This document discusses the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. It describes the 64 bones of the upper limbs, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. It also describes the 62 bones of the lower limbs, including the pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. It highlights differences between male and female pelvises and discusses arches of the foot and potential clinical problems like flatfoot and clawfoot.
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of skeletomuscular system.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of skeletomuscular system.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. • Define the skeletal system
• Discuss the structure, types and functions of bone
• List the functions of the skeletal system
• Discuss the various markings on the surface of bones
• Perform to give descriptions of the bones of axial & appendicular skeleton
• Discuss the difference between male and female pelvis
• Perform to describe skull, vertebral column, rib cage, pelvic girdle & pelvic
girdle
Objectives:
3. Appendicular skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton is composed of bones which lie on the lateral
sides of the mid axial line of our body and consists of the hanging
bones.
• The primary function is movement.
4. Appendicular skeleton
• It can be divided into two groups;
• The upper extremities (Pectoral girdle and the bones of upper limbs)
• The lower extremities (Pelvic girdle and the bones of lower limbs)
• *Girdle is the bony or cartilaginous arch that supports the limbs of the
vertebrates
• Girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
5. The upper extremities (64 bones):
• The upper extremity is connected to and supported by the axial
skeleton by only one joint (pectoral girdle or the shoulder joint) and
many muscles.
• The joint is the sternoclavicular joint between the manubrium of the
sternum and the clavicle.
• The upper extremities consist of 64 bones which include;
6. •Clavicle (2):
• It is a collar bone, double curved
long bone with rounded medial
end and flattened lateral end.
• It holds the shoulder joint and arm
away from thorax so upper limb
can swing freely.
7. •Scapula (2):
• It is a shoulder blade which is flat
and triangular with horizontal
spine separating fossae.
• It is the site of attachment of
muscles of arm and chest.
• The glenoid fossa receives the
head of humerus.
8. •Humerus (2):
• It is the longest and the largest
bone of the upper limb.
• It forms ball and socket joint with
the glenoid fossa of scapula.
• Muscles of the shoulder and arm
attach to the humerus permitting
arm to flex and extend at elbow.
9. •Radius and ulna (4):
• Radius is the shorter of two bones
present in forearm.
• It allows forearm to rotate in
radial motion.
• Ulna is the larger of the two
bones in forearm.
• Larger proximal end consists
of olecranon
process (prominence of elbow).
• It forms hinge joint at the elbow.
10. •Carpals (16):
• They are small and short bones of
the wrist.
• 8 carpals are arranged in 2
transverse rows of 4.
• They help in slight gliding
movement because of attached
ligaments.
11. •Metacarpals (10):
• They are five miniature long
bones in each hand in fan like
arrangement.
• They articulate with the fingers at
metacarpo-phallangeal joint (the
knuckles).
• They aid in opposition movement
of thumb and enable cupping of
hand.
12. •Phalanges (28):
• They are miniature long bones; 2
in each thumb and 3 in each
finger.
• They articulate with each other at
inter-phalangeal joint and allow
fingers to participate in stable
grips.
13.
14. The lower extremities (62 bones):
• It can be divided into two parts; the pelvic girdle or the hip joint and
the bones of lower limbs.
• The lower extremities consist of 62 bones which include:
15. •Pelvic girdle (2):
• The bone is called pelvis or hip bone or coxa.
• It is an irregular bone formed by the fusion of ilium,
ishium and pubis (which are separate in children).
• The hip bone is fused with the sacrum and coccyx to form a pelvis.
• The head of femur fits into the acetabulum in the pubis of hip bone
to form a ball and socket joint.
• Pelvis girdle is also the site of attachment of trunk and lower limb
muscles.
• It also transmits body weight to femur.
16.
17. •Male/female differences
• Large & heavy vs light & delicate
• Heart shaped pelvic inlet vs oval
• Narrow deep true pelvis vs wide &
shallow
• Narrow outlet vs wide
• Less than 90 degree pubic arch vs
more than 90 degree
• Birth canal changes shape as baby
descends: head turns ¼
18. • Femur (2):
• It is a typical long bone in the
thigh (also called a thigh bone).
• It is the longest, strongest and
heaviest bone.
• It forms a ball and socket joint
with the pelvic bones.
• Femur provides articular surfaces
for knee and supports the body.
19. • Patella (2):
• It is roughly triangular or circular
flat sesamoid bone (developed
from the tendon quadriceps
femoris).
• It increases the leverage for
quadriceps muscle by keeping
tendon away from the axis of
rotation.a
• It protects the knee joint.
20. •Tibia (2):
• Tibia is the larger long bone of
the lower leg (calf region) which
articulates with the femur, fibula
and tarsals.
• It supports the body weight
transmitting it from femur to the
tarsals.
21. •Fibula (2):
• is the smaller long bone of the
lower leg.
• It articulates proximally with tibia
and distally with tarsals.
• It bears little body weight but
gives strength to the ankle joint.
22. •Tarsals (14):
• They are short bones in the ankle
region (also called the heelbones).
• They are 7 in each ankle and with
the metatarsals form the arches of
foot.
• They also bear body weight, raise
the body and transmit thrust
during running and walking.
23. • Metatarsals (10):
• They are miniature long bones, 5
in each foot and form the sole.
• With tarsals, they form arches of
feet and also improve stability
while standing.
• Metatarsals also absorb shocks,
bear weight and aid in
locomotion.
24. • Phalanges (28):
• They are the miniature long bones
in the toes.
• They are arranged as in hand (2 in
each big toe and 3 in each other
toe).
• They provide stability during
locomotion.
25.
26. • Phalanges (28):
• They are the miniature long bones
in the toes.
• They are arranged as in hand (2 in
each big toe and 3 in each other
toe).
• They provide stability during
locomotion.
27. Arches of the Foot
• Function:
• distribute body weight over foot
• yield & spring back when
weight is lifted
• Longitudinal arches along each side
of foot
• Transverse arch across midfoot
region
• navicular, cuneiforms & bases
of metatarsals
