The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the RBCs constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets make up less than 1%.

1. BLOOD
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. Pallavi Pathania Manisha Kumari
Associate professor MSc nursing 1st year

2. INDEX
S.NO TOPIC
1 Introduction
2 Definition
3 Composition of blood
4 RBCs
5 WBCs
6 Platelets
7 Thrombopoiesis

3. INDEX
S.NO TOPIC
8 Blood clotting
9 Blood grouping
10 Summarization
11 Recapitalization
12 Assignment
13 Conclusion
14 Reference

4. INTRODUCTION
• Blood, fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to
the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other
waste products. Technically, blood is a transport liquid
pumped by the heart (or an equivalent structure) to all
parts of the body, after which it is returned to the heart
to repeat the process.

5. DEFINITION
• Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers
necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and
transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
• Blood is a special type of fluid connective tissue derived from
mesoderm.
The branch of science concerned with the study of blood,
blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them
is called haematology.
(Gk: haeme – blood and logos - study)

6. CONT..
• The average human has 5 liters of blood(Average Blood Volume is 4 to 6 liters).
• It carries vital substances to all parts of the body
• Blood is the only fluid tissue.
• Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, the formed elements,
are suspended in the nonliving fluid called plasma.

7. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
Colour Bright red in arteries & dark red in veins
Mass 8 % of the body mass
Ph Slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 – 7.45)
Taste Salty
Temperature
38° C (100.4° F)
Volume 5 – 6 litre

8. COMPOSTION OF BLOOD
55% Plasma (fluid matrix of water, salts, proteins, etc.)
45% Cellular elements:
• Red Blood Cells (RBCs): 5-6 million RBCs/ml of
blood. Contain hemoglobin which transport oxygen
and CO2.
• White Blood Cells (WBCs): 5,000-10,000 WBCs/ml
of blood.

9. CONT..
Play an essential role in immunity and defense. Include:
1. Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
2. Macrophages: (phagocytes)
3. Granulocytes: Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.
• Platelets: Cellular fragments, 250,000- 400,000/ml of blood.
Important in blood clotting

10. COMPOSTION OF BLOOD

11. PLASMA
• Plasma is a pale yellow colored liquid component of a blood that
holds the cellular elements of blood in suspension

12. COMPONENTS OF PLASMA
• 90% of plasma is water:
• >100 other substances in plasma: salts (electrolytes), nutrients , gases, hormones,
plasma proteins, various wastes and products of cell metabolism.
• Plasma proteins:
• Constitute 7-9% of plasma.
• Provide the colloid osmotic pressure needed to draw H2O from interstitial fluid to
capillaries.

13. CONT…
• Maintain blood pressure.
• Albumin:. Maintains osmotic pressure of blood.
• Clotting proteins
• Antibodies

14. CONT..

15. PLASMA PROTEINS
• Constitute 7-9% of plasma
• Three types of plasma proteins: albumins,
globulins, & fibrinogen
• Albumin accounts for 60-80, plasma protein
made by the liver, Creates colloid osmotic
pressure that draws H20 from interstitial fluid
into capillaries to maintain blood volume &
pressure

16. CONT…
• Globulins carry lipids
• alpha globulin: Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins.
• beta globulin: Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins.
• gamma globulin: Antibodies that function in immunity.
• Gamma globulins are antibodies
• Fibrinogen Constitutes 4% of plasma proteins. Important clotting factor.
Converted into fibrin during the clotting process.

17. RBCs
• Red blood cell, also called erythrocyte, cellular component of blood, millions of
which in the circulation of vertebrates give the blood its characteristic colour and
carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
• The mature human red blood cell is small, round, and biconcave; it appears
dumbbell-shaped in profile.

18. COMPONENTS OF RBCs
Erythrocytes or RBCs
• Anucleate - they lack a nucleus
• Filled with hemoglobin which carries oxygen
• Biconcave discs = greater surface area for gas exchange.
• Half-life ~ 120 days.
• Contain 280 million hemoglobin with 4 heme chains (contain iron).

19. RBC (RED BLOOD CELLS)
Shape Circular biconcave non-nucleated
Size Diameter= 7-8
Thickness=2.5
Colour Red (haemoglobin pigment)
Count Adult male = 5.4 million RBCs/μL
Adult female = 4.8 million RBCs/μL
Life span 120 days

20. ERYTHROPOIESIS
The production of RBCs is known as erythropoiesis
• Increase in number of RBCs is known as polycythaemia
• Decrease in number of RBCs is known as erythropenia
Adult Red bone marrow of long bones (hip bone, breast bone &
ribs)
Child
(up to 5 year)
Bone marrow of all the bones
Foetus Liver & spleen

21. ERYTHROPOIESIS

22. FUNCTIONS OF RBCs
 Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
 Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
• Normal blood contains 13-15g of Hb per 100ml of blood
• One RBC contains about million molecules of Hb
• Each molecules of Hb carries four molecules of oxygen

23. LEUKOCYTES OR WHITE BLOOD CELLS(WBCs)
• Complete cells (nuclei, mitochondria and organelles)
• Move in amoeboid fashion. Can squeeze (leave the
blood vessels through) capillary walls (diapedesis),
respond to chemicals
• Almost invisible, so named after stains.
• Neutrophils are the most abundant WBC, accounts for
50 – 70% of WBCs.
• Involved in immune function. Crucial for defense.

24. CONT…
• Positive chemotaxis: they respond to chemical signals and move toward damage
or threats.
• Body increases amount in response to infection
• Leukocytosis: more than 11,000 cells/mm3 indicates infection
• Leukopenia: abnormally low, usually due to corticosteroids and
• chemotherapy.

25. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Shape Amoeboid nucleated
Size 12 – 15 μm
Colour Colourless & translucent
Count 5000 – 10000 WBCs/μL
Life span 10-13 days

26. LEUCOPOIESIS
The production of WBCs is known as leucopoiesis
Adult Liver, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow
Foetus Liver, spleen
• Increase in number of WBCs is known as leucocytosis
• Decrease in number of WBCs is known as leucopenia
• Pathological increase in number of WBCs is known as leukemia
(blood cancer)

27. TYPES Of WBCs

28. GRANULAR WBCs

29. AGRANULAR WBCs

30. PLATELETS
• Also called thrombocytes.
• Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
• Smallest of formed elements.
• Are fragments of megakaryocytes.
• Lack nuclei.
• Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
• Survive 5-9 days

31. CONT….
• Have amoeboid movement.
• Important in blood clotting:
• Constitute most of the mass of the clot.
• Release serotonin to reduce blood flow to area.
• Secrete growth factors
• Maintain the integrity of blood vessel wall.

32. PLATELETS

33. HEMATOPOIESIS
• Formation of blood cells
2 types of haematopoiesis:
Erythropoiesis:
• Formation of RBCs.
Leukopoiesis:
• Formation of WBCs.
• Occurs in myeloid tissue (bone marrow of long bones) and lymphoid tissue.
• Stem cells differentiate into blood cells

34. THROMBOPOIESIS

35. BLOOD CLOTTING

36. PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING

37. ANTICOAGULANT

38. BLOOD GROUPING
• There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood
group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents.

39. CONT…
• Antibodies and antigens
• Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid
called plasma. Your blood group is identified by antibodies and antigens in the
blood.
• Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. They're part of your body's natural
defenses. They recognize foreign substances, such as germs, and alert your
immune system, which destroys them.
• Antigens are protein molecules found on the surface of red blood cells.

40. CONT…
The ABO system
There are 4 main blood groups defined by the ABO system:
• blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in
the plasma
• blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
• blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the
plasma
• blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies
• Blood group O is the most common blood group. Almost half of the UK
population (48%) has blood group O.

41. CONT…

42. CONT…
• The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood.
• The universal plasma donor has Type AB blood.

43. SUMMERIZATION

44. CONCLUSION
Blood is essential to life. Blood circulates through our body and delivers essential
substances like oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells. It also transports metabolic
waste products away from those same cells. There is no substitute for blood. It
cannot be made or manufactured. Generous blood donors are the only source of
blood for patients in need of a blood transfusion.

45. RECAPUTALIZATION

46. Answer the following questions
• What do you understand by leucopoiesis
• What is life span for RBCs
• What is PH of blood

47. ASSISGEMENT
• Draw a flow chart on erythropoiesis

48. REFERANCES
• https://www.britannica.com/science/blood-biochemistry viewed on 31/5/2020
• https://www.oneblood.org/about-donating/blood-donor-basics/what-is-blood/
viewed on 1/6/2020
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood viewed on 1/6/2020