1) Johne's disease, also known as paratuberculosis, is a chronic, infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
2) It is characterized by chronic diarrhea and weight loss. Young calves are most susceptible to infection through ingestion of contaminated feces or milk.
3) The disease has a long incubation period, usually 2-5 years, before clinical signs appear. It causes thickening of the intestinal wall and infiltration of the intestine by macrophages containing acid-fast bacilli.
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants.
It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one),
but have also been seen in a variety of non ruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally.
Paratuberculosis is found worldwide
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants.
It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one),
but have also been seen in a variety of non ruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally.
Paratuberculosis is found worldwide
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals. It is a nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus, resistant to many common detergents and disinfectants, as well as to changes in temperature and pH. Infectious CPV can persist indoors at room temperature for at least 2 mo; outdoors, if protected from sunlight and desiccation, it can persist for many months and possibly years.
Presentation on Non starch polysaccharides in poultry final osrHarshit Saxena
Include knowledge of NSPs n important constituent in modern poultry farming . Mitigation and their utilization in non-conventional feeds remarkably increases profit
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...
Presentation on jd final
1. Presentation on
Johne’s Disease/
PARATUBERCULOSIS
Department of PATHOLOGY
U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Ansundhan
Sansthan,DUVASU Mathura
Suggested by :
Dr. Neeraj Gangawar
Dr. Renu Singh
Presented by :
Harshit Saxena
B.V.Sc & A.H.
Enroll. No. – V-1598/16
3. What is Paratuberculosis/Johnes’s disease??
Can be defined as:
Chronic, infectious, granulomatous
enteritis of Ruminants characterised
clinically by Chronic diarrhoea and
Progressive emaciation
4. Aetiological Agent
• The aetiological agent
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis,
• Acid-fast organism formerly referred
to as Mycobacterium johnei
• Slower growth
• Requires the addition of an iron transport chemical
known as mycobactin when grown
in vitro
• Forms a rough colony when grown
on a solid agar medium
• Infects mammals instead of birds
5. Hosts/Species Affected
• Cattle –Economic losses
• Sheep and Goat – Much prevalent in INDIA
• Horses & Pigs – Lesions minimal or absent
• Wildlife – Deer
• Laboratory animals – Resistant
#however a model of disease reproduced in Athymic
mice
• 3 strains of M. paratuberculosis can cause disease in
cattle
• A bovine strain and 2 sheep strains are present
• Young calves more susceptible that acquire infection in
their first year
7. Spread
• Faeces is the main source
Ingestion is main route(contaminated feed & water)
• Long incubation but animals excrete bacteria about 15-
18 months before clinical science appear
• Semen can also be as source
• Foetal /periparturient infection
• Green pastures
• Infection upto 30 days
• Clinical signs- 3-5 years
9. Ingestion of contaminated Feed & Litter by
Faeces
Localization of bacteria in Lymph node,
Tonsils & Suprapharangeal lymphnode
Penetration in the intestinal mucosa
Residing & Multiplication of bacteria in
Macrophages (intracellularly)
Growth of bacterium in macrophages &
their distribution systemically
Sustained multiplication mainly in Terminal
Ileum & Large intestine
10. Different animals behave differently giving
rise to 3 distinct groups
Infected Resistants
Intermediate
Cases28
Clinically active
Infected Resistants: Control infection rapidly develop
resistance ; Do not become shedders
Intermediate cases: intemittently shed bacteria
Clinically active: Develop clinical conditions ; organisms persist
in intestine ; become heavy shedders
11.
12. Clinically Active
More proliferation and infiltration to
Submucosa
Decreased absorbtion & Chronic diarrhoea
with other clinical manifestation
The Bacteria via circulating macrophages reaches to various
sites particularly,
1. Uterus – Abortion
2. Mammary gland
3. Testes
4. Semen of bull
5. Foetus through placenta (Prenatal) – Congenital infection
13. Why bacteria mainly resides in Terminal Ileum???
How bacteria sustains inside Macrophages???
MAP survives by inhibiting the fusion of phagosome -
lysosome and also by ↑↑mitogen activated protein
kinase(MAPK)
MAPK help in survival by inhibiting phg-lys & decreased
Expression of IL-10 anti inflam cytokine
Due to presence of M cells over Peyer’s patches function to
pass antigens (bacteria) through to the underlying cells of the
Peyer's patch to "show" these antigens to the macrophages
and lymphocytes
Attempt to present antigen Fails & MAP flourishes
14. “Within macrophages the, the bacteria remain viable and
protected from humoral factors”
“Immunological response depend upon the stage of
infection but not the stage of clinical disease”
Initally : Cell mediated Response
Later : Humoral Response due to
dying macrophages & disease
advancement
JD -Insight through Immunology
15. Type 3 (Immune
complex) Reaction:
Contribute to intestinal
lesions of Johne’s
disease
Type 1&3 reactions
occuring in intestinal
mucosa may lead to
increased outflow of
fluid & diarrhoea
Later stages of disease:
Anergy
No immune response
Irreversible functional
inactivation of disease
16. Clinical Signs
• The disease has long incubation period of 2 years or
more , most common in age group of 2-6 years in
cattle
• Signs & Lesions encompasses intestinal tract, lymph
node & genitals
• Cattle: Rapid development of symptoms due to
quick loss of protein ; hypoproteinemia ; wasting ;
Oedema
• Sheep: Compensatory mechanism of protein
operates development of sign occur after failure of
mechanism thus slow development of clinical signs
17.
18. •Emaciation&Submandibular
oedema
•Fall in milk
•Absence of fever withToxiemia
•Normal Appetite but excessive
thirst
•Faeces soft thin without smell
•Diarrhoea may be continuous or intermittent without blood
epithelial debris and mucus
•Sporadic breakdown
Cattle
19. Sheep
• Shedding of wool
• Mild & controlled diarrhoea
• Emaciation
• Anorexia
• Loss of characteristic pellet
texture of faeces
Goat
Same as Sheep but with
more depression & Dyspnoea
20. Lesions
• Most common site - Terminal part of the Ileum
• Other places – large intestine & mesentric lymph node,
liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, uterus, placenta, nonmesentric
lymph node
MICROSCOPICALLY
• Lamina Propria of Mucosa infiltrated with
closely packed large epitheloid cells
• The cells have foamy cytoplasm
& multinucleated
• Submucosa also infiltrated
• Mucosae muscularis ; and Muscular layer
are intact
21. Histopathology of the terminal
ileum from asymptomatic sheep.
(a) Ziehl-Neelsen stain for acid-
fast bacteria (× 250) showing the
absence of mycobacteria. (b) H&E
stained low power (×250) and (c)
high power (×400) show normal
histology.
22. IMPRESSION SMEARS OF LESIONS→ZEAL NEELSEN
STAIN → large no. of Acid fast rod shaped organisms
appear in cytoplasm of Epitheloid cells
High power magnification photomicrograph
of a Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stained
histopathology section of the bovine ileum
23. Secondary histopathological changes
•Oedema of intestinal mucosa :
Local interference of circulation
•Nest of neutrophills
•Increased Eosinophills
•Absence of Caseous Necrosis, Nodule formation &
Calcification- Cattle
•Sheep Goat Wild-Ruminants show these lesions
24. • Affected intestinal wall thickened oedematous
• Mucosal epitheium:
Closely packed Rugae
• Rugae due to villi thickening:
#Corrugated appearance does not appear when
intestine is streched
Gross Appearance
26. Disease in Ruminant is not zoonotic
• Accidental innoculation of bacterin used for
vaccination : Potential occupational hazard
• Needle stick exposure to bacteria
• Exposure depend on frequency of doses
administered
Zoonotic Implication
28. 1. Studying lesions
• Epitheloid cells containing Acid Fast bacilli :Impression
smears or section of mucosa & submucosa
Mucosal scrapings taken from Rectum
2. Bacteriological Examination of Faeces
• Faecal culture : most reliable index in Cattle
• 100% specific 100% sensitive on herd basis
• Identification of bacteria even 1-3 years before development
of clinical signs
29. 3.Serological tests : Intradermal johnin test
CFT : Complement fixation test
ELISA
AGID
LAM-ELISA : Lipoarabinomannan antigen enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay
D-AGID : Protein-D Agar gel immunodiffusion test
30. Differential Diagnosis with TB
Tuberculosis – Nodule formation, Fibrosis, Necrosis,
Calcification
Paratuberculosis – Above conditions are altogether
absent in cattle
Sheep and Goat can show these in mild form and
diffused thus tough to differentiate
31. •Misdirected immune response due to host modulation by
MAP leads to establishment of this debilitating disease.
• Inhibition phagosomal maturation, reduced apoptosis of
infected cells & reduced MHC II expression are responsible for
Invasion and persistence of MAP
•Understanding the pathogenesis becomes important for JD
since there is no efficient vaccine available
•Thus, better understanding of the pathogenesis help in
development of more effective vaccine and diagnostic to
MAPantigen & test for quick and accurate diagnosis
Conclusion
