Hematology is the study of blood, blood forming tissues, and their disorders. Blood is a connective tissue that provides communication between body parts and the external environment. It transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body while also fighting infections. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma makes up 55% of blood and can be separated from other components by centrifugation. The normal properties of blood include a slightly alkaline pH, temperature of 38°C, viscosity higher than water, and differing colors between arterial and venous blood based on oxygen content.

1. :
Introduction and its
Composition

2. Hematology –
The branch of science concerned with the
study of blood, blood forming tissues and
the disorders associated with them.

3. Blood is a vital connective tissue. It provides one the
means of communication between cells of different parts
of the body with external environment.
It is considered as,
Fluid of life –
Fluid of Growth –
Fluid of Health –

4. Blood Say’s…
I am a red sea, a supply line of nutrients
and O2 to the body , reflect the state of the
body and provide warfare for body defense.

5. • The normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45,which is slightly
alkaline. The venous blood normally has a lower pH than the arterial
blood because of presence of more Carbon dioxide.
pH of blood
• The temperature of the blood is 38°C(100.4°F), about 1°C higher than
oral or rectal body temperature.
Temperature
• ‘Viscosity’ means thickness or resistance to flow. Blood is about 3-5
times denser & more viscous(thicker) than water & feels slightly
sticky. Viscosity is increased by the presences of blood cells & plasma
proteins. This thickness contributes to normal blood pressure.
Viscosity
• The colour of blood varies with its oxygen content. Arterial blood is
bright red (scarlet) due to it’s high level of oxygen. Venous blood has
given up much of it’s oxygen in tissues & thus has a darker, dull red
colour.
Colour
• Blood constitutes about 20% of extracellular fluid, amounting to 8%
of total body mass. The blood volume is 5L to 6L(1.5gal) in average
sized adult male & 4L to 5L(1.2gal) in an average sized adult female
and in new born 450ml.
Amount
INTRODUCTION

6. plasma (55%)
red blood cells
(5-6-million /ml)
white blood cells
(5000/ml)
Platelets( 2lakh -
4lakh l/ml )
Composition of blood

7. Components of Blood
Centrifuged blood
45% Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Hematocrit : RBC volume = 45%
(leukocytes) and Platelets
1% Buffy Coat: White blood cells
55% Plasma: Serum and fibrinogen

8. 19-8
Formed Elements
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
– Granulocytes
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
– Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

9. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

10. Preparation and Separation of Plasma:
The blood is transferred from a person’s vein to a test
tube and prevented from clotting (tube containing
anticoagulant e.g. Heparin, EDTA, Sodium Citrate,
Oxalate, Sodium Fluoride, Sodium Iodoacetate ) , this
preparation should be mixed immediately and
thoroughly to avoid clotting, and centrifuged at 2500-
3000 rpm for 5-10 min.

11. Preparation and Separation of Plasma:
It separates into two layers. The upper liquid layer, called
plasma, represents about 55% of the volume of whole
blood. The lower layer consists of red blood cells
(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and blood
platelets (thrombocytes). Collectively, these are called
the formed (cellular) elements and represent about 45%
of the volume of whole blood. This volume is called
Hematocrit or packed cell volume ( PCV).

12. Preparation and Separation of Serum:
• If blood is transferred from a person’s vein to a test
tube without containing anticoagulant and then
allowed the blood to clot at room temperature for 15
to 30 minutes, when the blood has clotted completely
and then centrifuged at 2500-3000 rpm for 5-10 min. it
separates into two layers, the upper liquid layer called
serum and the lower layer consists of formed elements.
• Serum =Plasma- Fibrinogen(coagulant factor)

13. Thank you