This is for all Pre and Para Medical Course students. Only for study Purpose.

1. BLOOD
PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Pandian M
Dept. of Physiology
DYPMCKOP

2. SLO’s
COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA
SERUM
FUNCTIONS
NUTRITIVE FUNCTION
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
EXCRETORY FUNCTION
TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
STORAGE FUNCTION
DEFENSIVE FUNCTION

3. BLOOD
Blood is a special type of fluid connective
tissue derived from mesoderm.
The branch of science concerned with the study of blood,
blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them
is called haematology.
(Gk: haeme – blood and logos - study)

4. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
Colour Bright red in arteries & dark red in veins
Mass 8 % of the body mass
pH Slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 – 7.45)
Taste Salty
Temperature 38° C (100.4° F)
Viscosity 3 – 4 times more viscous than water
Volume 5 – 6 litre

5. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Centrifuged blood

6. Blood
Plasma
(55%)
Cellular elements
(45%)
RBCs
(erythrocytes)
WBCs
(leucocytes)
Platelets
(thrombocytes)

7. Plasma
Plasma is a pale yellow coloured liquid
component of a blood that holds the cellular
elements of blood in suspension.

8. Constituents of plasma
Plasma
Water
(91.5%)
Proteins
(7%)
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Other solutes
(1.5%)
Waste products
(Urea, uric acid, amonia,creatinine)
Nutrients
(Glucose, amino acids, fattyacids)
Gases
(O2, CO2,N2)
Electrolytic ions
(Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, HCO3
−
, SO4
2−
)

9. Functions of plasma
Constituent Function
Water Absorbs, transports and releases heat
Albumins Osmotic balance
Globulins Defense mechanism
Fibrinogen Blood clotting
Electrolytic ions pH buffering

10. Red blood cells
Shape Circular biconcave non-nucleated
Size
Diameter = 7 – 8 μm
Thickness = 2.5 μm
Colour Red (haemoglobin pigment)
Count
Adult male = 5.4 million RBCs/μL
Adult female = 4.8 million RBCs/μL
Life span 120 days

11. Erythropoiesis
The production of RBCs is known as erythropoiesis.
Adult
Red bone marrow of long bones
(hip bone, breast bone & ribs)
Child
(upto 5 year)
Bone marrow of all the bones
Foetus Liver & spleen
 Increase in number of RBCs is known as polycythemia
 Decrease in number of RBCs is known as erythropenia

12. Functions of RBCs
 Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
 Transport CO2from tissues to lungs
 Normal blood contains 13 – 15 g of Hb per 100 ml of blood
 One RBC contains about 250 million molecules of Hb
 Each molecule of Hb carries four molecules of oxygen

13. Physiological
variations
Increase :-
Age
Sex
High altitude
Muscular exercise
Emotional condition
Temp
After meal
Decrease
Sleep, pregnancy, high barometric pressure

14. Pathological
variations
Polycythemia
• Primary and secondary
• Anemia
Functions of RBC:-
Transport of oxygen from lung to tissues
Transport of carbon dioxide from tissues
Buffering
In blood group determining

15. Functions of blood
 Nutrient function
 Respiratory function
 Excretory function
 Transport of hormones and enzymes
 Regulation of water balance
 Regulation of Acid Base balance
 Regulation of body temp
 Storage function
 Defensive function

16. Anemia
Anemia is one of the common blood disorders and reduction
in:-
RBC count
Hb content
Packed cell volume
Basically, the condition when the hemoglobin content of the
blood is decreased below the normal level.
Generally anemia occurs because of
Decreased production of RBC
Increased destruction of RBC
Excess loss of blood from the body

17. Classification of anemia
Morphological – depends upon the size and color
Etiological – causes of disease
1. Hemorrhagic anemia (blood lose e.g accident)
2. Hemolytic anemia (liver failure, renal disorder)
3. Nutrition deficiency anemia (iron deficiency, protein
deficiency )
4. Aplastic anemia (bone marrow disorder)
5. Anemia of chronic disease (chronic infections).

18. White blood cells
Shape Amoeboid nucleated
Size 12 – 15 μm
Colour Colourless & translucent
Count 5000 – 10000 WBCs/μL
Life span 10 – 13 days

19. Leucopoiesis
The production of WBCs is known as leucopoiesis.
 Increase in number of WBCs is known as leucocytosis
 Decrease in number of WBCs is known as leucopenia
 Pathological increase in number of WBCs is known as
leukemia (blood cancer)
Adult Liver, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow
Foetus Liver, spleen

20. Types of WBCs
WBCs
Granular
Neutrophils
(62%)
Acidophils
(2.3%)
Basophils
(0.4%)
Agranular
Lymphocytes
(30%)
Monocytes
(5.3%)

21. Granular WBCs
Type Appearance Features Functions
Location
produced
Neutrophils
• Nucleus with 3-4
lobes
• Stain with neutral
dye (hematoxylin)
Destroy bacteria by
phagocytosis
Bone marrow
Acidophils
(eosinophils)
• Nucleus with 2
lobes
• Stain with acidic
dye (eosin)
Combat the effect of
histamine in allergic
reactions
Bone marrow
Basophils
• Nucleus with
indistinct lobes
• Stain with basic dye
(methylene blue)
Liberate heparin and
histamine in allergic
reactions to intensify
inflammatory response
Bone marrow

22. Type Appearance Features Functions
Location
produced
Lymphocyte
• Smallest of
WBCs
• Large round
nucleus
Produce
antibodies
Bone marrow,
spleen,
tonsils
Monocyte
• Largest of WBCs
• Large kidney
shaped nucleus
Ingest
microorganisms
Bone marrow
Agranular WBCs

23. Variations in
WBC count
Physiological variations
Age
Exercise
Sleep
Emotional
Pregnancy
Menstruation
Parturition

24. Platelets
Shape Circular biconvex non-nucleated
Size 2 – 4 μm
Count 1,50,000 – 4,00,000 platelets/μL
Life span 5 – 9 days
Function Blood clotting

25. Thrombopoiesis
The production of platelets is known as thrombopoiesis.
Platelets are the fragments of large cells
called megakaryocytes that remain in the
bone marrow.
 Increase in number of platelets is known as thrombocytosis
 Decrease in number of platelets is known as thrombocytopenia

26. Blood clotting
Blood clotting is the process in which blood
looses its fluidity and becomes a jelly like
mass few minutes after it is shed out.

27. Process of blood clotting
1. Blood vessel is
punctured
2. Platelets form
a plug
4. Fibrin thread
forms & trap
red blood cells
3. Platelets & damaged tissue cells release
prothrombin activator, which initiates a
cascade of enzymatic reactions
Prothrombin
activator
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Soluble
Fibrinogen
Ca2+
Ca2+
Insoluble
fibrin

28. Anticoagulant
A substance which prevents the coagulationof
blood is called as anticoagulant.
Heparin is a natural anticoagulant present in
the blood.
 If blood clots too easily, the result can be thrombosis – clotting
in an undamaged blood vessel.
 If the blood takes too long to clot, haemorrhage can occur.

29. Reference :-
Guyton, 11th edition,
Sembulingam K.
A.K.Jain
LPR
Net Source

30. THANK YOU . . .