anatomy of musclo skeletal

1. MUSCLOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
Anatomy of the

2. 7-2
MUSCLOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Muscloskeletal system coordinates the
voluntary movements of the entire or parts
of the body.
• This system is composed of three d/t systems
of the body, namely:
1. Skeletal System: bones & cartilages
2. Articular System: movable joints
3. Muscular System: skeletal muscles

3. 7-3
Muscloskeletal System
• The skeletal system, articular system, &
muscular system coordinate to move
the entire body or parts of the body as
follow.
Bones: acting as levers.
 Joints: acting as furculum.
 Muscles: applying the force.
The body or parts of it: load

4. Muscloskeletal System
Muscles (Applied Force)
Joint (Furculum)

5. The
Skeletal System

6. 7-6
The Skeletal System
• Provides framework of the body.
• Human skeleton has 206 bones
• Without skeleton, muscles couldn’t
move body.
• Components of skeletal system are:
–Bones
–Cartilage
–Ligaments
–Tendons

7. Function of Bones
Support – form the framework that
supports the body and cradles soft organs.
Protection – provide a protective case for
the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
Movement – provide levers for muscles.
Mineral Storage – reservoir for minerals,
especially calcium and phosphorus.
Blood Cell Formation – hematopoiesis
occurs within the marrow cavities of bones.

8. Bone Markings
• Bones have d/t features that have their
own specific function.
• Bulges, depressions, & holes are the
major ones that are adapted for d/t
function.
• They serve as:
–sites of attachment for muscles,
ligaments, & tendons.
–joint surfaces.
–conduits for blood vessels and nerves.

9. Projections:- that are adapted for
attachment are the following.
–Tuberosity: rounded projection
–Tubercle: small rounded projection
–Trochanter: large, blunt, irregular surface
–Crest: narrow, prominent ridge
–Line: narrow ridge
–Epicondyle: raised area above a condyle
–Spine: sharp, slender projection
–Process: any bony prominence

10. Projections:- w/h are articular surfaces:
–Head: expansion carried on a narrow neck
–Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
–Condyle: smooth rounded articular surface

11. Depressions & Openings:- that are
adapted for passage of structures are:
• Sinus: cavity within a bone
• Fossa: shallow, basin like depression
• Groove: shallow, narrow furrow
• Fissure: deep narrow, slit like depression
• Meatus: canal-like passageway
• Foramen: an oval opening through a bone

12. Classification of Bones: By Shape
• Long Bones:- longer than are wide and
are the only with diaphysis & epiphyses.
• Short Bones:- Cube-shaped bones of the
wrist & ankle and Bones that form
within tendons.
• Flat Bones:- thin, flat, and a bit curved.
• Irregular Bones:- are the bones with
complicated shapes.

14. Divisions of the Skeletal System
1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton

15. 7-15
Divisions of Skeleton
1. Axial Skeleton: is composed of the
bones in the axis of the body & form:
i. Skull
ii. Hyoid bone
iii. Thoracic (rib) cage
iV. Vertebral column
2. Appendicular Skeleton: includes the:
i. Bones of the limbs
ii. Girdles

16. 7-16

17. 7-17
Axial
Skeleton

18. AXIAL
SKELETON

19. • most of these bones are joined by
sutures, the immovable joints, thus
most of the bones are firmly fixed.
Mandible is movable and strongest.
• in-house the brain and also bound
many cavities such as the orbit, oral,
nasal cavities.
• They are flat or irregular bones.
• subdivided into two: cranial & facial
bones.
The Skull Bones

20. Cranial Bones: are 8 in number and form
nuerocranium making the cranial cavity.
1. Frontal Bone: flat bone
2. Parietal Bones (2): flat bones
3. Temporal Bones (2): flat bones
4. Occipital Bone: flat bone
5. Sphenoid Bone: irregular bone
6. Ethmoid Bone: irregular bone

21. Facial Bones:
• are 20 in number and most of them
form skeleton of the face.
• Malleus, Incus, & Stapes are located in
the middle ear.
1. Vomer
2. Mandible
3. Maxillae (2)
4. Nasal Bones(2)
5. Lacrimal Bones(2)
6. Palatine Bones (2)
7. Zygomatic Bones(2)
8. Inf. Nasal Conchae(2)
9. Malleus(2)
10. Incus (2)
11. Stapes (2)

22. 19-22
Ant. View of Skull

23. 7-23
Sup. view of skull

24. 7-24
Pos. View of Skull

25. 19-25
Inf. View of Skull

26. 19-26
Lat. View of Skull

27. The Auditory Ossicles

28. The 10 Sutures
• Coronal Suture: is b/n
frontal & the 2
parietal bones
• Sagittal Suture: is b/n
the 2 parietal bones
• Lambdoid Suture: b/n
the 2 parietal &
occipital bones
• Squamosal Sutures:
b/n parietal &
temporal bones
Coronal Suture
Sagittal
Suture
Lambdoid
Suture

29. 1. Anterior fontanel
2. Posterior fontanel
3. Sphenoidal fontanels (2)
4. Mastoid fontanels (2)
Fontanels
• are membrane filled spaces in new born.

30. The Fontanels

31. 7-31
Hyoid Bone
• is a single bone at the neck region.
• does not join with any bone.
• has attachment sites for some tongue
and neck muscles.
• is an attachment point for the muscles
that elevate the larynx during speech
and swallowing.

32. 7-32
Hyoid Bone

33. 7-33
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• is commonly called “Backbone”.
• supports weight of head and trunk.
• protects the spinal cord making the
vertebral canal.
• allow spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord.
• provides site for muscle attachment.
• permits movement of head and trunk.
• transmits body weight to the lower body
regions.

34. • Vertebral column is at the central axis of
skeleton w/c has five parts that are formed
by overlapping vertebral bones (vertebrae)
• The five parts and their bones:
1. Cervical part: has 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
2. Thoracic part: has 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
3. Lumbar part: has 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
4. Sacrum: formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
5. Coccyx: formed by fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

35. • While viewed dorsally, vertebral column
shows four normal curvatures
i. Cervical part has a concave curve
ii. Thoracic part has a convex curve
iii. Lumbar part has a concave curve
iv. Sacrum part has a convex curve

36. 19-36
Vertebral Column

38. 7-38
• Body
• Spinous process
• Transverse processes
• Articular processes
• Vertebral foramen
• Vertebral arch
• Lamina
• Pedicle
A typical vertebra consists of:

39. Each typical vertebra has:
• Body: bears weight
• Vertebral arch: forms vertebral foramen
• Vertebral foramen: all together form the
vertebral canal, w/h houses spinal cord
• Pedicle: extend b/n the body & transverse
process
• Spinous process: projects posteriorly
• Transverse processes: project laterally
• Articular processes: project superiorly &
inferiorly

40. Lat view of a vertebra

41. 7-41
• The atypical cervical vertebrae
• Atlas: first cervical vertebra
•Axis: second cervical vertebra

42. 7-42
Intervertebral Disks
• located between adjacent vertebrae
• provide support & prevent vertebrae rubbing
• has annulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus parts

43. 7-43
Thoracic Vertebrae

44. 7-44
Lumbar Vertebrae

45. 7-45
SACRUM & COCCYX

46. 7-46
THORACIC (RIB) CAGE
• The rib cage forms the thoracic cavity
that protects vital organs and forms
semi-rigid chamber for respiration
• Parts of the thoracic cage:
i. Thoracic vertebrae
ii. Ribs
iii. Sternum

47. 7-47
Thoracic Cage

48. The Ribs
• are 12 pair and grouped into 3 as follow:
1. True Ribs (1-7): b/c they attach directly
to sternum by separate costal
cartilages.
2. False Ribs (8-10): b/c they attach
indirectly to sternum by attaching to
costal cartilages immediately above.
3. Floating Ribs (11 & 12): b/c they have
no any anterior attachments. 48

49. • A typical rib has:
Shaft: major part, w/h is flat & curved.
Head: articulates with vertebrae.
Tubercle: join with transverse process.
Neck: between head and tubercle.
Angle: greatest change in curvature.
49

50. 7-50
Sternum (Breastbone)
• has three parts
Manubrium: the superiormost part
Body: the middle and largest part
Xiphoid process: the inferior pointed part

51. APPENDICULA
SKELETON

52. 7-52
• Each bone is paired being
present on both sides of the
body
• They are grouped as follow:
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Upper limb bones (found in
the arm, forearm, wrist, &
hand parts)
Lower limb bones (found in
the thigh, leg, & foot pars)
Appendicular Skeleton

53. Clavicles & Scapula: in shoulder region
Humerus: in the arm
Ulna & Radius: in the forearm
Carpal bones (8): in the wrist
 Metacarpal (5): in the hand
Phalanges (14): in the fingers
Bones of the Upper Limb

54. 7-54
Clavicle
• medial 2/3 is convex and lat 1/3 is
concave as viewed anteriorly.
• connects the axial skeleton with the
appendicular skeleton.
• its major parts are:
–Sternal end: joins with sternum
–Shaft: having sup & inf surfaces
–Acromial end: flat and joins with
acromion

55. -

56. 7-56
Scapula
• is a flat, triangular bone and has:
–3 Angles: sup, inf, & lat
–3 Borders: sup, med, & lat
–3 Fossae: 2 pos & 1 ant
–Acromion process: joins with clavicle
and has attachment for muscles
–Coracoid process: attaches muscles
–Glenoid cavity: joins with humerus

57. 7-57
Scapula

58. 7-58
Humerus
• The major parts at its proximal end are:
Head: joins with scapula
Anatomic & Surgical necks: constrictions
Greater & Lesser tubercles: attach strs
Intertubercular groove: passes a tendon
• The major parts at its distal end are:
Capitulum: articulates with radius
Trochlea: articulates with ulna
Epicondyles: attachment sites

59. 7-59
Humerus

60. 19-60

61. 7-61
1. Ulna: is located on the little finger side,
w/h is more massive proximally, and has:
• Trochlear notch
• Olecranon process
• Coronoid process
2. Radius: is located on the thumb side
and is more massive distally
• most commonly fractured bone
• distally joins with three carpal bones
Bones of Forearm

62. 7-62
Forearm Bones

63. CARPALS
• There are 8 bones that may are grouped
into two rows as proximal & distal rows:
• The proximal row consists of 4 bones:
the Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, &
Pisiform.
• The distal row consists of 4 bones: the
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate &
Hamate.

64. 7-64
Radius
Carpals
(Proximal row)
Carpals
(Distal row)
Carpals
(proximal)

65. METACARPALS
• They are named, from lat to med, as 1st (I),
2nd(II), 3rd(III), 4th(IV), & 5th (V) metacarpal.
• They form the metacarpus, the skeleton of
the palm of the hand.
• Each metacarpal consists of a base, shaft, &
head, in w/h the bases join with carpal bones
and the heads join with proximal phalanges.
• The 1st metacarpal bone is the thickest &
shortest of these bones.
• The 3rd metacarpal bone is distinguished by a
styloid process on the lat side of its base
By JEMAL y. O6

66. PHALANGES
• Each digit has three phalanges except for the
first which has only two.
• Each phalanx has base proximally, head
distally, and shaft, b/n the former two.
• The proximal phalanges are the largest, the
middle ones are intermediate in size, & the
distal ones are the smallest
• The shafts of the phalanges taper distally.
• The distal phalanges are flat and expanded
distally, w/h underlie the nail beds.

67. 7-67
Carpal s
proximal)
Carpal s
proximal)
Phalanges

68. Coxae: in the pelvis
Femur: in the thigh
Tibia & Fibula: in the leg
Patella: at the knee joint
Tarsal bones (7): in the wrist
Metatarsal (5): at the ankle joint
Phalanges (14): in the toes
Bones of the Lower Limb

69. 19-69
A coxal bone and the bones of a leg

70. 7-70
Coxae
• also called hip bone and has:
–Ilium: the sup part w/h joins with sacrum
–Ischium: sit down bone & has tuberosity
–Pubis: forms pubic symphysis
–Acetabulum: joins with femur
–Obturator foramen: vessels & nerves pase

71. 7-71
Coxae

72. 7-72
Male & Female Pelvis

73. 7-73
Femur
• it has the following major part:
• Head
• Neck
• Trochanters ( Greater & Lesser)
• Condyles (med & lat)
• Epicondyles( med & lat)
Patella
• known as kneecap
• has a base, an apex, & pos & ant surfaces

74. 7-74
Femur

75. 7-75
Tibia
• is larger and supports and transmits the
body weight; it and has:
- Tibial tuberosity
- Condyles (med & lat)
- Medial malleolus
Fibula
• articulates with tibia not femur; and it has:
- Lateral malleolus: distally
- Head & neck: proximally

76. 7-76
Tibia & Fibula

77. Tarsals
• are 7 bones which form the ankle joint;
talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3
cuneiforms & cuboid.
• Only talus articulate with leg bones.
Talus: rests on ant 2/3 of calcaneus and
bears weight of the body.
Calcaneus: is the heel bone, w/h is
largest and strongest bone and joins
with talus and cuboid.

78. Navicular: flattened, boat shaped,
located between talar head and
cuneiforms.
Cuboid: most lateral bone of the tarsals.
Cuneiforms (med, intermediate, & lat):
wedge shaped and each articulate with
navicular posteriorly and metatarsal
anteriorly.

79. 7-79
Tarsals
Tarsals
the is

80. Metatarsals
–are 5 bones which form part of the
foot.
–Each bone has base, body & head.
–Bases articulate with cuneiform and
cuboid bones.
–Heads articulate with proximal
phalanges.

81. Phalanges
–are 14 bones of the toes that are
similar to those of fingers.
–lateral four digits have proximal,
middle & distal phalanx.
–great toe (hallux) has only proximal &
distal phalanx.
–each phalanx has base, body & head.

82. 7-82
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Phalanges

83. APPLIED ANATOMY OF
THE
MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM

84. MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
• Skeletal trauma
• Injuries to support structures

85. Bone Fractures
• The fracture can simply be a crack or
collapse in the structure of the bone, or a
complete break, producing two or more
fragments.
• Bone fractures are classified by:
Position of the bone ends after fracture.
Completeness of the break.
Orientation of the bone to the long axis.
Whether or not the bones’ ends
penetrate the skin. etc.

86. Bone Fractures

87. Complicated Fracture
Types of Bone Fractures
Complete Fracture– broken
all the way through
•Simple Fracture
•Complicated Fracture
Incomplete Fracture– bone
is not broken all the way
through
•Simple Fracture
•Complicated Fracture

88. Compound (Open)
Fracture: bone ends
penetrate the skin.
Simple (Closed) Fracture:
bone ends do not
penetrate the skin. Open
Fracture

89. Nondisplaced Fracture– bone ends
retain their normal position.
Displaced Fracture– bone ends are out
of normal alignment.

90. Spiral Fracture – ragged break when bone is
excessively twisted; common sports injury.
Oblique Fracture–the fracture is straight
diagonally break.

91. Fissure Fracture:-is a groove-like
fracture parallel to the long axis of the
bone.
Greenstick Fracture:-
incomplete fracture – one
side of the bone breaks and
the other side bends;
common in children.

92. Comminuted Fracture:- bone fragments into
three or more pieces; common in the elderly.
Compression (Impacted) Fracture:- bone is
crushed; common in porous bones.
Comminuted
Impacted

93. Depressed Fracture– (e.g, skull) broken
bone portion pressed inward.
Epiphyseal Fracture– epiphysis separates
from diaphysis along epiphyseal line.

94. TYPES OF FRACTURES
From Ignativicius, D. & Workman, M. (2002). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 4, Philadelphia: W.B.
Saunders.

95. Repair of Bone Fracture
During healing of a bone fracture
Hematoma forms first.
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms in the
hematoma.
Capillaries grow into the tissue and
phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris.
Bony callus forms.
Finally remodeling takes place.

96. •is similar to embryonic bone formation.
Repair of Bone Fracture

97. Bone Fracture Repair

98. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma formation
–Torn blood vessels hemorrhage.
–A mass of clotted blood (hematoma)
forms at the fracture site.
–Site becomes swollen, painful, and
inflamed.

99. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms when:
• Osteoblasts & fibroblasts migrate to the
fracture and begin reconstructing it.
• Fibroblasts secret collagen fibers that
connect broken bone ends.
• Osteoblast begin forming spongy bone.
• Osteoblasts furthest from capillaries
secrete an externally bulging
cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies.

100. Bony callus formation
–New bone trabeculae appear in the
fibrocartilaginous callus.
–Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into
a bony (hard) callus.
–Bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after
injury, and continues until firm union
is formed 2-3 months later.

101. Bone remodeling
• Excess material on the bone shaft
exterior and in the medullary canal is
removed by osteoclasts.
• Compact bone is laid down to
reconstruct shaft walls.

102. Repair of Bone Fractures
Fig. 6.8
A
C
D
B
Hematoma formation Bone replacement

103. OSTEOPOROSIS
Osteoporosis-forms "PorousBones“
• Occurswhena body'sbloodcalciumlevelis
lowandcalciumfrombonesisdissolved
intothebloodtomaintainaproperbalance.
• Overtime,bonemassandbonestrength
decrease.
• Asa result,bonesbecomedottedwithpits
&pores,weak&fragile.

104. • Factorsthatcanleadtoosteoporosis:
Age (mostimportant)
Excessivealcoholdrinking
Insufficientweight-bearingexercises
Dietlowin calcium & protein
Lackof vitD
Smoking

105. Rickets
• inadequately mineralize
causing softened,
weakened bones.
• Bowed legs & deformities
of pelvis, skull, & rib cage
are common.
• Caused by insufficient
calcium in the diet, or by
vitamin D deficiency.