Infectious canine hepatitis is a contagious viral disease of dogs caused by canine adenovirus-1. Clinical signs vary from mild fever and congestion to severe depression, reduced white blood cells, and bleeding disorders. The virus replicates in the liver, causing liver damage and hemorrhaging. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, virus isolation from body fluids, antigen detection, and histopathology showing intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. Vaccination provides effective prevention and control of the disease.

1. INFECTIOUS
CANINE HEPATITIS
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Infectious canine hepatitis is a worldwide, contagious disease of dogs with signs that
vary from a slight fever and congestion of the mucous membranes to severe
depression, severe reduction in white blood cells, and deficiency of blood clotting.
• In recent years, the disease has become uncommon in areas where routine
vaccination is used.
• Discovered in early 1950s by a Veterinarian Carl Steven Rubarth.
• ICH was first distinguished from canine distemper by Rubarth in 1947 using ferrets;
ferrets are resistant to ICH but susceptible to canine distemper.
• ICH occurs worldwide.
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3. AETIOLOGY
• Adenoviridae—Canine mastadenovirus 1 (CAV-1).
• CAV-2 causes Infectious Tracheobronchitis in canines.
• Nonenveloped hexagonal virions with icosahedral capsid; 80-100 nm in diameter.
• Genome consists of a double-stranded, linear DNA.
• Virions replicate in the nucleus; release of progeny virions occurs via cell lysis.
• Virions produce basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies.
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4. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
• Dogs are main hosts.
• Immunocompromised dogs get easily affected in endemic areas.
• Also wild animals like foxes, coyotes, bears, wolves get affected.
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5. TRANSMISSION
• Urine/Feces/Nasal Secretions/Vomitus etc. can act as transmission agents
since they contain numerous copies of viral particles.
• Recovered dogs shed virus in their urine for ≥ 6 months.
• Ingestion of urine, feces, or saliva of infected dogs is the main route of
infection.
• However, virus may be acquired via conjunctival or aerosol routes.
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7. INCUBATION PERIOD
• 4-9 days.
• ICH is most frequently seen in dogs less than one year of age, although
unvaccinated dogs of all ages can be affected.
• Biphasic fever occurs sometimes.
• First fever due to viremia and second fever due to bacterial infection or due
to toxins .
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8. PATHOGENESIS
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9. CLINICAL SIGNS
• Most infections are asymptomatic.
• In systemic infections, there are 3 overlapping syndromes which are usually seen in puppies less
than 6 months old.
• Per-acute disease. Dog is found dead either without apparent preceding illness or after an illness
lasting only 3 or 4 hours. Due to massive destruction of hepatocytes.
• Acute disease. Dogs that survive the viremic phase. Fever, depression, vomiting, bloody diarrhea,
petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages of the gums, pale mucous membranes, and jaundice.
• Mild cases.
• Clinical signs in uncomplicated ICH last 5-7 days prior to improvement.
• Encephalitis. Common in foxes [fox encephalitis] but less common in dogs.
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10. Clinical signs
• Fever, depression, loss of appetite, coughing.
• Vomiting, hepatic encephalopathy.
• Bleeding disorders and hematoma in mouth.
• Abnormal color of urine.
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11. Clinical Signs
• Kidney [glomerulonephritis]. Chronic kidney lesions result from immune
complex reactions after recovery from acute or subclinical disease.
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC]. A frequent complication
of ICH, it begins in the early viremic phase of the disease.
• DIC may be triggered by exposure of subendothelial collagen and
subsequent platelet aggregation and/or inability of the damaged liver to
remove activated clotting factors.
• The urine gets abnormal colour due to liver damage and kidney damage.
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12. MACROSCOPIC LESION
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Splotchy ecchymotic haemorrhages in
lung

13. Macroscopic Lesion
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By itself it must be differentiated from
Parvovirus enteritis.
Scattered, pale white, roughened specks
on the serosa of slightly swollen serosa
and a few strands of fibrin
Severe watery(oedematous) thickening of
the wall.

14. Macroscopic Lesion
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Swollen spleen, liver, and gall bladder.

15. Blue Eye
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16. Why Blue Eye?
• This type III hypersensitivity may be seen during the convalescent phase in about 20% of
clinical cases of infectious canine hepatitis, or 2-3 weeks following vaccination with
modified live canine adenovirus. It is characterized by an anterior uveitis with severe damage
to corneal endothelium, causing profound corneal oedema.
• On or about day 4, virus enters the aqueous humor from the blood and replicates in corneal
endothelial cells.
• By day 7. Severe anterior uveitis and corneal edema develop. Circulating immune complexes
deposited on corneal endothelium [immune complex hypersensitivity] results in complement
activation, neutrophil chemotaxis, frustrated phagocytosis, and corneal endothelial damage.
• Disruption of the corneal endothelium results in accumulation of edematous fluid in the
corneal stroma.
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17. MICROSCOPIC LESIONS
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Congestive Hepatopathy

18. Microscopic Lesion
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Intranuclear Inclusion body in hepatocytes.

19. DIAGNOSIS
• 1.Tentative Diagnosis-Based on clinical signs, history, vaccination schedule
and details from owner.
• 2. Virus isolation in cell culture: Urine, blood, tissue homogenates, etc.
• 3. Antigen detection in tissues: Fluorescent antibody test; PCR.
• 4. Gross and histopathology; hematology [leukopenia].
• 5. Paired sera: Employs virus neutralization, ELISA, or hemagglutination-
inhibition tests.
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20. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Proper hygiene should be practiced.
• Vaccination should be properly done.
• Attenuated CAV-2 vaccines provide cross-protection against CAV-1.
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24. FACTS.
• 1.Adeno=Gland
• 2.Double stranded linear, non-enveloped, Icosahedral capsid.
• 3. Some adenoviruses are oncogenic.
• 4. Made up of 252 structural capsomeres.
• 5. Adenovirus serotype 14 (Ad14) is a serovar of adenovirus which, unlike other
adenovirus serovars, is known to cause potentially fatal adenovirus infections.
According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
as of September 2007, outbreaks have been identified in four states in the U.S., with
ten identified deaths since May 2006.
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25. THANK YOU