Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is associated with several diseases in cattle: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), balanoposthitis, conjunctivitis, abortion, encephalomyelitis, and mastitis.
Hydropericardium syndrome(inclusion body hepatitis)Sumeet Jyoti
This presentation has been uploaded to share knowledge about hydropericardium syndrome. various references has been taken for this presentation and it is mainly focused in nepalese context.
Thank you!!!
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Bluetongue is an infectious arthropod-borne viral disease primarily of domestic and wild ruminants. Infection with bluetongue virus (BTV) is common in a broad band across the world, which until recently stretched from ~35°S to 40°–50°N. Bluetongue virus is the type-species of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The geographic restriction is in part related to the climatic and environmental conditions necessary to support the Culicoides vectors.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Hydropericardium syndrome(inclusion body hepatitis)Sumeet Jyoti
This presentation has been uploaded to share knowledge about hydropericardium syndrome. various references has been taken for this presentation and it is mainly focused in nepalese context.
Thank you!!!
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Bluetongue is an infectious arthropod-borne viral disease primarily of domestic and wild ruminants. Infection with bluetongue virus (BTV) is common in a broad band across the world, which until recently stretched from ~35°S to 40°–50°N. Bluetongue virus is the type-species of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The geographic restriction is in part related to the climatic and environmental conditions necessary to support the Culicoides vectors.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
Avian influenza in herd health and production economicsShareef Ngunguni
Avian influenza is a zoonotic and notifiable disease which occurs world wide. Different risk factors are associated with transmission of the disease to humans. It has two forms HPAI and LPAI. The disease has an impact on public health and economics of the country. In Malawi,it seems the disease appeared in 2005 where it attacked migratory birds
Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease affecting wild and
domestic birds. It is characterized by a high variability in
morbidity, mortality,
ND primarily affects chickens and turkeys, but most poultry
and many wild and domestic birds are susceptible.
Genetic selection for disease resistance (animal breeding). اصلاح دامMohammad Ghaderzadeh
Mohammad Ghaderzadeh
Ph.D candidate in Animal Breeding & Genetics, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran
انتخاب ژنتیکی برای مقاومت در دام و طیور
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Similar to Bovine herpes virus 1 affections -(Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, and associated diseases) (20)
Tuberculosis- International Perspectives on Epidemiology, diagnosis and ControlsRanjini Manuel
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
About one-quarter of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease.
People infected with TB bacteria have a 5–15% lifetime risk of falling ill with TB. Persons with compromised immune systems, such as people living with HIV, malnutrition or diabetes, or people who use tobacco, have a higher risk of falling ill.
Tropical theileriosis or Mediterranean coast fever Ranjini Manuel
heileriases are a group of tickborne diseases caused by Theileria spp. A large number of Theileria spp are found in domestic and wild animals in tick-infested areas of the Old World. The most important species affecting cattle are T parva and T annulata, which cause widespread death in tropical and subtropical areas of the Old World. T lestoquardi, T luwenshuni, and T uilenbergi are important causes of mortality in sheep.
Rinderpest virus is a Morbillivirus, closely related to the viruses causing peste des petits ruminants, canine distemper and measles.Rinderpest virus is shed in nasal and ocular secretions and can be transmitted during the incubation period (1–2 days before onset of fever). Transmission required direct or close indirect contact between susceptible animals and sick animals shedding the virus.
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an infectious systemic disease that presents as a variable complex of lesions affecting mainly ruminants and rarely swine. It is principally a disease of domestic cattle, water buffalo, Bali cattle (banteng), American bison, and deer. In addition to these farmed animals, MCF has been described in a variety of captive ruminants in mixed zoologic collections.MCF results from infection by one of several members of a group of closely related ruminant gammaherpesviruses of the Rhadinovirus genus.
Taenia multiceps multiceps is an intestinal parasite of canids (especially dogs, foxes, and jackals) and occasionally people. Its intermediate hosts include sheep, goats, deer, antelope, chamois, rabbits, hares, horses, and less commonly cattle, which acquire this tapeworm's eggs while grazing. After ingestion, some oncospheres hatch and reach the brain, developing by endogenous budding into a metacestode (larval) stage known as Coenurus cerebralis. Initial invasion and development of the oncospheres may be responsible for acute suppurative meningoencephalitis.
Guinea pigs are generally hardy, healthy animals but are susceptible to certain problems and diseases. Here are the common bacterial infections of guinea pigs.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
Infectious coryza is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by nasal discharge, sneezing, and swelling of the face under the eyes. It is found worldwide. The disease is seen only in chickens; reports of the disease in quail and pheasants probably describe a similar disease that is caused by a different etiologic agent.
Pseudorabies is an acute, frequently fatal disease with a worldwide distribution that affects swine primarily and other domestic and wild animals incidentally. The pseudorabies virus has emerged as a significant pathogen in the USA since the 1960s, probably because of the increase in confinement swine housing or perhaps because of the emergence of more virulent strains. Clinical signs in nonporcine animals are similar to those of rabies, hence the name “mad itch” (pigs do not display this sign). Pseudorabies is a reportable disease and has been successfully eradicated from the vast majority of the USA.
Special staining techniques for microorganismsRanjini Manuel
cells and microorganisms that we observe under the microscope lack color and contrast. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, to detect important cellular structures and their distinguishing characteristics without artificially treating specimens. We have already alluded to certain techniques involving stains and fluorescent dyes, and in this section we will discuss specific techniques for sample preparation in greater detail. Indeed, numerous methods have been developed to identify specific microbes, cellular structures, DNA sequences, or indicators of infection in tissue samples, under the microscope.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals. It is a nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus, resistant to many common detergents and disinfectants, as well as to changes in temperature and pH. Infectious CPV can persist indoors at room temperature for at least 2 mo; outdoors, if protected from sunlight and desiccation, it can persist for many months and possibly years.
Prevalence of canine leptospirosis has increased in recent years.
As many as 8.2% of dogs are shedding leptospires, some asymptomatically.49
Weather changes, population growth, and habitat encroachment have all increased human and canine exposure to pathogens and their carriers.
Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact or indirectly through environmental exposure.
Leptospires enter the body through mucous membranes in the mouth, eyes, or nose, or through abraded or water-softened skin.
Leptospires multiply in a host animal's bloodstream.
Leptospires move from the bloodstream to the kidneys and other tissues to continue reproducing.
Leptospires pass from the kidneys into the urine; then are shed back into the environment.
Other dogs, wild animals, or people can become infected through direct or indirect contact.
clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Weight loss
Anorexia
Depression
Acute renal failure
Jaundice
Abdominal discomfort
Vomiting and diarrhea
Blood in urine is uncommon, but may occur
Respiratory distress
Dogs at risk
Dogs at risk for developing leptospirosis include those with
Access to ponds, lakes, streams, or standing water
Exposure to urine from other infected animals, including:
Other dogs in shelters or other pet care facilities
Wildlife (e.g. rodents, racoons, opossum, deer), either through direct contact with urine or through contaminated water
Morbidity threats
As leptospirosis progresses, it can result in
Leptospiremia
Leptospires can multiply in the bloodstream and spread to many tissues and organs
Vascular damage/thrombocytopenia
Can lead to kidney failure and interfere with liver function
Contributes to coagulatory abnormalities and hemorrhages
Severe kidney and liver damage
Acute renal failure occurs in dogs with severe clinical signs
Acute hepatic dysfunction or chronic hepatitis have been caused by specific serovars
This presentation includes
Etiology- Echinococcus granulosus- hydatid cyst
distribution
Transmission cycle
Life cycle & pathogenesis
clinical findings
Associated Necropsy findings
Diagnosis
Control
This presenation includes
Introduction
Etiology- structure, various species which comes under the genus lyssa virus
Epidemiology
Distribution
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
prevention and control
Resistance to physical and chemical action
Prophylaxis
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. INTRODUCTION
Bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) is primarily associated with clinical syndromes
Rhinotracheitis,
Pustular vulvovaginitis
Pustular balanoposthitis
Abortion
Infertility
Conjunctivitis
Encephalitis in bovine species.
3. HISTORY
Büchner undTrommsdorf -1st described in Germany- 19th
century the “Bläschenausschlag” (coïtal vesicular exanthema),
a cattle disease probably caused by bovine herpesvirus 1
(BoHV-1).
The viral etiology was demonstrated in 1928 by Reisinger
and Reimann, who transmitted this venereal disease by a
filterable agent.
Büchner undTrommsdorf
4. The manifestations of BoHV-1 infections known as “infectious pustular
vulvovaginitis” (IPV) in cows and “infectious pustular balanoposthitis” (IPB) in bulls
were confined to the genital organs until the early nineteen-fifties
Pustular lesions – penis - cattle
5. Respiratory form arose in North American feedlots.
This more severe disease due to BoHV-1 infection was
called “infectious bovine rhinotracheitis” (IBR).
IBR rapidly spread to Europe when North American
dairy cattle were imported in order to improve the milk
production performance in Europe.
All BoHV-1 strains isolated hitherto
6. ETIOLOGY
Genus -Varicellovirus
Subfamily- Alphaherpesvirinae,
Family -Herpesviridae
Double-stranded DNA
70 proteins, 33 structural and 15 -non-structural proteins (Muylkens et al., 2007).
glycoproteins are located in the envelope on the surface of virion- play an
important role in pathogenesis and immunity.
7. ETIOLOGY
On the basis of restriction enzyme digestion patterns three genotypes of BHV-1 can be distinguished:
subtype 1 is a respiratory subtype; subtype 2 is a genital subtype
BoHV- 1 has three subtypes 1) BoHV -1.1
2) BoHV -1.2a
3) BoHV -1.2b
4) BoHV – 1.3 – renamed as BoHV –5 (encephalitic) (Edwards et al., 1990).
Genital
Respiratory
8. Development of rhinotracheitis or vulvovaginitis/balanoposthitis depends more
on the route of infection than on the subtype of the virus
BHV-1 is also one of the most important pathogens involved in the development
of the respiratory disease syndrome -shipping fever (Yates, 1982;Jones and Chowdhury, 2007).
Isolates of BHV-1.1 are more virulent than are isolates of BHV-1.2b,BHV 5 has
been isolated from calves that died of encephalitis and from aborted fetus (Schudel et
al., 1986).
9. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The main sources of infection are the nasal exudate and coughed-up droplets,
genital secretions, semen, and fetal fluids and tissues.
Aerosol infection is the method of spread of the respiratory disease.
Inanimate objects
Venereal transmission is the method of spread of the genital diseases.
In the USA, BHV-1 has been isolated from ticks (Ornithodorus) that fed on
animals positive for BHV-1.- Mechanical transmission
The virus may survive for up to 1 year in semen frozen at −196°C
10. DISTRIBUTION - INDIA
The disease is widely distributed around the world.
In India, the disease is endemic
(Mehrotra et al., 1976; Suresh et al., 1999; Chinchkar et al., 2002; Sharma et al.,2004; Kiran et al., 2005; Jain et al.,
2006).
Sero-surveillance studies indicate that about 48% of serum samples were positive
for antibodies to BHV-1 detected by screening with the SNT
and up to 54% by testing the samples by indirect and c-ELISA
(Pharande et al., 2004; Nandi et al.,2004, 2007, 2008a, b).
11. It was observed that cattle were more susceptible to IBR than buffaloes and
crossbred cattle were more susceptible than indigenous cattle.
In buffaloes - mostly mild and non-life threatening.
Animals 3–6 years of age were more prone to infection than were younger
animals (Sarumathi et al., 2002)
Introduction of IBR into a cattle farm can cause severe economic losses due
weight loss, decrease in milk production and restrictions in the international
livestock trade.
12. DISTRIBUTION
The seroprevalence of BHV-1 ranges from 14 to 60% in Africa and from 36 to 48%
in Central and South America
According to OIE data, it has been eradicated from Austria, Denmark, Finland,
Sweden, Italy (Province of Bolzano), Switzerland and Norway
Control programmes are in place in some other countries including Australia,
Belgium, Canada, India, Poland,Turkey and USA
(Edwards et al.,1990, 1991; Noordegraaf et al., 2000; Salwa et al., 2000 Galiero et al., 2001; Madinelli et al., 2001;
Turin and Russo, 2003; Boelaert et al., 2005).
13. EPIDEMIOLOGY
According to study conducted by ICAR in 2016 Risk Analysis of Occurrence of
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Earlier literature indicated that the seroprevalence of IBR in organized dairy farms in
India ranged from 51 to 65%.
Samples from organized farms of Bijapur, Dharwad, Chennai, Cuddalore were taken
In the present study, the seroprevalence of IBR is maintained within the range,
however the seroprevalence showed slight increase from 51.4% during 1996 to 63.2%
in 2015
14.
15. EPIDEMIOLOGY
The relative risk of occurrence of IBR was higher in cattle than buffaloes which
might be due to the resistance nature of indigenous breeds of buffalo than the
cattle (Jersey and Holstein Friesian cross) reared by organized dairy farms.
which might be due to non-availability of IBR vaccine in India.
The high prevalence indicates the importance of the disease in bovines in India.
17. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Introduction of animals into a group often precedes an outbreak of the disease.
Spreads - farm to other adjacent farms when there is an outbreak.
An outbreak usually reaches its peak within 2 or 3 weeks.
Notifiable list B OIE – susceptible animal species disease that includes
transmissible diseases that are considered to be of socio-economic importance
within the countries and that are significant in the international trade of animals
and animal products
(Turin and Russo, 2003).
18. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Disease is endemic in India (1986-2006)
Out of 7313 serum samples tested, 3152 were positive for BHV-1 (Anon,2007) by
indirect and competition ELISA (c-ELISA)/(micro-serum neutralization test (m-
SNT)
2000 - 2008, 26 of 953 semen samples were positive by polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) / isolation in cell culture (Nandi et al., 2004, 2007, 2008a, bDeka et al., 2005)
The Government of India has arranged to screen all the breeding bulls for the
infection before using the semen for IVF/ natural/AI purposes (Anon, 2007).
19. CARRIER STATE
Cattle that recover from an acute IBR infection can prove very harmful to disease-
free herds because they are silent carriers of BHV-1.
Remain carriers- for the rest of their lives until immuno-suppressive treatments
or other conditions reactivate virus replication, leading to the spread of the
infection to the rest of the herd
(Van Oirschot, 1995; Preston and Nicholl, 2008)
20. RISK FACTORS
All ages and breeds are susceptible – mostly over 6
months of age
Higher occurrence in feedlot cattle - winter months
An unvaccinated herd of breeding cattle or a group of
feedlot animals is highly susceptible to epidemics of
respiratory disease and abortion
21. RISK FACTORS
Newborn calves are highly susceptible -systemic form of infection- if level of
specific antibody -in colostrum is inadequate /failure of transfer of passive
immunity. (highly fatal)
Rarely- respiratory and genital form occur together, by routine methodology it is
difficult, to distinguish between isolates obtained from the reproductive and
respiratory mucosa.
22. IMMUNE RESPONSE
Host response to BHV-1 infection can be divided into a specific response
mediated by B- andT-cells and a nonspecific response mediated by
polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells,
interferon.
(Denis et al., 1993).
Interferon a and b molecules are present within 5 h post-infection, reach peak
levels in the nasal secretions and blood by 36–72 h post-infection, and remain
elevated until virus replication ceases
(van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk et al., 1994).
23. Interferon influences lymphocyte trafficking of CD8+ cells from the blood to the
lung where they may be involved in production of late cytokines that trigger
macrophages to kill BHV-1 infected cells
(Babiuk et al.,1996).
25. RESPIRATORY FORM
Classical IBR is characterized by
Pyrexia
Inappetence
Depression
Bilateral nasal discharge
Dyspnea
Persistent harsh cough
Milk production
26. Fever and accelerated respiration
accompanying nasal discharge
Hyperemia of nostril, purulent nasal
discharge, foamy drooling of saliva,
27. Nasal mucosa - hyperemic and lesions progress from pustular necrosis to large
hemorrhagic and ulcerated areas covered by a cream colored diphtheritic
membrane (Murphy et al., 1999).
If the encrustations are removed, the underlying tissues are hyperemic hence the
name ‘red nose’.
Foul breath, mouth breathing, salivation and a deep bronchial cough are common.
28. On auscultation, tracheitis is evident but lung sounds are normal.
About 10% of the affected animals lose body condition and pneumonia is a
sequelae
(Gibbs and Rweyemamu, 1977)
29. CONJUNCTIVAL FORM
unilateral or bilateral profuse
lacrimation.
Epiphora is the most characteristic
Hair beneath the eye- soiled
Eversion of the eyelids
Purulent lacrimal discharge
photophobia
30. Swelling of eye-lids and hyperemia of
conjunctiva
Swelling (edema) of eye-lids and lacrimation.
31. GENITAL FORM - (IPV AND IPB)
Acute IPV usually develops 1–3 days after mating and frequent micturition and
tail swishing are characteristic signs noticed initially.
Affected animals develop fever, depression and anorexia; they seek to avoid
contact of the tail with the vulva.
The vulva - swollen and hyperemic with small pustules (1–2 mm in diameter).
32. The pustules usually coalesce to form
yellowish white fibrinous membranes that
gradually detach to form ulcers.
Secondary bacterial infection is common and
varying amounts of pus are discharged.
The lesions usually heal 10–14 days post
infection
33. IPB
Incubation period of 1–3 days.
Lesions similar to those of IPV develop on the mucosa of the penis and prepuce.
Secondary bacterial infection is common.
If mating is continued, scar tissue may form.
The sequelae of this condition include extensive adhesions, annular constrictions
and penile distortions.
Healing occurs within 10–14 days but some animals may lose libido, have painful
erection and ejaculation and require several weeks to resume regular mating.
35. Semen contaminated with BHV-1 can cause IPV, cervicitis with copious
mucopurulent discharge and endometritis in cows
Abortions due to BHV-1 have been reported in the USA, India, Argentina, Italy,
Japan, Belgium, China and Canada
(Edwards et al.,1990, 1991; Galiero et al., 2001; Nandi et al., 2008a, b;Yanet al., 2008).
Abortions – 4-7 months of gestation after natural infection or vaccination.Often
associated with RFM
36. ENCEPHALITIC FORM
Incoordination ataxia.
Initial depression followed by excitement characterized by
incoordinate running, tremor, cycling and terminating in
stumbling and falling.
In the fallen position they develop clonic spasms of the legs,
neck and lumbar muscles and show opisthotonus.
Coma and death usually occur within 4 days from the onset
of the neurological disorders.
Some animals recover but are blind (Gibbs and Rweyemamu, 1977;
Schudel et al., 1986).
Opisthotonus
37. PATHOGENESIS
Viral entry into cells is a multi-step process involving several glycoproteins and at
least two cellular receptors(Mettenleiter, 1994).
Glycoprotein gC of alphaherpesviruses initiates these steps by binding to heparan
sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface.These receptor molecules are present on
many cells, thus allowing adsorption of herpesviruses to a variety of different cell
types
Binding of gD is necessary for initiation of viral entry (Karger et al., 1995) and for
steps between virus binding and membrane fusion by interacting with other
cellular or viral components.
38. Viral entry into the cell is finally mediated by fusion of the viral envelope with the
cell membrane, due to interactions of gB, gH and gL (Liang et al., 1995).
Life long latent infection with periodic virus shedding occurs after BHV1 infection;
the sciatic and trigeminal ganglia are the main sites of latency following genital
and respiratory diseases.
Administration of corticosetroids results in reactivation of the and has been used
as the means of detecting and eliminating carrier bull in AI centre
39.
40. Intra nasal
Multiply in
respiratory tract
Rhinitis,
Laryngitis,
Tracheitis
Destruction of
tracheal
microvili
Lesions may extend
to eyes, through
nasolacrimal duct
Conjunctivitis and
nasal discharge
From nasal mucosa
Reach brain via
trigeminal nerve
encephalitis
41. HISTOPATHOLOGY
Rhinitis with hyperemia and edema of the mucosa.
The nasal catarrh is copious and the nasolabium becomes excoriated
Hyperemia of the vulval and vaginal mucosa with focal hemorrhages
Small (2–3 mm) yellow colored pock-like lesions replace the focal hemorrhages
The epithelium over the lesions is lost and an ulcer is revealed
43. HISTOPATHOLOGY
Microscopically, there is a ballooning & degeneration of the epithelium and
Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion bodies are seen (Engels and Ackermann, 1996).
The epithelial disruption and ulceration are due to infiltration of neutrophils.The
lamina propria is acutely inflamed and infiltrated with numerous plasma cells.
Histologically, intranuclear inclusion bodies in the astrocytes and neurons and
perivascular cuffing in the cerebrum are found throughout the brain.
Diffuse areas of degeneration of the cerebral cortex with vacuolation around the
neurons are also evident.
44. DIAGNOSIS
Virus specific PCR
Electron microscopic evaluation of vesicular fluid or scraping
Immunofluorescence staining of mucosal smears or tissues
Virus isolation - primary or secondary bovine kidney, lungs, testis, turbinate, or
trachea and established cell lines such as Madin–Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells
Primary culture is more sensitive
The virus can be isolated from nasal swabs, conjunctival swabs, vaginal swabs,
preputial washing, placental cotyledons of aborted fetus, fetal liver, lung, spleen,
kidney, lymph node, mucous membrane of respiratory tract, tonsils and lungs
45. Normal MDBK cell MDBK cell infected with BHV-1 infected cell line
The CPE of BHV-1 is characteristic and usually appears within 3 days after inoculation.
There are grape-like clusters of rounded cells present around a microplaque in cell culture.
Giant cells or syncytia are also observed.
46. variety of ELISAs namely indirect ELISA, c-ELISA and avidin–biotin ELISA have
been employed to screen serum samples of cattle and buffaloes in India
(Nandi et al., 2004, 2007).
VNT and ELISA have been used for the detection of antibodies.
ELISA is a specific, sensitive and practical test for the detection of antibody and has
advantages over theVNT (Kaashoek et al., 1995;Van Oirschot et al., 1997;Nandi et al., 2008a, b).
The IgM ELISA is useful for diagnosis of recently infected calves
For aborted fetus- histopathologic evaluation with immunohistochemical staining futher
confirmed with PCR
47. PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE VIRUS
The virus BHV-1 is resistant to environmental influences
Inactivation of the virus in the environment depends on factors such
temperature, pH, light, humidity and kind of medium harboring the
virus
(Gibbs and Rweyemamu,1977).
As the virus is enveloped, it is sensitive to organic solvents such as
chloroform, ether and acetone.
48. The virus is stable for at least 1 month at 4°C, 50 days at 22°C , 10 days at 37°C and
21 minutes at 56°C
The virus is sensitive to many disinfectants
INACTIVATED BY (Straub, 1990)
0.5% NaOH
0.01 % HgCl2
1% chlorinated lime
1% phenolic derivatives
1% quaternary ammonium bases
10% Lugol’s iodine
Formalin (5%) inactivates BHV-1 within 1 min
50. COMPOSITION : Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV‐-1)
inactivated
TARGET SPECIES : Cattle from the age of 3 months.
DOSAGE : 2 ml, intramuscularly.
BASIC VACCINATION: two applications in the 3-week
interval.
REVACCINATION: one application every 6 months.
51.
52.
53. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS :Bovine Rhinotracheitis-Virus
Diarrhea-Parainfluenza3-Respiratory SyncytialVirus
Vaccine
Modified LiveVirus and KilledVirus
Pregnant cows can be vaccinated intramuscularly 5ml
PRIMARYVACCINATION: 2 doses administered 2-4
weeks apart
REVACCINATION : annually
54. vaccines - reduce the incidence and severity of disease.
Breeding animals in enzootic countries should be vaccinated before coitus, to
prevent the virus inducing abortion.
vaccination to maintain population immunity is best done prior to stressful
situations such as weaning or transport.
Currently available vaccines, which are made with 1.1 subtype vaccines, cannot be
given to pregnant cattle because they are abortifacient.
55. CONTROL
Hygienic measures
Maintaining 2-3 weeks of quarantine period before
introducing new stock
Whole herd may be vaccinated- if there is a outbreak of
BoHV-1 in the close vicinity.
infected animal must be identified and removed- reactivation
of latent virus
56. ERADICATION
Eradication is recommended in areas where the
prevalence of the infection is not high.
Eradication programs are difficult as animals in infected
herd tend to become unapparent carriers.
Eradication programs is possible by systemic testing and
culling reactors and a second herd test is carried out 3-12
month later and repeating till clear test is achieved.
57. In enzootic areas, the most control efforts are based on hygiene,
management, isolation procedures, broad-spectrum antibiotics
treatment to avoid the challenge of other infections and the use of
vaccine.
Vaccination has been effective in preventing the respiratory
disease and abortions if given prior to natural exposure.
Available vaccines are modified live MLV (Intramuscular "IM" –
Intranasal) or inactivated virus vaccines.
58. MLVs have the risk of virus persistence and its potential reactivation and used in
healthy animals only.
The IM type of MLV is easer to use and often used in feedlots as it may cause
abortions in breeding herds while, the intranasal type are highly attenuated and
safe for pregnant cows.
Inactivated vaccine are safe to use in cattle but it sometimes produces
hypersensitivity reaction, it requires two doses initially and an annual booster for
adequate protection.
59. Bulk tank milk testing for BHV-1 antibodies may be useful in eradication and
monitoring programs (Yan et al., 2008).
If BHV-1 is detected in the bulk milk there is a high probability that more than one
animal in a herd is infected and that the infection has spread.