Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is associated with several diseases in cattle: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), balanoposthitis, conjunctivitis, abortion, encephalomyelitis, and mastitis.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is associated with several diseases in cattle: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), balanoposthitis, conjunctivitis, abortion, encephalomyelitis, and mastitis.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants.
It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one),
but have also been seen in a variety of non ruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally.
Paratuberculosis is found worldwide
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants.
It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one),
but have also been seen in a variety of non ruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally.
Paratuberculosis is found worldwide
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
إياك أن تتلاعب بفتاة انحنى ظهر أبيها
لتصل إلى ما هي عليه
فتهدم ما بناه ..
فيكون لك بناءً يهدمه أحدهم يوماً ما
كن قويا" كجراح ينجز عملية في الدماغ لمعلم أخبره ذات يوم انه طالب فاشل
اختر الألم قبل أن يختارك فألم الإجتهاد أهون بكثير من ألم الندم
أراك فتضحك الدنيا لعيني وتبتسم الأماكن والزوايا أرى كل الوجوه تفيض حبًا كان شعوري اكتنف البرايا.
القلم الذي لا يحمل ضمير الإنسانية وهموم المظلومين وجوع الفقراء وأنين الوطن لا يصلح للكتابة.
كنتُ أبرر فقدان شغفي بأنها استراحة محارب، ولكنه يبدو أنني رميت سيفي وغادرت المعركة..
سيُحبك الحظ أن احببتها صنعانية..
اللهم صل وسلم وبارك علـّۓ نبينا محمد وعلى آله❤️
«سأبـدع فـي نسـيانك وإن رأيتـك سأقـول يخـلق مـن الشـبه اربعـين..!🖤»
" نحن نتكئ دوماً على من نثق بقلوبهم لا بأيديهم..
فقوّة البدن قد تخون ، لكن قوّة المشاعر لا تخون أبداً "
لن يفهمك إلا إثنان ، أحدهما مرّ بنفس حالتك ، والآخر يحبك جداً ..
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Pseudorabies is an acute, frequently fatal disease with a worldwide distribution that affects swine primarily and other domestic and wild animals incidentally. The pseudorabies virus has emerged as a significant pathogen in the USA since the 1960s, probably because of the increase in confinement swine housing or perhaps because of the emergence of more virulent strains. Clinical signs in nonporcine animals are similar to those of rabies, hence the name “mad itch” (pigs do not display this sign). Pseudorabies is a reportable disease and has been successfully eradicated from the vast majority of the USA.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitis
Highly contagious infectious viral disease of cattle and buffaloes that affects many
systems.
It affects younger and old cattle.
In addition to causing respiratory disease, this virus can cause conjunctivitis,
abortions, encephalitis, and generalized systemic infections.
4. INTRODUCTION
• First reported in Colorado, USA
• Also reported in India
• BR is an acute, contagious respiratory disease of cattle caused by bovine
herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), commonly affecting the respiratory tract and the
reproductive system.
• It is highly contagious, resulting in rapid spread of respiratory disease
among cattle in close confinement, particularly in feedlots and when groups
of cattle are transported
5. Aetiology
• Agent—Herpesviridae –Bovine Herpes Virus -1.
• It has got different strains:
• 1.BHV 1.1-Respiratory
• 2.BHV 1.2-Genital
• 3.BHV 1.3-Encephalitic
6. SUSCPETIBLE HOST
• Cattle of all ages are affected.
• Besides, cattle, the disease have been traced in goat, swine and water buffalo.
• The disease has also been identified in wild ruminants. Wild animals remain
as reservoir of infection.
7. TRANSMISSION
• Nasal exudate and Genital secretions
• Semen, foetal fluids and tissues
• Aerosol route
• Venereal transmission in genital diseases.
• IBRT virus survives up to one year in frozen semen.
• Tears, nasal discharge, coughed secretions, and all secretions and excretions of
incubating and sick animals. Bulls may transmit the infection-especially when the
bull is in carrier stage.
8. PREDISPOSING FACTORS
• Anti body deficient cularsi fed calves.
• Treatment with drugs that contribute to immuno-deficiency.
• Transportation stress
• Stress during parturition.
• Parasitic infestations. Eg. Dictyocaulus cularsi
• Nutritional defiency. Eg. Selenium, Zinc
• The disease is widely prevalent in all parts of the cattle in the world .In India, the disease has
been recorded from Uttar Pradesh , Kerala,, Gujrat Tamilnadu;, Orissa, AndhraPradesh and
Karnataka
10. PATHOGENESIS
• Virus enters through the respiratory tract , multiplies in nasal cavities and upper respiratory tract resulting in
rhinitis, laryngitis and tracheitis.
• Deciliation has an adverse effect on the respiratory defence mechanism.
• From the nasal cavities the infection spreads to the ocular tissues through lachrymal ducts and causes
conjunctivitis.
• Virus also spreads through the trigeminal nerve to the brain resulting in non suppurative encephalitis.
• Localisation of the virus in various tissues results in systemic lesions.
• The virus is transported through the peripheral leucocytes to the placenta and foetus causing abortion.
• Foetus is highly susceptible to IBR virus.
11. CLINICAL SIGNS
• Young cattle are more susceptible
• Morbidity 100%, mortality–10% Fever, anorexia, mucus nasal discharge.
• Respiratory distress Mouth breathing Dyspnoea, coughing Conjunctivitis.
• Ulcers in vagina and vulva, orchitis, abortion.
• Severe Rhinits and Running nose
• Tracheitis and Bellowing problems due to laryngeal infection.
12. 1.Respiratory Form:
• Rhinitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis
• Red nose in calves, fever, nasal discharge which serous ,mucous and then turn to
mucopurulent.
• Death due to asphyxia.
• Aspiration pneumonia, Dilated nostrils.
• Mouth breathing ,Lacrimation.
• Secondary bacterial infection by Pasteurella and Mannheimia.
• Latency due to settlement of virus in Trigeminal nerve.
17. 2.Neonatal/Encephalitic Form
• No respiratory involvement
• Brain-Non-suppurative encephalitis
• Lymphomonocytic Leptomeningitis
• Ataxia Convulsion and Frothy mouth.
• Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in brain cells.
18. 3.Genital Form
• Called as Infectious Pustular Vulvo-Vaginitis, Infectious Balanoposthitis, ,
Coital vesicular exanthema, Vesicular venereal disease, Vesicular vaginitis.
• Latency due to settlement of virus in Sciatic nerve.
• Petechia and erosion in vulva and vagina.
• Erosive ulcers in prepuce and penis.
• Spread through AI and by copulation.
19. Reddening of vulval mucosa with dark red
punctate foci; vesicles, pustules which soon
form a membrane and peeling of the
membrane develop ulceration & necrosis
Intranuclear inclusion bodies inside epithelium of vagina
20. 4.Abortion Form
• Abortion can happen at any stage but mostly during 3rd trimester.
• Advanced Post-Mortem Autolysis of foetus.
• After death ,24-36hrs foetal expulsion occurs.
• Intranuclear inclusion bodies in foetal epithelial membrane.
24. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Quarantine the suspected.
• Treatment of diseased.
• Check the titre value of antibody.
• Proper Hygiene
25.
26. FACTS
• 1.At a time, only one form is exhibited because of different strains
producing different infection.
• 2.Latency due to settlement of virus in Sciatic and Trigeminal nerve.
• 3.Aspiration and Bronchopneumonia occurs due exudate aspiration and
secondary bacterial infection respectively.