Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
This presentation contain the information of the components structure and function and of the blood like ( RBC , WBC(Classifications ), Platelets , plasma )and its also Composition & Function
1) Coagulation of blood
2) Disorders of blood
Body fluids and blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of
hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors,
transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.
This presentation contain the information of the components structure and function and of the blood like ( RBC , WBC(Classifications ), Platelets , plasma )and its also Composition & Function
1) Coagulation of blood
2) Disorders of blood
Body fluids and blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of
hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors,
transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.
Blood is a connective tissue which consists of various nutrients and waste products and circulates all over the body and remove out the waste products from the body.
ANATOMY OF BLOOD- RBCs, WBCs & PlateletSaili Gaude
This lecture involves, anatomy of RBC, WBC and platelets. It includes detailed description of this cells, its functions and hematopoeisis in short. This lecture is prepared for BSc nursing students.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Blood its functions composition and Haemopoiesis.pptxBYeshwantRao
Blood is a vital fluid connective tissue in the body.
It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the organs and tissues while removing waste products.
Study of blood is called HAEMATOLOGY.
Blood makes up about 7% of the total body weight of an adult, with an average volume of about 5 liters in males and 4.5 liters in females.
Blood is constantly replenished through a process called Haematopoiesis, which occurs in the bone marrow.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Blood is a connective tissue which consists of various nutrients and waste products and circulates all over the body and remove out the waste products from the body.
ANATOMY OF BLOOD- RBCs, WBCs & PlateletSaili Gaude
This lecture involves, anatomy of RBC, WBC and platelets. It includes detailed description of this cells, its functions and hematopoeisis in short. This lecture is prepared for BSc nursing students.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Blood its functions composition and Haemopoiesis.pptxBYeshwantRao
Blood is a vital fluid connective tissue in the body.
It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the organs and tissues while removing waste products.
Study of blood is called HAEMATOLOGY.
Blood makes up about 7% of the total body weight of an adult, with an average volume of about 5 liters in males and 4.5 liters in females.
Blood is constantly replenished through a process called Haematopoiesis, which occurs in the bone marrow.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. BLOOD
• Composition And Functions
• Blood is a fluid, which circulates in the
vascular channels of human body due to the
pumping action of heart.
• It is red in color and consists of a liquid
portion called plasma in which various types
of cells are present.
• The cells which are suspended in the plasma
are of three different types
3. • 1.Erythrocytes or red blood cells
• The color of these cells is red due to presence
of an iron containing pigment known as
hemoglobin.
• 2.Leucocytes or white blood cells
• They are of different types (5)
• 3.Thrombocytes or Plateletes
• These cells help in the coagulation of blood
4. • 1.Erythrocytes or red blood cells
• The color of these cells is red due to presence
of an iron containing pigment known as
hemoglobin.
• 2.Leucocytes or white blood cells
• They are of different types (5)
• 3.Thrombocytes or Plateletes
• These cells help in the coagulation of blood
5. GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• Blood performs various important functions,
which could be summarized as follows;
• 1.Respiratory Tissues and organs require a
constant supply of oxygen to maintain their
activity and simultaneously they form carbon
dioxide and other waste products.
• Blood and particularly the red blood cells are
responsible for transport of oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues.
• This is due to the presence of hemoglobin, which
combines with oxygen to form oxy-hemoglobin.
Carbon dioxide from tissues is taken up by the
blood and released in the lungs.
6. • 2.EXCRETORY
• As a result of metabolic activity there is a
constant production of waste products.
• Blood transports them to the kidneys, lungs,
skin and gastrointestinal tract for excretion.
• 3. NUTRITIVE
• Food is digested into simpler end products in
the digestive tract.
• These substances are absorbed from the
intestine and transported to all parts of the
body by the blood
7. • 4.DEFENSIVE
• Blood protects the body against infections.
This is achieved in different ways.
• Leucocytes have the ability to engulf and
destroy invading organisms and the property
of white blood cells is termed as phagocytosis.
• These cells form the defense force of the body
and during infection their count increases.
• This virtue forms the basis of immunization
against diseases.
8. • 5.COAGULATION
• It is a mechanism by which various factors
present in the blood form a clot and thus
prevent blood loss
• 6.ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• Cell and enzyme activity require maintenance
of a constant acid base equilibrium.
• Blood contains buffers which maintain the pH
constant.
9. • 7.BODY TEMPERATURE
• The water content of the blood is 90%. It has a high
specific heat and high latent heat of evaporation,
which help blood to maintain the body temperature.
• 8.TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES
• Blood is in rapid circulation and as such substances like
hormones, vitamins and drugs are easily transported
all over the body.
• 9. PROTEIN RESERVE
• Plasma proteins to a certain extent act as protein
reserve and are used in extreme protein deficiency to
form cell proteins.
13. Physical and chemical properties
• Blood pH:
– Normal interval: 7.35~7.45.
• Regulated by lung and kidney.
• Viscosity:
– Friction of molecules and cells in blood.
– Relative viscosity:
• Whole blood: 4~5 times to water (RBC).
• Plasma: 1.6~2.4 times to water (Proteins).
• Anemia or body fluid loss.
14. • Osmotic pressure
– Definition:
• An ability of a liquid to attract and retain water. It
drives osmosis. 300mmol/L
– Composition and roles:
• Crystal osmotic pressure: 298.7 mmol/L.
– Maintain shape and size of cells.
• Colloid osmotic pressure: 1.3 mmol/L.
– Retain blood volume
– Decide distribution of water between blood and
interstitial fluid.
15. PLASMA
• It is the fluid part of the blood in which formed
elements are suspended.
• The relative quantity of plasma and cells is in
the ratio of 55:45.
• If blood mixed with an anticoagulant is taken
in graduated tube and centrifuged for about
half an hour, the cells being heavier, settle at
the bottom of the tube and constitute about
45% of the blood volume.
• This is known as packed cell volume (PCV)
16. 5 liter in
adult
• 45% is
packed cells
volume
(PCV)
• 55% is
plasma
volume
Dr Sitelbanat 16
17. Hematocrit (packed red cell volume)
- definition: fraction of the blood composed of RBC
- functional significance
- methods of determination: centrifuging blood in a
• calibrated ‘hematocrit tube’
- values ~ 35% – 45%;
~ up to 10% in severe anemia
~ up to 65% in polycytemia
- corrected Ht = 0,96 Ht (3-4% from the measured
Ht is represented by entrapped plasma)
- venous vs. arterial hematocrit …
- relation hematocrit – blood viscosity…
18.
19.
20. COMPOSITION
• Plasma contains 91-92% water and 8-9% of solid
substances, which are both organic and inorganic
in nature.
• In organic constituents are less than 1% and are
mostly chlorides, carbonates and phosphates of
sodium, potassium and calcium.
• Small amounts of iron, copper and iodide are also
present.
• Sodium bicarbonate present in the plasma helps
in the maintenance of blood pH during carbon
dioxide transport.
21. • Organic substances form the major bulk of
solids present in plasma and they are;
• Plasma proteins (6.5-8 gms %)
• Glucose (80-120mg%)
• Cholesterol and lipids (150-250mg%)
• Non-protein nitrogenous substances like urea,
uric acid, creatine and creatinine
• Hormones, enzymes and blood pigments.
22. • PLASMA PROTEINS
• They are specific proteins present in plasma
and are of three different types;
• 1. Albumin
• It forms the major bulk of plasma proteins and
has a molecular weight of 60,000.
• Albumin content of plasma is 4-4.5gm%.
23. 2.Globulin
• It constitutes about 2.5 gm of plasma proteins and
has a relatively higher molecular weight of
1,30,000.
• Various types of globulins have been identified like
alpha, beta and gamma globulin.
• The latter plays an important role in antibody
formation.
• Prothrombin which helps in the coagulation is beta
globulin and its plasma content is 0.1 gm%
24. • 3.Fibrinogen
• Blood coagulation requires this protein.
• The chemical nature of clot is fibrin, which is
formed from fibrinogen.
• About 0.25 gm% of fibrinogen is present in blood.
• Fibrinogen and prothrombin are utilized in the
clotting and plasma devoid of these two proteins
is called serum. It only contains albumin and
globulin.
• There are various methods by which plasma
proteins can be isolated, like half or full
saturation with ammonium sulphate or
electrophoresis.
25. • FUNCTIONS
• 1. Colloidal osmotic pressure
• It is 25mmHg. Albumin being the major plasma
protein primarily influences the colloidal osmotic
pressure. This is responsible for preventing fluid
exit from the capillaries.
• 2. Antibody formation.
• Antibodies form an essential defense mechanism.
This virtue is attributed to the gamma globulin
26. • 3. Coagulation
• Fibrinogen and prothrombin are involved in the
clotting of blood. Various other clotting factors
also belong to globulin.
• 4. Transport media
• Certain substances bind themselves with
albumin, alpha and beta globulins and are
transported. The transport of hormones, metals,
drugs, dyes are examples of this function.
27. • 5. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate( ESR) is influenced
by the fibrinogen content of plasma.
• 6. Viscosity
• Fibrinogen and globulins, due to their high molecular
weight and irregular shape contribute to blood
viscosity.
• 7. Buffer mechanism, plasma proteins act as buffers
and maintain acid base balance.
• 8. Protein reserve.
• During emergency, cells of the reticuloendothelial
system break them into amino acid. Subsequently
these are used for the synthesis of cell protein
28. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• - commonly used, inexpensive, but non-
specific laboratory test (Westergren, 1921)
• - measures the speed of sedimentation of
RBC/RBC aggregates in plasma over a period
of 1 hour in a vertical column of
anticoagulated blood under the influence of
gravity
• - sialic acid-rich glycoproteins on cell surface
membranes contribute to creating a negative
charge on the cells’ surface cellular repel …
29. • - a raised ESR is associated with marked
rouleaux formation of RBCs
• - mainly depends on plasma concentration of
large proteins (fibrinogen, Ig)
• - ESR raised in systemic inflammatory &
neoplastic diseases; useful in chronic diseases,
for monitoring disease activity/response to
therapy
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) cont…..
30. The basic factors influencing the ESR
- increased ESR
• with elevated fibrinogen (e.g., pregnancy, collagen vascular
diseases, malignancy).
• decreased albumin conc.
• anemia (hematocrit is reduced, red blood cell aggregates
fall faster);
• macrocytic red cells also settle more rapidly.
a decreased ESR is associated with:
• hypofibrinogenemia, hypergammaglobulinemia associated
with dysproteinemia, and hyperviscosity
• blood diseases in which RBC have an irregular or smaller
shape that causes slower settling;
• increased albumin concentration
• – an abnormal value remains a nonspecific finding