The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The upper appendage includes the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, while the lower appendage includes the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The lower limb bones must support the entire weight of the body and are the largest and heaviest. Each lower limb contains 31 bones, including the pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. The document provides detailed descriptions of each bone and joint of the lower limb.
3. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The appendicular skeleton refers to
those structures that are appended to the
axial skeleton.
The pectoral girdle and the upper limbs
form the upper appendage.
The pelvic girdle and the lower limbs
form the lower appendage.
6. THE LOWER LIMB
• The bones of the lower limb must support the weight of
the entire body, thus, these are the largest and heaviest of
the bones.
• The lower limb consists of:
– The Pelvic Girdle
– The thigh
– The leg
– The foot
• Each lower limb is formed by 31 bones.
7. The Lower Limb
• Carries the entire weight of the erect body
• Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger
than those of upper limb
• Divided into three segments
– Thigh, leg, and foot
8.
9. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
• The attachment of the pelvis to the sacrum is an incredibly
stable and strong attachment, unlike the pectoral girdle.
• The socket for the femur (acetabulum) is deep & holds the
femur extremely well.
– Less mobile ball & socket joint than the shoulder.
• Each wing of the pelvic girdle is formed from a bone called the
coxal bone.
11. Pelvic Girdle
• Attaches lower limbs to the trunk (spine)
• Supports visceral organs
• Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments
• Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the
femur
• Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
• Are more stable than the arm
12. Pelvic Girdle
• Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
• Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other
• Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum
PLAY Hip
13. Bony Pelvis
• A deep, basin-like structure
• Formed by
– Coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
15. Coxal Bones
• Consist of three separate bones in childhood
– Ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions
of the coxal bones
• Acetabulum
– A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic
surface
16. Ilium
• Large, flaring bone
• Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
• Site of attachment for many muscles
• Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac
joint
17. Ischium
• Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone
• Anteriorly – joins the pubis
• Ischial tuberosities
– Are the strongest part of the hip bone
18. Pubis
• Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone
• Lies horizontally in anatomical position
• Pubic symphysis
– The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage
at the midline
20. True and False Pelves
• Bony pelvis is divided into two regions
– False (greater) pelvis – bounded by alae of the
iliac bones
– True (lesser) pelvis – inferior to pelvic brim
• Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs
22. Pelvic Structures and Childbearing
• Major differences between male and female
pelves
– Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing
• Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male
• Provides more room in the true pelvis
26. Thigh
• The region of the lower limb between the hip
and the knee
• Femur – the single bone of the thigh
27. Longest and
strongest bone of
the body
Ball-shaped
head articulates
with the
acetabulum
The Femur
28. Patella
• Triangular sesamoid bone
• Imbedded in the tendon that secures the
quadriceps muscles
• Protects the knee anteriorly
• Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across
the knee
29. Leg
• Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee
and the ankle
• Composed of the tibia and fibula
– Tibia – more massive medial bone of the leg
• Receives weight of the body from the femur
– Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of the leg
• Interosseous membrane
– Connects the tibia and fibula
PLAY Knee
30. Leg
• Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
– Forms the knee joint
• Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end
– Forms the ankle joint
• Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint
– Stabilizes the ankle joint
33. The Foot
• Foot is composed of
– Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges
• Important functions
– Supports body weight
– Acts as a lever to propel body forward when
walking
– Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to
uneven ground
34. Tarsus
• Makes up the posterior half of the foot
• Contains seven bones called tarsals
• Body weight is primarily borne by the talus
and calcaneus
35. Metatarsus
• Consists of five small long bones called
metatarsals
• Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux
(great toe)
• First metatarsal supports body weight
36. Phalanges of the Toes
• 14 phalanges of the toes
– Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers
– Structure and arrangement are similar to
phalanges of fingers
– Except for the great toe, each toe has three
phalanges
• Proximal, middle, and distal
37. Bones of the Foot
Slide 5.41
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals –
sole
Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
40. Bones of the Foot
Figure 8.12c
PLAY Bones of the Foot
41. Arches of the Foot
• Foot has three important arches
– Medial and lateral longitudinal arch
– Transverse arch
• Arches are maintained by
– Interlocking shapes of tarsals
– Ligaments and tendons
43. Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
• Bone fractures
• Hip dysplasia
– Head of the femur slips out of acetabulum
• Clubfoot
– Soles of the feet turn medially
45. The Appendicular Skeleton
Throughout Life
• Growth of the appendicular skeleton
– Increases height
– Changes body proportions
• Upper-lower body ratio changes with age
– At birth head and trunk are 1.5 times as long as
lower limbs
– Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk
– Upper-lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by age 10
46. The Appendicular Skeleton
Throughout Life
• Few changes occur in adult skeleton until
middle age, when
– Skeleton loses mass
– Osteoporosis and limb fractures become more
common
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BY:
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( M.B.B.S , RMP )
50. QUIZ - 1
• How many bones are there in the adult
human body?
• 406
• 306
• 206
• 106
51. QUIZ - 2
• What is the longest bone in the human body?
• Femur
• Back bone (spine)
• Patella
• Greater Trochanter
52. QUIZ - 3
• Which one of these is not a function of the
human skeleton?
• To support and protect certain internal soft vital organs.
• To store calcium deposits and other minerals.
• To produce red blood cells granular white blood cells and
platelets.
• To help stabilise the bodies natural body temperature.
53. QUIZ - 4
• Which of these is not a type of bone?
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Thin
54. QUIZ - 5
• What is produced within the human body’s
bones?
• Red blood cells.
• Nothing bones are solid.
• Nothing bones are dead cavity tissue.
• Vitamin C
55. QUIZ - 6
• Bones have a thin outer skin that serves as an
attachment point for muscles and bones
through tendons and ligaments, what is this
called?
• Epidermis
• Calcium
• Periosteum
• Bone marrow
56. QUIZ - 7
• The vertebrae (backbone) have a number of
different regions and separate bones, how
many regions and bones.
• 4 regions 27 bones
• 5 regions 33 bones
• 6 regions 39 bones
• 17 regions 6 bones
57. QUIZ - 8
• An X-ray shows a crack along the Talus bone,
where is this bone found?
• At the rear of your jawbone.
• At your thumb joint within your wrist. Within
your foot.
• This bone does not exist.
58. QUIZ - 9
• What is the more common name for the
clavicle bone?
• Jaw bone
• Chest Plate
• Collar Bone
• Knee Cap
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www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )