This document summarizes various fungal diseases that affect humans and animals. It describes five main groups of fungal diseases: superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses, and opportunistic mycoses. For each group, it provides examples of pathogenic fungi, the locations they infect, and the resulting diseases. It also discusses the transmission routes and typical symptoms for some of the major fungal diseases like blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis.

2. FUNGAL DISEASES IN
HUMANS AND ANIMALS.

3. Medically important fungi
GROUP PATHOGEN LOCATION DISEASE
1)Superficial
mycosis
Piedraia hortae . scalp Black piedra.
Trichosporon beigelii. Beard
,mustache
White piedra.
Malassezia furfur. Trunk ,neck
,face, arms.
Tinea versicolor.
2)Cutaneous
mycosis
Trichophyton mentagrophytis
,T.verrucossum, T.rubrum.
Beard hair Tinea barbae.
Trichophyton ,Microsporum canis. Scalp hair Tinea captis
Trichophyton rubrum
,T.mentagrophytes ,Microsporum
canis.
Smooth or
bare parts
of skin
Tinea corporis
T.Rubrum , T.mentagrophytes
,Epidermophyton floccosum .
Groin,
buttocks
Tinea cruris(jock
itch).
T.rubrum ,T.mentagrophytes
,E.floccosum.
feet Tinea pedis
T.rubrum. T. mentagophytes, E.
floccosum.
nails Tinea unguium
(oncomycosis).

4. GROUP PATHOGEN LOCATION DISEASE
3)Subcutinous
mycosis
Phialophora
verrucosa
Legs ,feet Chromoblastomycos
is
sporothrix schenckii Puncture wounds Sporotrichosis
4)Systemic
mycosis
Coccidiodes immitis Lungs ,other parts of
body.
Coccidioidomycosis.
Cryptococcus
neoformis
Lungs ,skin,bones
,viscera,central
nevous system.
Cryptococcosis.
Histoplasma
capsulatum
Within phagocytosis Histoplasmosis
5)Oppurtunistic
mycosis
Aspergillus
fumigatus, A.flavus,
Respiratory system Aspergillosis
Candida albicans Skin or mucous
membrane
Candidiasis
Pneumocystis
jivoroveci
Lungs some time
brain
Pneumocystis
pneumonia
Encephalitozooon Lungs some times
brain
microsporidiosis

5. INTRODUCTION
• Fungal disease are usually divided into
four types based on the level of infected
tissue and mode of entry into the host
1)Superficial,
2)Cutaneous,
3)Subcutaneous and,
4)Systemic.

6. • Systemic mycoses are typically transmitted
through air. e.g.,Blastomycosis,
Coccidioidomycosis, Cry-ptomycosis,and
Histoplasmosis.
• Fungal pathogens do not appear to be
transmitted by arthropods.
• A number of fungal pathogens are transmitted
through direct contact. e.g., superficial
-mycosis, cutaneous mycoses(called as ring
worms,tineas,or dermatomycosis.)

7. • Fungal diseases can also be transmitted through
food and water .
• Opportunistic diseases are typically arise from
the endogenous microbial flora when the host
can no longer control them. E.g., Aspergillosis,
Microsporidoisis, Pneumocystis Pneumonia.
• Discipline that deals with the fungi that cause
human diseases is MEDICAL MYCOLOGY .
• The fungal diseases are called as MYCOSIS.

8. • Superficial ,cutaneous ,and subcutaneous
mycosis are direct contact infections of the
skin ,hair, and nails.

9. INTRODUCTION
• Based on transmission fungal diseases
are basically classified into THREE types,
a)AIR BORNE DISEASES
b)DIRECT CONTACT DISEASES and
c)OPPURTUNISTIC DISEASES

10. a)AIR BORNE DISEASES
• There are four air borne diseases which
are most predominant in the world and
India are as follows ….
1) Blastomycosis,
2) Coccidioidomycosis,
3) Cryptococcosis and
4) Histoplasmosis.

11. 1)BLASTOMYCOSIS
• Casual organism: Blastomyces dermatitidis.
• HABITAT: fungus grows as a budding yeast in
humans but on culture media and in the
environment grows as a mold.
• INFECTION:
 initial infection occurs when Blastospores are
inhaled into lungs.
The fungus can spread rapidly ,especially to the
skin ,where cutaneous ulcers and abscess
formation occur.

12. • B.dermatitidis can be isolated from the pus
and biopsy sections.
• TREATMENT: Amphotericin B
(fungizone),itraconazole(sporanox),or
ketoconazole(nizoral) are the drugs of
choice for treatment.
• Surgery may be necessary for the
drainage of large abscesses.

13. 1)BLASTOMYCOSIS IN HUMANS

14. BLASTOMYCOSIS IN ANIMALS

15. LIFE CYCLE OF BLASTOMYCOSIS

16. 2)coccidioidomycosis(valley
fever)
• CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: Coccidioides immitis.
• It is also known as VALLEY FEVER or
Sanjoaquin fever or Desert Rheumatism
because of its geographical distribution.
• HABITAT: They exists in the semi arid ,highly
alkaline soils .
• In the soil and on culture media ,this fungus
grows as a mold that forms an Arthroconidia at
the tips of hyphae .

17. • DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis is accomplished by
identification of the large sperules(approxmately
80 μm in diameter) in pus ,sputum,and
aspirates.
• culturing clinical samples in the presence of
pencillin and streptomycin on sabourd agar
(used to isolate fungi) also a diagnostic.
 TREATMENT : Micanazole(lotrimin),
Itraconazole, Ketraconazole and Amphotericin
B.

18. 2)COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS(valley
fever) IN HUMANS

19. VALLEY FEVER IN ANIMALS
INFECTED LEG OF DOG
INFECTED KIDNEY OF DOG
INFECTED HEAD

20. LIFECYCLE OF VALLEY FEVER

21. 3)CRYPTOCOCCOSIS.
• CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: Cryptococcus
neoformans.
• HABITAT: Aged, dried pigeon dropping's are the
apparent source of infection.
 saprophytic with world wide distribution.
 cryptococcus found approximately 15% of AIDS
patients.
MODE OF SPREAD : The fungus enters in to
the body by respiratory tract, causing a minor
pulmonary infections spread to the skin
,bones ,viscera and the central nervous system

22. • DIAGNOSIS: it involves in accomplished
by detection of the thick walled, spherical
yeast cells in pus, sputum, or exudate
smears using India ink to define the
organism.
• TREATMRNT : It includes Amphotericin B
or Itraconazole.
• There is no preventive or control
measures.

23. 3)CRYPTOCOCCOSIS IN HUMANS
Mouth infected with cryptococcus
Eye infected with cryptococcus
LLuunnggss e efffefetetedd w witihth c crryypptotoccooccccuuss

24. CRYPTOCOCCUS IN ANIMALS

25. LIFECYCLE OF CRYPTOCOCCUS

26. Distribution of disease throughout
the world

27. 4)HISTOPLASMOSIS.
• CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: Histoplasma
capsulatum. A facultative parasitic fungus that
grows as intracellular.
• HABITAT: It is present in the form of mycelium in
the soils throughout the world.
• At 25 C it grows as a mold producing small
microconidia.(1 to 5 μm in diameter), large
macroconidia (8 to 16 in diameter), are also
formed on conidiophores.

28. • MODE OF SPREAD : Humans aquire
histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia.
• TREATMENT: Amphotericin B ,Ketoconazole, or
Itraconazole.

29. 4)HISTOPLASMOSIS IN HUMANS

30. HISTOPLASMOSIS LIFECYCLE

31. HISTOPLASMOSIS SENSITIVITY IN
THE WORLD

32. 2)DIRECT CONTACT DISEASES
• A)superficial mycosis
BLACK PIEDRA
WHITE PIEDRA
SOME TIMES CALLED
AS TINEAS

33. Superficial mycosis
• These are very common in the tropics.
• The fungi responsible are limited to the outer
surface of hair and skin and hence are called as
superficial.
• Infections of the hair shaft are collectively called
as PIEDRAS. E.g., Black piedra-caused by
Piedraia hortae and forms hard, Black nodules
on the hairs of the scalp. WHITE PIEDRA- is
caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii and
forms light colored nodules on the beard and
mustache.

34. TINEAS

35. TINEAS IN ANIMALS

36. B)CUTANEOUS MYCOSIS
TINEA BARBAE
TINEA CAPTIS
TINEA CORPIS
TINEA PEDIS(ATHELET’S FOOT)

37. 1)TINEA BARBAE
• C.O: Trichophyton
mentagrophytes.
• It is predominantly a
disease of men who live
in rural areas and
acquire the fungus from
infected animals.

38. 2)TINEA CAPITIS
• It is an infection to scalp hair .
• It is characterized by loss of
hair, inflammation and scaling.
• It is predominantly of a
childhood disease.
• A woods lamp (a UV light )can
help in the diagnosis of the
tinea capitis ,because fungus
infected hair flourescences
when illuminated by UV
radiation.

39. 3)TINEA CORPORIS
• It is caused by Trichophyton
rubrum, T.mentagrophytes or
Microsporus canis.
• It occurs any party of the
skin.
• The disease is characterized
by circular ,red,well-demarcated
,scaly,
vesiculopustular lesions
accompanied by itching.
•

40. 4)Athelets foot
• It is scientifically
called as TINEA
PEDIS.
• They infect feet and
hands
• It is caused by T.
rubrum ,T
.mentagrophytes .

41. C)SUBCUTINOUS MYCOSIS
• 1)CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS

42. • Subcutaneous mycoses are normal saprophytic
inhabitants of soil and decaying vegetation
because they are unable to penetrate the skin.
• In chromoblastomycosis the nodules are dark
brown.
• These fungi exist world wide
• Most of the infections involve in the legs and
feet.

43. • 2)SPOROTRICHOSIS

44. • Sporotrichosis is caused by a dimorphic
fungi( i.e sporothrix schenckii.)
• The disease occurs throughout the world .
• The fungus is found on the living plants and soil.
• The disease have an occupational hazard to the
florists ,gardeners ,and forestry workers.
• Sporotrichosis typically treated by ingestion of
potassium iodide or Itraconazole (sporanox).

45. 3)OPPURTUNISTIC MYCOSES
• ASPERGILLOSIS

46. • Aspergillosis is widely
distributed throughout the
world than any other fungi
can(omnipresent).
• Aspergillus fumigatus is the
casual organism of
aspergillosis some times A.
flavus also causes the disease.
• Invasive disease typically
results in the pulmonary
infection(with fever chest pain,
and cough).
• The major portal of entry is
respiratory tract.

47. DISTRIBUTION OF ASPERGILLOSIS

48. 2) CANDIDIASIS
• Oral candidiasis or thrush is a
fairly common disease in
newborns.
• It is caused by a dimorphic fungi
i.e Candida albicans or C.glabrata.
• These are normal microbiota of
gastro intestinal tract ,respiratory
tract ,and mouth.
• In healthy individuals they will not
produce disease because growth
is suppressed by other microbiota.
• Candidiasis is a sexually
transmitted disease.

49. • 3)MICROSPORIDIASIS

50. • Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate
,intracellular fungi that belongs to the phylum
microspora.
• It is an emerging infectious disease found mostly in HIV
patients.
• Its unique character is the production of highly resistant
spores.
• It also possess a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule.
• Microspora infection leads to the wide variety of patient
symptoms.
• These includes hepatitis ,pneumonia ,skin lesions etc..,

51. DISTRIBUTION OF MICROSPORIDIA

52. 4)PNEUMOCYCTIS PNEUMONIA
• It is found in the lungs of
wide variety of mammals.
• Serological data indicates
that humans are exposed
to pneumocystis by the
age of 2-4.
• This pneumonia also
occurs in premature
malnourished infants and
in more than 80% of AIDS
patients.