This document discusses several common poultry diseases: 1. Fowl pox is a viral disease spread by direct contact or mosquitoes that causes wart-like lesions; vaccination is the only prevention. 2. Newcastle disease is a highly contagious virus that affects respiratory and nervous systems and can cause up to 80% mortality without treatment. 3. Infectious bronchitis is a contagious virus spread through the air that infects respiratory and reproductive tracts, causing egg production drops and respiratory signs. Vaccination and biosecurity are used for prevention.

1. ADVANCED POULTRY PRODUCTION
COMMON DISEASES OF POULTRY
ANGELA LABRADOR

2. Diseases are something does not affect human alone but can affect any living organism. Poultry diseases affect chickens and
birds in various ways. First of all the biggest threat that these diseases pose to farm owners is that they have the tendency of
spreading very easily from one chicken to another and if these are not detected in a timely manner they can affect entire
flocks.
This diseases instantly affect the immune system of the birds. There are some very serious and common diseases that you
should aware of, so that you can easily detect its symptoms as soon as they begin to appear and thus take timely action to
refrain from any serious long term damage.
In the traditional system disease prophylaxis is rare. Among diseases in rural chickens, viral infections such as Newcastle
disease have attracted most attention, but resent studies have shown that a wide range of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases
are present in these system. It appears that the prevalence of viral disease such as Gumboro, Mareks disease, Infectious
bronchitis, avian influenza, and chicken anemia agent are higher than earlier presumed and have attracted far too little
attention. Also bacterial agents such as Pasteurella multocida (Fowl cholera), Salmonella spp., E. coli., haemophilus
paragallinarum (Coryza), Mycoplasma spp., and others are very important. In addition parasitic infections are frequent in
traditional systems with prevalences close to100% . Knowledge related to parasitic infections is scarce and research in this
area is almost non existing.
In the Philippines, however, just recently declared only a few poultry diseases present in the country and these are the
following:

3. 1. FOWL POX
In layman’s language this disease can be referred to chickenpox, but is way different from the one’s which affects
humans. It’s a viral and contagious disease which can spread directly or by mosquito – the basic chicken disease
symptoms are the visibility of warty bumps near the legs; also, you may see the formation of lesions in the mouth area.
Vaccination is the only prevention, in worst cases; it may kill the chicken too.
Synonyms: chicken pox (not to be confused with chicken pox in humans; the human disease does not affect
poultry and vice versa), sore head, avian diphtheria, bird pox.
Species affected: Most poultry – chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, ratites- of all ages are susceptible.
Clinical signs: There are two (2) forms of fowl pox. The dry form is characterized by raised, wart-like lesions on
unfeathered areas (head, legs, vent, etc.,) the lesions heal in about 2 weeks. If the scab is removed before healing is
complete, the surface beneath is raw and bleeding. Untriftiness and retarded growth are typical symptoms of fowl pox.
In laying hens, infection results in a transient decline in egg production.
Transmission: Fowl pox is transmitted by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds or by mosquitoes.
Virus-containing scabs also can be sloughed from affected birds and serve as a source of infection. The virus can enter
the blood stream through the eye, skin, wounds, or respiratory tract. Mosquitoes become infected from feeding on birds
with fowl pox in their blood stream. There is some evidence that the mosquitoes remains infective for life. Mosquitoes
are the primary reservoir and spreaders of fowl pox on poultry ranges. Several species of mosquitoes can transmit fowl
pox. outbreaks can occur during rainy and early spring.
Treatment: No treatment is available. However, fowl pox is relatively slow spreading. Thus, it is possible to
vaccinate to stop an outbreak. The wing-web vaccination method is used for chickens and the thigh-stick method for
turkeys older than 8 weeks.

4. Prevention: Fowl pox outbreaks in poultry confined to houses can be controlled by spraying to kill mosquitoes.
However, if fowl pox is endemic in the area, vaccination is recommended. Do not vaccinate unless the disease becomes a
problem on a farm or in the area. Refer to the publication PS-36 (vaccination of small poultry flocks) for more information on
fowl pox vaccination.
2. NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Etiology: Antigenically related strains of Avian paramyxovirus, type 1.
Synonyms: pneumoencephalitis
The highly contagious and lethal form of Newcastle disease is known as viscerotropic (attacks the
internal organs) velogenic. Newcastle disease, VVND, exotic Newcastle disease, or Asiatic Newcastle disease, VVND is not
present in the US poultry industry at this time.
Species affected: Newcastle disease affects all birds of all ages. Humans and other mammals are also susceptible to
Newcastle. In such species, it causes a mild conjunctivitis.
Clinical signs: There are forms of Newcastle disease – mildly pathogenic (Lentogenic), moderately pathogenic (
mesogenic) , and highly pathogenic ( velogenic). Newcastle disease is characterized by a sudden onset of clinical signs which
include hoarse chirps (in chicks), watery discharge from nostrils, labored breathing (gasping0, facial swelling, paralysis,
trembling and twisting of the neck (sign of central nervous system involvement). Mortality ranges from 10 to 80% depending
on the pathogenicity. In adult laying birds, symptoms can include decreased feed and water consumption and a dramatic drop
in egg production.

5. Transmission: The Newcastle virus can be transmitted short distances by the airborne route or introduced on
contaminated shoes, caretakers, feed deliverers, visitors, tires, dirty equipment, feed sacks, crates, and wild birds. Newcastle
virus can be passed in the egg, but Newcastle-infected embryos die before hatching. In live birds, the virus is shed in body
fluids, secretions, excreta and breath.
Treatment: There is no specific treatment for Newcastle disease. Antibiotics can be given 3 – 5 days to prevent
secondary bacterial infections (particularly E. coli). For chicks, increasing the brooding temperature of 5 degree Fahrenheit
may help reduce losses.
Prevention: Prevention programs should include vaccination, good sanitation, and implementation of a
comprehensive biosecurity program.
3. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
This is one of the chicken illness which are really painful and dangerous – it’s not only destroys the esophagus (respiratory
pipe) but also spreads among the healthy ones.
Synonyms: IB, bronchitis, cold.
Major symptoms: Lesser egg production – the laid eggs would be dry, rough and whites would be watery. Loss of
appetite.
Species affected: Infectious bronchitis is a disease of chicken only. A similar disease occurs in bobwhite quail (quail
bronchitis), but it is caused by a different virus.

6. Clinical signs: the severity of infectious bronchitis is influenced by the age and immune status of the flock, by
environmental conditions, and by the presence of other diseases. Feed and water consumption declines. Affected chickens
will be chirping, with a watery discharge from the eyes and nostrils, and labored breathing with some gasping in young
chickens. Breathing noises are more noticeable at night while the birds rest. Egg production drops dramatically. Production
will recover in 5 to 6 weeks, but at a lower rate. The infectious bronchitis virus infects many tissues of the body, including the
reproductive tract.
Transmission: Infectious bronchitis is a very contagious poultry disease. It is spread by air, feedbags, infected dead
birds, infected houses, and rodents. The virus can be egg-transmitted, however, affected embryos usually will not hatch.
Treatment: There is no specific treatment for infectious bronchitis. Antibiotics for 3-5 days may aid in
combating secondary bacterial infections. Raise the room temperature 5°F for brooding-age chickens until symptoms
subside. Baby chicks can be encouraged to eat by using a warm, moist mash.
Prevention: Establish and enforce a biosecurity program. Vaccinations are available.
4. AVIAN INFLUENZA
Etiology: Diverse Type A Orthomyxoviruses characterized by hemagglutinating (HA) and neuraminidase
(N) antigens occuring on the surface of the virus.
Occurrence and Economic Significance: Avian influenza is world-wide in distribution. Avian influenza viruses
vary in their pathogenicity and their effects range from a mild respiratory disease (LPAI) to catastrophic losses associated
with viscerotropic and pansystemic infection (HPAI) or “fowl plague”. Sporadic outbreaks of HPAI result in severe losses in
production disruption in operations and high costs for control and prevention.

7. Synonyms: AI, flu, influenza, fowl plague.
Species affected: Avian influenza can occur inmost, if not all, species of birds.
Clinical signs: Avian influenza is categorized as mild or highly pathogenic. The mild form produces listlessness,
loss of appetite, respiratory distress, diarrhea, transient drops in egg production, and low mortality. The highly pathogenic
form produces facial swelling, blue comb and wattles, and dehydration with respiratory distress. Dark red/white spots
develop in the legs and combs of chickens. There can be blood-tinged discharge from the nostrils. Mortality can range from
low to near 100percent. Sudden exertion adds to the total mortality. Egg production and hatchability decreases. There can be
an increase in production of soft-shelled and shell-less egg.
Transmission: The avian influenza virus can remain viable for long periods of time at moderate temperatures and
can live indefinitely in frozen material. As a result, the disease can be spread through improper disposal of infected carcasses
and manure. Avian influenza can be spread by contaminated shoes, clothing, crates, and other equipment. Insects and rodents
may mechanically carry the virus from infected to susceptible poultry.
Treatment:
There is no effective treatment for avian influenza. With the mild form of the disease, good husbandry, proper nutrition, and
broad spectrum antibiotics may reduce losses from secondary infections. Recovered flocks continue to shed the virus.
Vaccines may only be used with special permit.
Prevention:
A vaccination program used in conjunction with a strict quarantine has been used to control mild forms of the disease. With
the more lethal forms, strict quarantine and rapid destruction of all infected flocks remains the only effective method of
stopping an avian influenza outbreak. If you suspect you may have Avian Influenza in your flock, even the mild form, you
must report it to the state veterinarian's office. A proper diagnosis of avian influenza is essential. Aggressive action is
recommended even for milder infections as this virus

8. 5. CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE (CRD)
Cause: Mycoplasma organism or pleuropneumonia like organism (PPLO)
Transmission: CRD organism or is egg-borne; contracted exposure with infected flock. Airborne transmission.
Signs: Tracheal rales, sneezing coughing watery or sticky discharged from the nostrils. Foamy
exudates in the eyes. Feed consumption is reduced and the birds lose weight
Treatment: Broad spectrum antibiotics, either by injection or mixed with feeds or drinking water.
6. AVIAN CHLAMYDIOSIS
Synonyms:
Ornithosis, psittacosis, parrot fever. The disease was called psittacosis or parrot fever when diagnosed in psittacine
(curve-beaked) birds, and called ornithosis when diagnosed in all other birds or in humans. Currently, the term
chlamydiosisis used to describe infections in any animal.
Species affected:
Affected species include turkeys, pigeons, ducks, psittacine (curve-beaked)birds, captive and aviary birds, many other
bird species, and other animals. Chickens are not commonly affected. Humans are susceptible, especially older and
immunosuppressed individuals who are at a higher risk. Chlamydiosis in humans is an occupational disease of turkey
growers, haulers, and processing workers in the live-bird areas and of workers in pet-bird aviaries although the incidence
is rare.

9. Clinical signs:
Clinical signs in most birds include nasal-ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, diarrhea, weakness, loss of body weight,
and a reduction in feed consumption. In turkeys there is also respiratory distress and loose yellow to greenish-yellow colored
droppings. Chylamydiosis runs rather slowly through turkey flocks, with a maximum incidence of around 50 percent.
Transmission:
The primary means of transmission is through inhalation of fecal dust and respiratory tract secretions. It can also be
transmitted on contaminated clothing and equipment. Recovered birds remain carriers and will continue to intermittently
shed the infective agent for long periods after clinical signs have subsided. Environmental stress may provoke a reoccurrence
of the disease.
Treatment:
Chlorotetracycline can be given in the feed (200-400 g/ton) for 3 weeks. Other antibiotics are usually ineffective. Recovered
birds are safe for processing. Permanent lesions on the heart and liver are not infectious. FDA withdrawal periods for
medications used must be strictly observed to avoid residual chemicals in the tissues.
Prevention:
There is no vaccine. Have a good biosecurity program, excluding wild birds as much as possible.

10. 7. MAREKS DISEASE
Etiology:
An oncogenic (tumor-inducing) herpes virus.
Occurrence and Economic Significance:
Mareks disease affects commercial chicken flocks from approximately 5 to 35 weeks of age in all of the world. Highly
pathogenic (vvMD) strains of the virus are responsible for acute outbreaks of mortality which may attain 50% in exposed,
non-immunized flocks up to 60 weeks of age. Generally, erosive losses of up to 20% occur in non-protected or inadequately
vaccinated flocks. Mareks disease virus is responsible for neural and visceral tumors. Mareks disease virus is
immunosuppressive and infected broiler and pullet replacement flocks are susceptible to a wide range of viral and bacterial
infections.
Synonyms:
Acute leukosis, neural leukosis, range paralysis, gray eye (when eye is affected).
Species affected:
Chickens between 12 to 25 weeks of age are most commonly clinically affected. Occasionally pheasants, qualil, game fowl
and turkey can be infected.
Clinical signs:
Involvement of the peripheral nerves resulting in paresis (weakness) of the legs or wings which progresses to paralysis.
Death occurs in both caged and floor- housed birds as a result of dehydration and persecution. Mareks disease is a type of

11. Avian cancer. Tumors can occur in the eyes and cause irregularly shaped pupils and blindness. Tumors of the liver, kidney,
spleen, gonads, proventiculus, lungs, muscles, and skin can cause incoordination, unthriftiness, paleness, weak labored
breathing and enlarged feather follicles. In terminal stages, the birds are emaciated with pale, scaly combs and greenish
diarrhea.
Transmission:
Exposure to MDV occurs by horizontal infection. Infected birds shed “dander” contaminated with virus which can be
distributed by wind, equipment and personnel.
The Marek's virus is transmitted by air within the poultry house. It is in the feather dander, chicken house dust, feces and
saliva. Infected birds carry the virus in their blood for life and are a source of infection for susceptible birds.
Treatment: None
Prevention:
Chicks can be vaccinated at the hatchery. While the vaccination prevents tumor formation, it does not prevent infection by
the virus. Vaccination of broiler embryos using in ovo administration on the 18th day of incubation or by subcutaneous
administration of vaccine to broiler, breeder or replacement egg-strain chicks at day old.
Three types of vaccine are available:
Type 1 : attenuated chicken strain (e.g. Rispen’s)
Type 2 : apathogenic chicken strain (e.g. SBI)
Type 3 : apathogenic turkey, strain (e.g. HVT)

12. 8. FOWL CHOLERA
Synonyms:
Avian pasteurellosis, cholera, avian hemorrhagic septicemia.
Etiology:
Pasteurella multocida serotypes (including 1, 3, & 4) which vary in pathogenicity.
Species affected:
Domestic fowl of all species (primarily turkeys and chickens), game birds (especially pheasants and ducks), cage birds, wild
birds and birds in zoological collections and aviaries are susceptible.
Clinical signs:
Fowl cholera usually strikes birds older than 6 weeks of age. In acute outbreaks, dead birds may be the first sign. Fever,
reduced feed consumption, mucoid discharge from the mouth, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, and labored breathing maybe seen.
As the disease progresses birds lose weight, become lame from joint infections, and develop rattling noises from exudate in
air passages. As fowl cholera becomes chronic, chickens develop abscessed wattles and swollen joints and foot pads.
Caseous exudate may form in the sinuses around the eyes. Turkeys may have twisted necks.
Morbidity and mortality rates depend on the pathogenicity of the strain and the susceptibility of the flock. Newly introduced
infections may result in up to 10% mortality. Chronic infection may be recognized by enlargement of the wattles, lameness
caused by arthritis and torticollis (twisted necks) due to otitis interna.

13. Transmission:
Multiple means of transmission have been demonstrated. Flock additions, free-flying birds, infected premises, predators, and
rodents are all possibilities.
Infection occurs following direct contact between susceptible birds and clinically affected or recovered carriers.
Environmental contamination, rodents and wild birds are sources of indirect infection. Contaminated feed bags, equipment
and the clothing of personnel may introduce infection onto farms or into integrations. Intra flock transmission is enhanced by
handling birds for vaccination and weighing and by open watering systems such as troughs and bell drinkers.
Treatment:
A flock can be medicated with a sulfa drug (sulfonamides, especially sulfadimethoxine, sulfa quinonxalene,sulfamethazine,
and sulfa quinoxalene) or vaccinated, or both, to stop mortality associated with an outbreak. It must be noted, however, that
sulfa drugs are not FDA approved for use in pullets older than 14 weeks or for commercial laying hens. Sulfa drugs leave
residues in meat and eggs. Antibiotics can be used, but require higher levels and long term medication to stop the outbreak.
Tetracycline incorporated into feed at a level of 200 – 400 g/ton or in water at 250 – 500 mg/L will suppress clinical and
reduce mortality.
Prevention:
On fowl cholera endemic farms, vaccination is advisable. Do not vaccinate for fowl cholera unless you have a problem on the
farm. Rodent control is essential to prevent future outbreaks.

14. 9. PULLORUM DISEASE
Etiology:
Salmonella pullorum
Synonyms:
Bacillary white diarrhea, BWD
Species affected:
Chickens and turkeys are most susceptible, although other species of birds can become infected. Pullorum has never been a
problem in commercially grown game birds such as pheasant, chukar partridge and quail. Infection in mammals is rare.
Clinical signs:
Death of infected chicks or poults begins at 5 – 7 days of age and peaks in another 4 – 5 days. Clinical signs including
huddling, droopiness, diarrhea, weakness, pasted vent, gasping, and chalk-white feces, sometimes stained with green bile.
Affected birds are unthrifty and stunted because they do not eat. Survivors become asymptomatic carriers with localized
infection in the ovary.
Transmission:
Pollurom is spread primarily through the egg, from hen to chick. It can spread further by contaminated incubators, hatchers,
chick boxes, houses, equipment, poultry-by-product feedstuffs and carrier birds.
Pullorum disease (or “bacillary white diarrhea”, BWD) infection results in high mortality in young chicks.

15. Vertical transmission occurs by the transovarial route. While horizontal transmission takes place by direct contact
between clinically affected and recovered carriers and by indirect contact with contaminated equipment, housing, litter, and
clothing of personnel. The pathogen can remain viable in soil for up to a year.
Treatment:
Treatment for flock salvage only. Several sulfonamides, antibiotics, and antibacterials are effective in reducing mortality, but
none eradicates the disease from the flock. Pullorum eradication is required by law. Eradication requires destroying the entire
flock.
Prevention:
Breeding stock and chicks should be purchased from suppliers and hatcheries certified free of S. pullorum by a responsible
government agency. Breeder flocks can be monitored using the rapid whole-blood plate agglutination test. Strict biosecurity
should be enforced to prevent introduction of the pathogen from backyard flocks which serves as reservoirs. Rodent
eradication is an important component of control.
Pullorum outbreaks are handled on an eradication basis, by state/federal regulatory agencies. As part of the National Poultry
Improvement Program, breeder replacement flocks are tested before onset of production to assure pullorum-free status. This
mandatory law includes chickens, turkeys, show birds, waterfowl, game birds, and guinea fowl. Such requirements have been
beneficial in locating pullorum infected flocks of hobby chickens.
10. INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO DISEASE)
Synonyms:
Gumboro, IBD, infectious bursitis, infectious avian nephrosis

16. Etiology:
Type 1 avibirnavirus strains
Occurrence and Economic Significance
The disease affects immature chickens world wide. Acute infection with classic mild or variant strains result in up to 5%
mortality. The variants are more immunosuppressive than the classic strains. Very virulent (vvIBD) virus may kill up to 50%
of susceptible flocks.
Species affected:
Chickens
Clinical signs:
There are no characteristic signs specific to IBD. Affected birds are depressed and show recumbency, ruffled plumage and
white diarrhea. Enlarged bursa of Fabricius typical of acute infectious bursal disease infection.
In affected chickens greater than 3 weeks of age, there is usually a rapid onset of the disease with sudden drop in feed and
water consumption, watery droppings leading to soiling of feathers around the vent, and vent pecking. Feathers appear
ruffled. Chicks are listless and sir in a hunched position. Chickens infected when less than 3 weeks of age do not develop
clinical disease, but become severely and permanently immunosuppressed.
Transmission:
Direct contact of young birds with infected flocks. Indirect infection (contaminated equipment, non-pelleted feed containing
inadequately heat treated poultry by-product meal, housing and clothing of personnel) with IBD occurs within days of
placing chicks as the agent can survive in contaminated environment for up to 3 months.

17. The virus is spread by bird- to- bird contact, as well as by contact with contaminated people and equipment. The virus is shed
in the bird droppings and can be spread by air on dust particles. Dead birds are a source of the virus and should be
incinerated.
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment. Antibiotics, sulfonamides, and nitrofurans have little or no effect. Vitamin-electrolyte therapy
is helpful. High level of tetracyclines are contraindicated because they tie up calcium, thereby producing rickets. Surviving
chicks remain unthrifty and more susceptible to secondary infections because of immunosuppression.
Prevention:
Parent flock should be immunized with one or more attenuated live (mild or intermediate) vaccines followed by an oil-
emulsion booster. Broiler and replacement layer chicks should be vaccinated with live-attenuated vaccine, which primes the
immune system. A vaccine is commercially available.
11. FOWL TYPHOID
Etiology:
Salmonella galinarum
Transmission:
Vertical and lateral transmission occurs as for S. pullorum.

18. Clinical signs:
Acute onset of fowl typhoid occurs in susceptible flocks which are exposed to infection. Corresponding mortality may attain
5 – 10% within a week. No characteristic prodromal signs are noted. Diarrhea, depression and a decline in egg production
are observed in mature flocks but these signs are not diagnostic.
Treatment:
Treatment is inappropriate for breeding flocks, which should be depleted. Commercial laying flocks be salvaged under
specific conditions by administering “Furazolidone” or “Tetracycline” in feed at 400 g/ton, for 2 weeks, where permitted.
Eggs should not be marketed during medication or the subsequent withdrawal period.
Prevention:
Appropriate biosecurity measures should be implemented as for S. pullorum infection, to prevent introduction of infection.
Administration of live 9R strain S. gallinarum vaccine during the rearing period will eliminate outbreaks of clinical disease.
Bacteria are generally ineffective in preventing of fowl typhoid.
12. AVIAN INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
Synonyms:
TRT, rhino tracheitis
Etiology:
Herpesvirus – 1.

19. Species affected:
Chickens and pheasants are affected by L.T. chickens 14 weeks and older are more susceptible than young chickens. Most
L.T. outbreaks occur in manure hens. In recent years, L.T. has also caused significant respiratory problems in broilers greater
than 3 weeks of age, especially during the cooler seasons of the year. This is believed to be due to unwanted spread of L.T.
vaccines between poultry flocks.
Clinical signs:
The clinical sign usually first noticed is watery eyes. Affected birds remain quiet because breathing is difficult. Coughing,
sneezing, and shaking of the head to dislodge exudate plugs in the windpipe follow. Birds extend their head and neck to
facilitate breathing (commonly referred to as “ pump handle respiration”). Inhalation produces a wheezing and gurgling
sound. Blood-tinged exudates and serum clots are expelled from the trachea of affected birds. Many birds die from
asphyxiation due to blockage of the trachea when the tracheal plug is freed.
Transmission:
LT is spread by the respiratory route. LT is also spread from flock to flock by contaminated clothing, shoes, tires, etc. birds
that recover should be considered carriers for life. LT may be harbored in specially poultry such as exhibition birds and game
fowl.
Treatment:
Incinerate dead birds, administer antibiotics to control secondary infection, and vaccinate the flock. Mass vaccination by
spray or drinking water method is not recommended for large commercial or caged flocks. Individual bird administration by
the eye-drop route is suggested. Follow manufacturers instructions. In small poultry flocks, use a swab to remove plug from
gasping birds, and vaccinate by-eye-drop method.

20. Prevention:
Vaccinate replacement birds for outbreak farms. Vaccination for LT is not as successful as for other disease, but is an
excellent preventive measure for use in outbreaks and in epidemic areas.
13. AVIAN MYCOPLASMOSIS
Synonyms:
Mycoplasma synoviae , MS, infectious synovitis, synovitis, silent air sac
Species affected:
Chickens and turkeys
Clinical signs:
Birds infected with the synovitis form show lameness, followed by lethargy, reluctance to move, swollen joints, stilted gait,
loss of weight, and formation of breast blisters. Birds infected with the respiratory form exhibit respiratory distress. Greenish
diarrhea is common in dying birds. Clinically, the disease in indistinguishable from MG.
Transmission:
MS is transmitted from infected breeder to progeny via the egg. Within a flock, MS is spread by direct contact with infected
birds as well as through airborne particles over short distances.

21. Treatment:
Recovery is slow for both respiratory and synovitis forms. Several antibiotics are variably effective. The most effective are
tylosin, erthromycin, spectinomycin, lincomysin, and chlorotetracycline. These antibiotics can be given by injection
while some can be administered ib the feed or drinking water. These treatments are most effective when the antibiotics are
injected.
Prevention:
Eradication is the best and only sure control. Do not use breeder replacement from flocks that have has MD.
14. COCCIDIOSIS
Cause:
Microscopic organism called coccidian (Eimeria species) usually occurs in flocks below 2 months age.
Transmission:
When birds pick up or swallow the coccidial organism. Contaminated feed and water. Indirect contact thru flies, human
beings and other mechanical means.
Signs:
Tendency to huddle together in a corner. Decrease feed and water intake and poor weight gain.
Prevention:
Incorporation of coccidiostat in the feeds or drinking water. Use of sulfa drugs. Most feed companies incorporate this in the
feed as indicated in the feed tags.

22. 15. AVIAN MALARIA
Cause:
Microscopic Protozoan Parasite
Transmission:
Bites of mosquitoes, mechanically by blood transfer as in mass vaccination, caponization and injection.
Signs:
Severe anemia (paleness) extreme leg weakness, emacipation and nervous signs like twisting of the head. The shanks and the
toes are dry and birds have ruffled feathers. Greenish- yellow white diarrhea.
Prevention:
Control if mosquitoes within the premises and houses with effective insecticides, include spraying the breeding places of
mosquitoes. Proper drainage of stagnant water.
Treatment:
Anti-malarial drops like plasmochin, quinine hydrochloride and pyrimethiamine combinations were found effective. Confer
with the veterinarians.

23. 16. INFECTIOUS CORYZA
Synonyms:
Roup, cold, coryza
Species affected:
Chickens, pheasants, and guinea fowl. Common in game chicken flocks.
Clinical signs:
Swelling around the face, foul smelling, thick, sticky discharge from the nostrils and eyes, labored breathing, and rales
(rattles – an abnormal breathing sound) are common clinical signs. The eyelids are irritated and may stick together. The birds
may have diarrhea and growing birds may become stunted.
Transmission:
Coryza is primarily transmitted by direct bird-to-bird contact. This can be from infected birds brought into the flock as well
as from birds which recover from the disease which remain carriers of the organism and may shed intermittently throughout
their lives. Birds risk exposure at poultry shows, birds swaps, and live-bird sales. In apparent infected adult birds added into a
flock are common source for outbreaks. Within a flock, inhalation of airborne respiratory droplets and contamination of feed
and/ or water are common modes of spread.
Treatment:
Water soluble antibiotics or antibacterials can be used. Sulfadimethoxine (Albon, Di-methox) is the preferred treatment. If it
is not available, or not effective, sulfamethazine (Sulfa-Max, SulfaSure), erythromycin (gallimycin), or tetracycline

24. (Aureomycin) can be used as alternative treatments. Sulfa drugs are not FDA approved for pullets older than 14 weeks of age
or for commercial layer hens. While antibiotics can be effective in reducing clinical disease, they do not eliminate carrier
birds.
Prevention:
Good management and sanitation are the best ways to avoid infectious coryza. Most outbreaks occur as a result of mixing
flocks. All replacement birds on “coryza-endemic” outbreaks should be vaccinated. The vaccine (Coryza-Vac) is
administered subcutaneously on the back of the neck. Each chicken should be vaccinated 4 times, starting at 5 weeks of age
with at least 4 weeks between injections. Vaccinate again at 10 months of age and twice yearly thereafter.
17. OMPHALITIS
Synonyms:
Navel ill, mushy chick disease
Species affected: Chickens
Clinical signs:
Affected chicks may have external navel infection, large unabsorbed yolk sacs, peritonitis with fetid odor, exudates adhering
to the navel, edema of the skin of ventral body area, septicemia and dehydration.

25. Transmission:
Infection occurs at the time of hatching or shortly thereafter, before navels are healed. Chicks from dirty hatching eggs or egg
with poor quality shells, or newly hatched chicks placed in dirty holding boxes , are most susceptible. Chicks removed prior
to complete healing of the navel due to improper temperature and /or humidity are also more susceptible. Eggs that explode
in the hatching tray contaminate other eggs in the tray and increase the incidence.
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment for omphalitis. Most affected birds die in the first few days of life. Unaffected birds need no
medication.
Prevention:
Control is by prevention through effective hatchery sanitation, hatchery procedures, breeder flocks surveillance, and proper
pre-incubation handling of eggs. Mushy chicks should be culled from the hatch and destroyed. If chick mortality exceeds 3%,
the breeder flocks and egg handling and hatching procedures should be reviewed.
18. EGG DROP SYNDROME
Synonyms:
Egg drop, egg drop syndrome 76, EDS-76
Species affected:
The natural hosts for EDS virus are ducks and geese, but EDS has become a major cause of reduced egg production in
chickens in many parts of the world. No illness has been observed in ducks or geese. Chickens of all ages and breeds are

26. Susceptible. The disease is most severe in broiler – breeders and brown –egg layer strains.
Clinical signs:
There are no reliable signs other than the effects on egg production and egg quality. Healthy – appearing hens start laying
thin-shelled and shell-less eggs. Once established, the condition results in a failure to achieve egg production targets.
Transient diarrhea and dullness occur prior to egg shell changes. Fertility and hatchability are not affected.
Transmission:
It is believed that the syndrome was first introduced into chickens from contaminated vaccine. Vertical transmission occurs
from infected breeder to chicks. Newly hatched chicks excrete the virus in the feces.
Treatment:
There is no successful treatment. Induced molting will restore egg production.
Prevention:
Prevention involves a good biosecurity program.

27. THE END…
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