Cellular and molecular basis of immunity
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The document discusses the different classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that make up the humoral immune response. It describes the five main classes: IgM, which is the first antibody produced in response to new antigens; IgG, which represents the majority of antibodies in circulation and provides protection at mucosal surfaces; IgE, which binds allergens and triggers histamine release involved in allergic responses; IgD, which functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells; and IgA, which is found mainly at mucosal surfaces and provides protection against pathogens.
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Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that recognize and eliminate intracellular pathogens. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to activate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to kill virally infected cells, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ helper T cells to upregulate immune functions against bacteria. Humoral immunity involves B cells maturing into plasma cells upon antigen recognition, secreting antibodies, and leaving memory B cells to facilitate a faster response upon reexposure.
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Isotypes allotypes and idiotypes
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Haptens
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During humoral immune response, Ab production is brought about by B lymphocytes. Based on the ability to induce Ab formation, antigens can be classified into T independent and T dependent antigens. Some antigens can directly induce the B cells to produce the Abs and are called T Independent Ans. However, some Ans require the help of T lymohocytes for the production of Abs from B cells. These Ans are called T Dependent Ans.
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T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature in the thymus gland, where they develop receptors called TCRs that allow them to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on other cells. The MHC presents antigen fragments to T-cells to trigger an immune response against invading microbes.
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Antigen is a substance which binds specifically with the products (antibodies, T-cells) of the immune system.
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This document discusses antigens and their classification. It defines antigens as substances that can induce an immune response. Antigens are classified as either exogenous (external) or endogenous (internal) antigens. Exogenous antigens enter the body from the external environment, while endogenous antigens are further divided into xeno-genic, allogenic, and autologous antigens based on their origin. The document also discusses the properties of immunogens and antigens, as well as factors that contribute to immunogenicity.
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This document discusses antigens and haptens. It defines antigens as macromolecules that elicit an immune response through antibody formation. It classifies antigens as exogenous or endogenous, and further divides endogenous antigens. It distinguishes immunogenicity from antigenicity and defines haptens as low molecular weight compounds that are antigenic but not immunogenic unless coupled to a carrier protein. It provides examples of haptens and describes tests used to detect antigens and haptens.
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Antigens are substances that induce a specific immune response and react with the products of that response. They stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and each antigen has a distinct epitope. Antigens can be proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or nucleic acids and are generally found on bacteria, viruses, fungi or in allergens. They cause diseases or allergic reactions. Epitopes are the immunologically active regions of antigens that antibodies or lymphocytes bind to. Antigens can be exogenous (external), endogenous (internal) or autoantigens involved in autoimmune diseases.
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This document discusses antigens, haptens, and adjuvants. It defines antigens as molecules capable of inducing an immune response, and notes they are usually proteins or polysaccharides. Haptens are small molecules that are not antigenic alone but can become antigenic when bonded to a carrier molecule. Adjuvants are substances that can enhance the immune response to antigens when mixed with a vaccine. The document provides examples and mechanisms of action for each.
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ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
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antibodies.pptx
OUTCOMES
By the end of this session student should be able to know
The structure of antibody
Immunoglobulin classes
Monoclonal antibodies VS polyclonal
INTRODUCTION
Antibodies are globulin proteins (immunoglobulins [Ig]) that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
They make up about 20% of the protein in blood plasma. Blood contains three types of globulins,
alpha,
beta,
gamma,
Antibodies are gamma globulins.
INTRODUCTION
There are five classes of antibodies:
1. IgG,
2. IgM,
3. IgA,
4. IgD,
5. IgE
Antibodies are subdivided into these five classes based on differences in their heavy chains.
ROLE OF ANTIBODIES
The most important functions of antibodies are to
neutralize toxins and viruses,
to opsonize microbes
so they are more easily phagocytosed, to activate complement, and to prevent the attachment of microbes to mucosal surfaces.
In addition to these functions, antibodies have a catalytic (enzymatic) capability
Antibody Type
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
Function
Found in saliva, tears, mucus, breast milk and intestinal fluid, IgA protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
This antibody is found on the surface of your B cells. Though its exact function is unclear, experts think that IgD supports B cell maturation and activation.
Found mainly in the skin, lungs and mucus membranes, IgE antibodies cause your mast cells (a type of white blood cell) to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream. IgE antibodies are helpful for fighting off allergic reactions.
This is the most common antibody, making up approximately 70% to 75% of all immunoglobulins in your body. It’s found mainly in blood and tissue fluids. IgG antibodies help protect your body from viral and bacterial infections.
Found in your blood and lymph system, IgM antibodies act as the first line of defense against infections. They also play a large role in immune regulation.
MONOCLONAL VS POLYCLONAL
A. Polyclonal antibodies contain a heterologous mixture of IgGs against the whole antigen
B. monoclonal antibodies are composed of a single IgG against one epitope.
Polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Refer to a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules that are secreted against a particular antigen.
Refer to a homogenous population of antibodies that are produced by a single clone of plasma B cells.
Produced by different clones of plasma B cells.
Produced by the same clone of plasma B cells.
A heterogeneous antibody population.
A homogenous antibody population.
Interact with different epitopes on the same antigen.
Interact with a particular epitope on the antigen.
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins made up of
1. light (L)
2. heavy (H) polypeptide chains.
The terms light and heavy refer to molecular weight
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
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Antibody
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Immunoglobulins-structure and function of each, complement- various pathways and components, brief immunodeficiency disorders
Antibody ss
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system to help identify and destroy foreign objects called antigens. There are five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) that have different structures and functions. When an antigen enters the body, B cells produce antibodies that match the antigen's unique markers. These antibodies recruit other immune cells to destroy the antigen. Memory B cells and plasma cells are then formed to remember the antigen and provide quicker response if it enters the body again.
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The document discusses innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is non-specific and provides immediate protection against infection. It involves physical and chemical barriers as well as immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to an antigen and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection through antibodies and lymphocytes. Both humoral and cell-mediated responses are part of acquired immunity.
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The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful organisms and toxins. The immune system is composed of specialized cells that fight pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The immune system produces antibodies and cells that can deactivate pathogens. Immunity can be active, acquired after infection or vaccination, or passive, acquired from external sources like breast milk or gamma globulin injections. The document also describes innate immunity, the body's first line of defense, and acquired immunity, the second line of defense involving lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues.
IMMUNITY BY Dr.WARDAH NAEEM
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful organisms and toxins. The immune system is composed of specialized cells that fight pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The immune system produces antibodies and cells that can deactivate pathogens. Immunity can be active, acquired after infection or vaccination, or passive, acquired from external sources like breast milk or gamma globulin injections. The document also describes innate immunity, the body's first line of defense, and acquired immunity, the second line of defense involving lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues.
Immunity
Immunity involves two main types - innate immunity which is inborn, and acquired immunity which is developed during lifetime. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cellular responses, while acquired immunity involves humoral responses from B lymphocytes and cellular responses from T lymphocytes. Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, while cellular immunity involves T lymphocytes. The complement system works with antibodies to help destroy pathogens.
immunology by Bulet sir.pptx
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. There are two types of immunity - innate and adaptive. Innate immunity is present at birth and provides the first line of defense via physical barriers and cells/proteins that can recognize and kill germs. Adaptive immunity develops when the body is exposed to antigens and remembers them to mount a faster response if exposed again. Adaptive immunity involves both active immunity from exposure/vaccination and passive immunity transferred from mother to child. The mechanisms of adaptive immunity, humoral versus cell-mediated, and their targets/components are also described.
Immunoglobulins ppt.pptx
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system and immunoglobulins. It describes the immune system's mechanisms for recognizing self from non-self. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in structure, function, and location. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and provides secondary immune response and antibody-mediated immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during primary response and fixes complement. IgA provides mucosal immunity through secretions. IgD and IgE have uncertain functions but IgE mediates allergic reactions.
Immuniy, Antigen and Antibody, Hypersensitivity reactions and ocular corelati...
This document discusses antigen, antibody, and complement systems and types of immune responses and hypersensitivity reactions. It provides an overview of innate and adaptive immunity, cells involved in the immune system including B cells, T cells, and macrophages. It describes the properties of antigens and antibodies as well as the components, functions, and activation pathways of the complement system. The document also discusses the four types of hypersensitivity reactions (type I-IV) and provides examples of conditions that fall under each type of hypersensitivity.
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Immunoglobulins, complement and immunodefeciency disorders
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Cellular and molecular basis of immunity
- 1. Atifa Ambreen M.Phil, Microbiology Government College University, Faisalabad
- 2. • The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). • The main cellular components of the immune system are the phagocytes and the lymphocytes. The phagocytes comprise the polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the macrophages. • The antibodies are the main component of the humoral (non-cellular) immune response, a part of the adaptive immune response. Antibodies are basically receptors; they are proteins that can bind to antigens
- 6. Antibody Classes IgM- It is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen. Expresses on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form (pentamer) with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient.
- 7. • IgG-Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, and prevents colonization by pathogens. Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk. IgG is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites.
- 8. IgE-Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. It protects against parasitic worms. IgE is synthesised by plasma cells. IgE's main function is immunity to parasites like Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, and Fasciola hepatica. IgE has main role in hypersensitivity.
- 9. • IgD- functions mainy as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. It has been shown to activate basphils and ast cells to produce antimicrobial factors. It is an antibody isotype that mkes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of immature B-lymphocytes where it is usually co-expressed with another cell surface antibody called IgM.
- 10. IgA-Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, and prevents colonization by pathogens. is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes. The amount of IgA produced in association with mucosal membranes is greater than all other types of antibody combined. Represents up to 15% of total immunoglobulins produced throughout the body.