2. BLOOD COMPOSITION
⢠BLOOD: blood is the main circulating fluid in
the human body.
⢠Study of blood is called HAEMATOLOGY.
⢠It is a fluid connective tissue derived from
mesoderm.
⢠Bright red in colour, slightly alkaline(pH 7.4),
salty, and heavier than water.
⢠The adult has 5lit of blood which constitute
about 8% of the total body weight.
3. Blood is divided into two constituents,
1.cellular composition
2.non-cellular composition
6. ERYTHROCYTERBCs:
⢠Erythrocytes are also called as red blood cells.
⢠They are circular , biconcave , enucleated cells.
⢠Its size 7 micron metre in diameter to 2.5
micron metre in thickness.
⢠There are about 5.1 to 5.8 million RBCs per
cu.mm in adult male and in adult female it is
about 4.3 to 5.2 million.
⢠Average life span is of 120 days.
8. LEUCOCYTESWBCs:
⢠Leucocytes are also known as white blood cells .
⢠They are colourless , nucleated , amoeboid , and
phagocytes cells.
⢠Due the amoeboidal movement they squeez out
of blood capillaries, this is called as DIAPEDESIS.
⢠It i of size 8 to 15 micron metre.
⢠They are about 5000 to 9000 WBCs per cu.mm
⢠The average life span is of 3 to 4 days.
9. Leucocytes are divided in two types on
the basis of presence of granules are
as follows
;
WBCs
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
11. GRANULOCYTE
EOSINOPHIL
ďCytoplasmic granules
which are stained with
acidic dyes such as eosin.
ďNucleus is bilobed
constitutes 3% of total
WBCs.
ď Functions: They are
non-phagocytic and
increase during
ellergic reactions
ď They show anti-
histamine property.
ď Increase in number of
eosinophil is called
as EOSINOPHILIA.
BASOPHIL
ďCytoplasmic granules,
that stained with basic
dyes such as methylene
blue .
ďTwisted nucleus.
ďThey constitute about
0.5% of total WBCs.
ďFunctions : they are
non-phagocytic .
ďThey release
heparin(anti-
coagulant) and
histamine also.
13. AGRANULOCYTE
Lymphocyte :
ďLarge round nucleus .
ďIt constitute about 25 -
33% of total WBCs.
ďFunctions : it produces
antibodies and responsible
for immune response of
the body.
Monocytes :
ďLargest of all WBCs ,
kidney shaped nucleus .
ďIt constitute about 3-
9% of total WBCs.
ďFunctions : they are
phagocytic in function,
so they known as
SCAVENGER.
14. PLATELETS :
⢠This are small fragments of bone marrow cells and
therefore not really classified as cells themselves.
ď Functions : 1. secret vasoconstriction.
2.form temporary platelet plug to stop bleeding.
3.secret procoagulants to promotes blood
clotting.
4. dissolved blood clots.
5. digest and destroy bacteria.
6.secert some chemicals to attract neutrophil
and monocyte to the site of inflammation.
7.secret growth factor to maintain the lining of
blood vessel.
16. Plasma :
What is Plasma?
⢠Plasma is the medium of the blood, in which different types of
blood cells exists.
⢠It is straw coloured , slightly , alkaline , viscous fluid.
⢠It contains90-92 % water , 10% of solutes and 7% of protein.
⢠Plasma proteins such as serum albumin , serum globulin , heparin ,
fibrinogen and prothrombin as a coagulating factors in the inactive
form.
⢠Other nutrients such as glucose , amino acids, & glycerols.
⢠Nitrogenous waste as urea , uric acid , ammonia, and creatinine.
⢠Gases like oxygen, carbon-dioixde , nirtogen.
⢠Regulatory substances such as enzymes and hormones .
⢠Inorganic substances like bicarbonates , chlorides, phosphates,
sulphates, Na, K, Ca& Mg ions, etc.
17. The serum is the liquid or undiluted part of the blood,
which lacks clotting factors. Hence, it is formed after
blood coagulation. The serum helps in the diagnosis of
diseases such as blood pressure, sugar, cholesterol.
18. Blood Groups
ABO blood Group system
⢠The basis of ABO grouping is of two antigens- Antigen A
and Antigen B. The ABO grouping system is classified into
four types based on the presence or absence of antigens
on the red blood cells surface and plasma antibodies.
⢠Group A â contains antigen A and antibody B.
⢠Group B âcontains antigen B and antibody A.
⢠Group AB âcontains both A and B antigen and no
antibodies (neither A nor B).
⢠Group O â contains neither A nor B antigen and both
antibodies A and B.
19. Functions of blood :
REGULATION :
ďśRegulates pH
ďśAdjusts and maintain
body temperature
ďśMaintains water
contents of cells
TRANSPORTATION :
ďśRespiration
ďśNutrient carrier from
GIT
ďśTransportation of
hormones from
endocrine glands
ďśTransportation of
metabolic waste.
ďśPROTECTION :
ďśWBCs protects
against disease by
phagocytosis
ďśReservoir for
substances like
water,electrolytes.
ďśPerforms
haemostasis.