The document discusses the structure and components of the skeletal system, including the different regions of the spine, ribs, and bones that make up the axial skeleton. It also describes the shoulder girdle, arm, wrist, hand, pelvis, leg, ankle, and foot bones that compose the appendicular skeleton. Finally, it covers the different types of joints that connect bones and allow for movement.
2. Mr. Hunter
Anatomy and Physiology 11.15.2012
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• List the 5 regions of the spine
• Describe the structure of vertebrae
• Distinguish true ribs from false ribs and their attachment sites
• Describe articulations of the upper extremities of axial and
appendicular skeleton
Bell Ringer: What is the name of the location
marked X on the skeleton model?__________
3. Vertebral Column
• Consists of a series of
vertebrae connected so that
they form a flexible curved rod.
• Different regions of the spine:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
sacrum and coccyx
• (7) cervical, (12) thoracic, (5)
lumbar, (1) sacrum and (1)
coccyx.
• Sacrum = 5 bones in child
• Coccyx = 3 to 5 in child
4. Vertebral Column
• Cervical, thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae consists
of various parts:
• The hole in the center is
the vertebral foramen in
which the spinal cord
travels.
• Transverse and articular
processes are for
controlled movement and
rib attachments.
5. Vertebral Column Curves
• Cervical and lumbar curves of
the spine are concave.
Thoracic and sacral are
convex.
• Curves of the spine provide
strength to balance and
support the weight of the body.
6. Thorax and Ribs
• Twelve pairs of ribs, the
sternum and the thoracic
vertebrae form the thorax.
• Each of the 12 pairs of ribs are
attached posteriorly to a
vertebra.
• The first 7 pairs of ribs are
attached to the sternum by
costal cartilage.
• The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs are
attached to the cartilage of the
7th ribs = false ribs.
• The last two pairs of ribs are
not attached to any cartilage
and appear to float.
7. Appendicular Skeleton
• The scapula and the clavicle
compose the shoulder /
pectoral girdle
• This connects the upper
extremity to the axial skeleton.
• This occurs at the
sternoclavicular joint – The
point of attachment between
the clavicle and the sternum.
• Fractures of the clavicle are
common due to small size of
the joint and the wide range of
motion by the upper extremitiy.
8. Appendicular Skeleton
• The humerus is the long bone
of the arm and the second
longest bone in the body.
• Attached at the proximal end
to the glenoid cavity of the
scapula via a group of muscles
called the rotator cuff
• The distal end of the humerus
articulates with the ulna and
the radius.
• The olecranon process of the
ulna fits into the olecranon
fossa of the humerus.
9. Appendicular Skeleton – Wrist and Hand
• The wrist and the hand have
more bones for their size than
any other part of the body.
• 8 carpal – wrist bones, 5
metacarpals – bones of the
palm, 14 phalanges – fingers
• There are 27 bones total.
10. Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Extremity
• The pelvic girdle – hip
connects the legs to the trunk.
• Consists of two large coxal
bones located on each side of
the pelvis, attached inferiorly to
the sacrum of the vertebral
canal.
• In the infant, the coxal bone
consists of the ilium, ischium
and the pubis.
11. Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Extremity
• The femur is the longest bone
in the body. It articulates with
the coxal bone in a cup-
shaped socket called the
acetabulum.
• Distally, the femur articulates
with the patella - knee cap at
the medial condyle of the tibia
– shinbone.
• The fibula lies along the outer
lateral border of the leg.
12. Appendicular Skeleton – Foot and Ankle
• Toe bones have the
same as finger bones –
phalanges.
• Metatarsals and tarsals
are located in the foot
• Each foot has (5)
metatarsal bones, and (7)
tarsal bones and (14)
phalanges
• The largest tarsal bone is
the calcaneous – heel
bone
13. Appendicular Skeleton – Foot and Ankle
• Strong ligaments and
tendons hold the foot
bones in a normal arched
position for adequate
support of body weight.
• When the tendons or
ligaments become
damaged the arches can
collapse – flat feet.
• Two arches of the foot:
Transverse and
Longitudinal
14. Differences Between Male and Female
Skeleton
• Most male skeletons have
larger bones due to skeletal
muscle attachments.
• The greater the tension on the
bone via muscle attachments,
the larger and denser the bone
becomes at the point of
attachment.
• The coxal bones are also
different.
• The pubic angle in the female
is wider than that of the male
for the purpose of childbearing.
15. Skeletal Joints
• Every bone in the body
connects to at least one other
bone via joints with the
exception of the hyoid bone.
• Joints allow movement to
occur between certain bones.
• They also hold our bones
securely together.
16. Skeletal Joints
• Synarthroses – no movement.
Fibrous connective tissue joins
the articulating bones and
holds them close together. Ex.
Cranial bones – sutures.
• Amphiarthroses – slight
movement. A joint in which
cartilage joins the articulating
bones. Ex. Joint between the
two pubic bones and the joints
between the body of vertebrae
• Diarthroses – free movement.
17. Types of Skeletal Joints
• There are several types of
diarthroses.
• Ball and socket joint
• Hinge joint
• Saddle joint
• Pivot joint
• Gliding joint
• Condyloid joint
• Different joint structures
provide different ranges of
motion.
• Flexion, Extension,Rotation
• Circumduction, Abduction and
Adduction
18. Types of Skeletal Joints
• Different joint structures
provide different ranges
of motion.
• Flexion,
Extension,Rotation
• Circumduction, Abduction
and Adduction
• Pg. -131-132
• Read pgs. 141-145
• Answer Quick Check pg.
145 # 1-3