Bones of upper limbs (Human Anatomy)

DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )( M.B.B.S , RMP )
The Appendicular Skeleton,

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 The appendicular skeleton refers to those
structures that are appended to the axial
skeleton.
 The pectoral girdle and the upper limbs
form the upper appendage.
 The pelvic girdle and the lower limbs
form the lower appendage.

differ in function
but
Share the same structural plan
Upper and lower limbs

Bones of upperBones of upper
limblimb

THE UPPER LIMB
 The upper limb consists of the:
• Shoulder / Pectoral Girdle
• Arm
• Forearm
• Hand
 Each upper limb contains 32 bones.

THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
• Composed of two bones
•Clavicle – collarbone
•Scapula – shoulder blade
•Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body
completely
 Only the clavicle actually attaches to the thorax.
(manubrium and first rib)
Scapulae do not join each other or the axial
skeleton but“float” on the back of the ribs.

The Shoulder Girdle
 The humerus attaches loosely to the sockets formed
by the scapula and clavicle.
 Scapula & clavicle Move as a unit
 Clavicle’s articulation with sternum is only bony link
to axial skeleton
 Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile
 Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton
 Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is
shallow
 Good for flexibility – bad for stability

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
(Anterior View)
 Key bony landmarks
• Manubrium
• Clavicle
• Coracoid process
• Acromion process
• Glenoid fossa
• Lateral border
• Inferior angle
• Medial border

 Key bony landmarks
• Acromion process
• Glenoid fossa
• Lateral border
• Inferior angle
• Medial border
• Superior angle
• Spine of the scapula
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
(Posterior View)

Clavicles
Extend horizontally
across the superior
thorax
Sternal end articulates
with the manubrium
Acromial end articulates
with scapula

PLAYPLAY Shoulder
Clavicles
 Provide attachment for muscles
 Hold the scapulae and arms laterally
 Transmit compression forces from the
upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Scapulae
 Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
 Located between ribs 2 – 7
 Have three borders
• Superior
• Medial (vertebral)
• Lateral (axillary)
 Have three angles
• Lateral, superior, and inferior

Structures
of the
Scapula
Figure 8.2a

Structures of
the Scapula
Figure 8.2b

Structures
of the
Scapula
Figure 8.2c

Arm
 Region of the upper limb between the
shoulder and elbow
 Humerus
• The only bone of the arm
• Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb
• Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
• Articulates with the radius and ulna at the
elbow

Arm
 Humerus
• Many structures of the humerus provide sites
for muscle attachment
• Other structures of the humerus provide
articulation sites for other bones

Structures
of the
Right
Humerus

Bones of the Fore ArmBones of the Fore Arm
Slide
Figure 5.21c
•The forearm has two
bones
•Ulna
•Radius
•Proximal ends articulate
with the humerus
•Distal ends articulate with
carpals

Forearm
 Radius and ulna articulate with each
other
• At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
 The interosseous membrane
• Interconnects radius and ulna
 In anatomical position
• The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial

Details
of Elbow
Joint
Figure 8.5a

Ulna
 Main bone responsible for forming the
elbow joint with the humerus
 Hinge joint, allows forearm to bend on
arm
 Distal end is separated from carpals by
fibrocartilage
 Plays little to no role in hand movement

Proximal Part of the Ulna
Figure 8.5b

Radius and Ulna
Figure 8.4a, b

Radius
 Superior surface of the head of the
radius articulates with the capitulum
 Medially – the head of the radius
articulates with the radial notch of the
ulna
 Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
• Distal radius articulates with carpal bones
• When radius moves, the hand moves with it

Proximal Ends of Radius and Ulna
Figure 8.5c

Hand
 Includes the following bones
• Carpus – wrist
• Metacarpals – palm
• Phalanges – fingers

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36
• The hand
•Carpals – wrist
•Metacarpals –
palm
•Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22

Carpus
 Forms the true wrist – the proximal
region of the hand
 Gliding movements occur between
carpals
 Composed of eight marble-sized bones

Carpus
 Carpal bones
• Are arranged in two irregular rows
• Proximal row from lateral to medial
• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform
• Distal row from lateral to medial
• Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
• A mnemonic to help remember carpals
“Sally left the party to take Carmen home”

Bones of the Hand
Figure 8.7a, b

Metacarpus
 Five metacarpals radiate distally from the
wrist
 Metacarpals form the palm
• Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex
(thumb)
• Articulate proximally with the distal row of
carpals
• Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges

Phalanges
 Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex
(thumb)
 Except for the thumb, each finger has
three phalanges
• Proximal, middle, and distal

Fractures
A disruption in all
or part of the
cortex of a bone
All = complete
Part = incomplete =
children
Complete fracture surgical neck of humerusInfra-glenoid fracture of Scapula

Fractures
Colle’s fracture of the distal Radius Greenstick Fractures- Radius& Ulna

Fractures
Smith’s fracture – of the distal radius with
palmar angulation ( reverse colle’s fracture )Colle’s fracture Radius-dorsal angulation

Fractures
Dislocation metacarpo-phalyngeal
joint of the thumb
Boxer’s fracture Head of 5th metacarpal

Fractures
Oblique fractures-Metacarpals 2,3,4
Scaphoid fracture

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BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )( M.B.B.S , RMP )

QUIZ - 1
 How many bones are there in the adult
human body?
 406
 306
 206
 106

QUIZ - 2
 What is the longest bone in the human
body?
 Femur
 Back bone (spine)
 Patella
 Greater Trochanter

QUIZ - 3
 Which one of these is not a function of the
human skeleton?
 To support and protect certain internal soft vital
organs.
 To store calcium deposits and other minerals.
 To produce red blood cells granular white blood cells
and platelets.
 To help stabilise the bodies natural body temperature.

QUIZ - 4
 Which of these is not a type of bone?
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Thin

QUIZ - 5
 What is produced within the human
body’s bones?
 Red blood cells.
 Nothing bones are solid.
 Nothing bones are dead cavity tissue.
 Vitamin C

QUIZ - 6
 Bones have a thin outer skin that serves
as an attachment point for muscles and
bones through tendons and ligaments,
what is this called?
 Epidermis
 Calcium
 Periosteum
 Bone marrow

QUIZ - 7
 The vertebrae (backbone) have a
number of different regions and separate
bones, how many regions and bones.
 4 regions 27 bones

QUIZ - 8
 An X-ray shows a crack along the Talus
bone, where is this bone found?
 At the rear of your jawbone.
 At your thumb joint within your wrist.
Within your foot.
 This bone does not exist.

QUIZ - 9
 What is the more common name for the
clavicle bone?
 Jaw bone
 Chest Plate
 Collar Bone
 Knee Cap

Bones of upper limbs (Human Anatomy)

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Bones of upper limbs (Human Anatomy)