reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms.

7.  The brain consists of 100 billion neurons; these neurons are connected to
each other by axons and dendrites.
 Your neurons - as you think about anything or do anything - are at work.
 Your neurons connect with each other to form a super highway for nerve
impulses to travel from neuron to neuron to produce thought, hearing,
speech, or movement.
 If you have an itch and you reach to scratch it; you received a stimulus
(an itch) and reacted in response to the stimulus by scratching.
 The electrical signals that generated the thought and action travel at a
rate of about 250 feet per second or faster, in some cases.

10. The easiest and least invasive method is a set of
electrodes -- a device known as an
electroencephalograph (EEG) -- attached to the scalp.
The electrodes can read brain signals.
To get a higher-resolution signal, scientists can implant
electrodes directly into the gray matter of the brain itself,
or on the surface of the brain, beneath the skull.

11. Wires from each electrode transmit their measurements
to a computer.
The electrodes measure minute differences in the
voltage between neurons.
The signal is then amplified and filtered.
The computer produces a graph showing the readings
from each electrode.

12. 1) Invasive-
Put the whole module into the brain.
2) Partially Invasive-
Attach sensors on the surface of the brain.
3) Non-Invasive-
Leave everything outside of the skull.

13. Provide disabled people with communication, environment
control, movement restoration & enhanced control of devices
such as wheelchairs, vehicles, or assistance robots for people
with disabilities.
Monitor stages of sleep,Bionics/Cybernetics, Memory
Upload/Download, Dream Capture etc.
Provide additional channel of control in computer games.
Monitor attention in long-distance drivers or aircraft pilots,
send out alert and warning for aircraft pilots.
Control robots that function in dangerous or inhospitable
situations (e.g., underwater or in extreme heat or cold).

14. Brain Gate
Honda Asimo Control
BCI Gaming

15. Humans dive into a virtual
world by connecting their
brains directly to a computer.
Harder concentration to
the fan to blow for
simulating the ball to
float

16. Use of more Cerebral
Capacity to control self,
other beings & matter
Preserve the mind of a dead
Scientist, connect it to the
internet & achieve
breakthroughs in the field of
Science

17. Eventually, this technology could:
 Allow paralyzed people to control prosthetic limbs with their mind.
 Transmit visual images to the mind of a blind person, allowing them to
see.
 Transmit auditory data to the mind of a deaf person, allowing them to
hear.
 Allow gamers to control video games with their minds.
 Allow a mute person to have their thoughts displayed and spoken by a
computer.

18. Research is still in beginning stages.
The current technology is crude.
Ethical issues may prevent its development.
Electrodes outside of the skull can detect very few
electric signals from the brain.
Electrodes placed inside the skull create scar tissue in
the brain.

19. As BCI technology further advances, brain tissue may
one day give way to implanted silicon chips thereby
creating a completely computerized simulation of
the human brain.
We can predict that from now, superhuman artificial
intelligence won't be far behind.

20. IEEE Xplorer Digital Library website.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore
http://gigaom.com/2014/01/16/control-anything-using-your-
mind-with-the-openbci-brain-computer-interface/
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain-computer-
interface.htm
https://agenda.weforum.org/2014/09/top-ten-emerging-
technologies-2014/#brain-computer-interfaces
http://research.microsoft.com/en-
us/um/people/desney/publications/bcihci-chapter1.pdf