Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro Disease) is caused by a double stranded RNA virus that infects young chickens between 3-6 weeks of age. The virus targets and destroys the bursa of Fabricius, causing immunosuppression that leads to high mortality. Clinical signs include diarrhea, vent pecking, and depression. Post mortem lesions show hemorrhaging in the bursa and muscles. The disease is diagnosed through history, clinical signs, and virus detection. Vaccination is the primary control method through live attenuated or killed vaccines administered to broilers at 7 and 21 days and layers at 14 days and older. Strict biosecurity and hygiene are also important to prevent transmission and control outbreaks
Fowlpox is contagious viral disease.
Bird of all age is affected by this disease.
Chicken and turkeys are mainly affected by this disease.
Some viral type may also affect pigeon, geese, pheasants and quills.
1-2% mortality rate.
Incubation period 2-3 weeks.
Fowlpox is seen worldwide.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Fowlpox is contagious viral disease.
Bird of all age is affected by this disease.
Chicken and turkeys are mainly affected by this disease.
Some viral type may also affect pigeon, geese, pheasants and quills.
1-2% mortality rate.
Incubation period 2-3 weeks.
Fowlpox is seen worldwide.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute, highly contagious infection of chickens and pheasants.
Inflammation of the larynx and trachea.
Result in severe production losses due to mortality and/or decreased egg production
Severe epizootic forms of infection are characterized by signs of respiratory depression, gasping (agonal respiration), expectoration of bloody mucus and high mortality
Mild forms of infection manifest variously as mucoid tracheitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis and low mortality
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
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STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
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3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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ASA GUIDELINE
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
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1. Infectious Bursal Disease
(Gumboro Disease)
Prepared By-
ID No.: 18VMED JJ-12M
18VMED JJ-13M
18VMED JD-01M
Course No.: VM 619
Course Title: Preventive Avian Medicine
2. Outline
Introduction
Etiology
Source of infection
Route of infection
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Post mortem lesions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vaccination
Control
3. Introduction
Synonym: Gumboro disease, Infectious bursitis,
Infectious avian nephrosis
An acute contagious viral disease of young
chickens, caused by infectious bursal disease virus
(IBDV)
Characterized by diarrhea, vent pecking, trembling,
incoordination, inflammation followed by atrophy of
the bursa of fabricius
Affect young chick usually 3-6 weeks of age
4. Economic Importance
Causes heavy mortality in chickens at 3 to 6 weeks
of age
Causes immunosuppression which leads to
vaccination failure, E.coli infection, gangrenous
dermatitis and inclusion body hepatitis
5. Etiology
IBDV is a double stranded RNA virus
Member of the Birnaviridae family is a single shelled
non enveloped virion
6. Serotypes
Serotype 1: Pathogenic
Classical virulent strains
US antigenic variant strains
Very virulent strains
Serotype 2: Non pathogenic
Many vaccine strains derived from classical virulent
strains
Very virulent IBDV is prevalent in Bangladesh since 1992
7. Source of Infection
Infected houses remain infected for 122 days
Water, feed and dropping from infected pen remain
infected for 52 days
Litter, mites and meals worms are infected up to 8
weeks
Mechanical vector such as wild birds and humans
also transmit the disease
Litter used as manure spread disease in particular
area
8. Route of Infection
Oro-pharynx
Oral route
Via conjunctiva
Respiratory tract
10. Contd…
<3 weeks old chicks
Lack of sufficient complement in early life (up to 2
weeks old) of chicks
No clotting defects in 17 day-old-chicks
No Arthrus type of reaction develop
Reaction as subclinical infection
11. Contd…
Formation of immune complex
Produced localized immunologic
injury
Arthrus type of reaction
Necrosis, hemorrhage and
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
infiltration
Increased clotting times
Such coagulopathies would
contribute to the hemorrhagic
lesions
Destruction of B cells
Immunosuppression with
impaired ab response
Consequences
Sub-optimal responses to
vaccine and lowered
resistance to disease
3 to 6 weeks old chicks
12. Mortality Pattern
In broiler, Mortality between 3-6 weeks
Generally 2-5% mortality, rarely goes beyond 10%
Peak on 2nd and 3rd day
No mortality on 5th day
In layer, Mortality between 7-12 weeks
Generally 30-70% mortality, mortality runs from 7 to
14 days
Two peak mortality (at 3-4th days and 7-8th day
In unvaccinated flock 90% mortality
In cage layer high mortality
13. Clinical Signs
Sudden death
Tremor or unsteadiness
Depression and Anorexia
Ruffled feathers
Droopy appearance
Vent pecking
Diarrhea and dehydration
Straining during defecation
Sometimes voiding blood in feces
18. Diagnosis
History
Clinical signs
Post mortem findings
Differential Diagnosis: Coccidiosis, ND, Vitamin A
deficiency, Fatty liver, Kidney syndrome and
hemorrhage syndrome in muscles
Confirmatory diagnosis
Isolation and identification of the causal agent
ELISA
19. Treatment
No specific treatment
Supportive measures: increasing heat, ventilation
and water consumption are beneficial
Vitamin and electrolyte therapy
Multivitamin supplement
Antibiotic
High levels of tetracyclines are contraindicated
because they tie up Ca therapy producing rickets
20. Vaccination
Two types of IBD vaccines are used
Live vaccines
Mild vaccine
Standard intermediate vaccine
Intermediate plus vaccine
Hot strain vaccine
Killed vaccine
21. Contd…
Poultry
Age of vaccination Method of
administrationPrimary Booster Revacc-
ination
Broilers 7th day 21st day - Eye drop or
with water
Layers 14th day 21st day 16-20
weeks
Eye drop or
with water
Vaccination schedule
22. Contd…
For Breeder Hen:
Traditionally at prelay stage and midlay stage IBD
inactivated vaccine is given to get high antibody titer
Some Commercial Vaccines:
Nobilis Gumboro D78 (Intervet)
Nobilis Gumboro 228E (Intervet)
Cevac IBD L (Ceva limited)
Gumbomed vet (Incepta)
Izovac Gumboro 2 (Renata)
23. Resistance
Birds with maternal antibody are resistant due to
high antibody titer
When ab titer drops birds become susceptible
Very virulent strain can break the ab barrier at young
age
Other birds in which bursa is reduced in size and
disappears are more resistant
24. Immunity
Active Immunity
Natural Infection
Vaccination with either live or killed vaccines
Passive Immunity
Ab transmitted through yolk of the egg
Passive immunity protects chicks against early
infection
Half life of maternal antibody is between 3 and 5
days,Thus, if the ab titer of the progeny is known, the
time when chick will become susceptible can be said
25. Control
Strict Biosecurity
Thorough cleaning and disinfectant of the houses
between the flocks and the practice “All in, All out“
management
It delays infection and also provide time for
vaccines to produce immunity
Hygiene and sanitary precautions: Formaldehyde
and Iodophores are found to be effective
disinfectants
Removal of vectors like mealworms and rats
Proper vaccination of birds and flock