Bluetongue is an insect-borne viral disease affecting ruminants transmitted by biting midges rather than between animals. It causes hemorrhaging of the oral tissues, swelling of the lips and tongue, and fever but does not affect humans. Trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness in cattle is transmitted by tsetse flies carrying protozoan parasites and causes diminished coordination, tremors, and wide stance. Bovine viral diarrhea virus can be congenitally transmitted, causing abortion or birth defects like cerebellar hypoplasia and lack of coordination in calves. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is a contagious respiratory disease of cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 that can

1. 1) Bluetongue is an insect-borne viral disease to which all species of ruminants are susceptible.
The virus is transmitted by a small biting midge of the Culicoides genus rather than from
animal to animal. The virus does not affect humans. Bluetongue is a notifiable disease and,
where suspected, should be reported to Animal Health clinically affected Friesian/Holstein cow.
Focally extensive area of haemorrhage (with associated ulceration not clearly visible in this
image) on the ventral surface of the tongue. There are multifocal pinpoint haemorrhages
covering most of the ventral surface of the tongue. Multifocal haemorrhages with oedema visible
on the cut surface of the submandibular lymph node. fever, widespread hemorrhages of the
oral and nasal tissue, excessive salivation, and nasal discharge. In acute cases the lips and
tongue become swollen and this swelling may extend below the lower jaw. Respiratory.
2) Trypanosomosis, or Sleeping Disease Trypanosomosis is usually transmitted through blood
lymph and other fluids of infected animals. It is caused by Flagellated protozoan parasites that
live in the fluids and tissue of its host animal. Often the disease is transmitted through the bite of
an infected tsetse fly which has been feeding on an infected animal. diminazene aceturate,
homidium chloride and homidium bromide. Prophylactic drugs for cattle include homidium
chloride, homidium bromide and isometamidium
3) BVD is transmitted in a number of ways. Either through a congenital infection of the fetus or after
birth. Congenital infections may cause resorption, abortion, stillbirth, or live-birth. Congenitally
infected fetuses that survive in utero infection (i.e., the live-births) may be born as BVDV-infected
calves. The BVDV infection in these calves will persist during the entire life of the calf, and they
will shed BVDV continuously in the farm environment. n calves, the most commonly recognised
birth defect is cerebellar hypoplasia. The signs of this are:
 Ataxia/ lack of voluntary coordination of musle movements;
 Tremors
 Wide stance
 Stumbling
 Failure to nurse
In severe cases the calf may die.
4) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly contagious, infectious respiratory disease
that is caused by Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). It can affect young and older cattle. Diseases
caused by the virus can be serious; therefore it is a barrier to international trade. Cattle with
BoHV-1antibody cannot be exported to BoHV-1-free countries. Neither can they be accepted into
an artificial insemination (AI) centre. n addition to causing respiratory disease, this virus can
cause conjunctivitis, abortions, encephalitis, and generalised systemic infections.
5) Most cases of thrombosis occur as a result of an abscess forming in the liver. The infection
spreads from the liver to cause a localised infection in the vein that passes near the liver, the
vena cava. The localised infection can then result in the development of a solid mass (a
thrombus) in the vena cava.
6) There are two forms of calf diphtheria. The most common is an acute oral (mouth) infection,
usually seen in calves less than 3 months old. The second form is usually seen in older calves
and affects the larynx (or voice-box), Both forms are caused by the bacteria Fusobacterium
necrophorum, which also causes foul-in-the foot and liver abscesses in older cattle.
Fusobacterium necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of cattle intestines and the environment.
Under unhygienic conditions, infection may be spread on feeding troughs and dirty milk buckets.
Some of the contributory factors for occurrence of this disease include abrasions in the oral
mucosa (such as those from erupting molar teeth), poor nutrition and the presence of other
diseases present in young calves.

2. 7) Calf pneumonia is a major problem in dairy and beef herds. It is a multifactorial disease, and the
most common post-mortem diagnosis in calves between one to five months of age.
Infectious agents involved include Mannheimia haemolytica, Haemophilus somnus, Infectious
Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Parainfluenza III
Virus (PI3), along with many other bacteria and mycoplasma species and viru.Environmental
factors include low environmental temperatures and high humidity and poor ventilation and
also direct draughts onto calves themselves. The relationship between season and outbreaks
may also be related to management practices including calving pattern and mixing of different
ages of calves.
8) Fog Fever
9) Also known as Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (ABPEE).
Fog fever is an acute pneumonia of adult cattle which occurs within four to 10 days of moving
from an over grazed pasture or dry feed, to a fresh, lush green pasture. The condition develops
rapidly.
It typically occurs in Autumn, five to 10 days after the change to lush grass.
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