Clotting time - Coagulation of whole bloodSHRUTHI VASAN
Coagulation of blood - Clotting Time - Introduction - Methods - Capillary Method - Tube Method - Lee White Method - Procedure - Normal Range - Discussion.
Clotting time - Coagulation of whole bloodSHRUTHI VASAN
Coagulation of blood - Clotting Time - Introduction - Methods - Capillary Method - Tube Method - Lee White Method - Procedure - Normal Range - Discussion.
how to select a healthy donor & care of donor .A healthy donor is one of the most vital part of transfusion medicine for safe transfusion of blood & blood product
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. INTRODUCTION
Cross-matching is one of the most important serological
procedure pertaining to blood group serology and is the
fundamental procedure responsible for safe blood
transfusion.
Basically Cross-matching is an antigen-antibody reaction,
a correct interpretation of which is the most essential
preliminary step in the practice of safe transfusion of
blood.
By cross-matching we are able to detect the atypical and
clinically significant antibody mostly IgM and IgG present
in recipient serum or in donor serum, also by autocontrol
we are able to detect auto-antibody in patient himself.
3. CONTINUE…
Cross match test is carried out to ensure that there are no
antibodies present in patients serum that will react with
donor cells when transfused.
Unless there is an urgent need for blood, a cross-match
must be preformed for red cell transfusion.
4. FUNCTIONS OF CROSS-MATCH
It is final check of ABO compatibility between the donor
and patient.
It may detect the presence of an antibody in the patient’s
serum which will react with an antigen on donor red cells
To ensure that patient/ recipient is supplied with a
compitable unit of antigen negative blood.
To prevent hemolytic transfusion reaction.
To detect immunologic auto antigen and auto antibody,
and blood to be issued has to be processed accordingly.
All this done with sole aim for safe transfusion
of blood
5. CROSS MATCH TESTING PROCEDURES
HAD BEEN DIVIDED INTO TWO
PARTS…..
Major cross match
Minor cross
8. PRINCIPLE OF CROSS MATCH
Major cross match is done to detect any serological
incompatibility b/w donor’s cells and patients serum.
Minor cross-match is done to detect any serological
incompatibility b/w patient cells and donor serum.
Cross-match is verified with a coombs reaction to detect
even the incomplete antibodies.
10. IMMEDIATE SPIN
TECHNIQUE/SALINE ROOM
TEMPERATURE TECHNIQUE
Immediate spin technique or saline room temperature
technique is enough to rule out any ABO grouping error.
But this technique is inadequate for identification of
clinically significant IgG type of antibodies.
Both these techniques are not good, because antibody
screening has not been carried out in our country.
11. PROCEDURE
label the tube as major/minor cross-match with donor
number & patient ID.
Using a micropipette add 1 volume of 2-5 % red cell
suspension to the labeled tube and 2 volume of serum to
the same tube.
Mix the tube well and centrifuge at 1000RPM for 1 min.
12. CONTINUE..
Gently shake and observe for agglutination or hemolysis
NO agglutination or hemolysis: Compatible
Agglutination or hemolysis seen : Incompatible
14. INDIRECT ANTI GLOBULIN
TECHNIQUE (IAT)
IAT test is widely used in cross matching as it detects
majority of incomplete antibodies.
15. PROCEDURE
Put 2 drops of serum in prelabelled test tube, & one drop
of 2 – 5% suspension of red cells
Incubate 45 to 60 min at 37°c
Gently shake and observe for agglutination or hemolysis
If test tube show any agglutination or hemolysis that
means incompatible at 37°C
16. CONTINUE…
If no agglutination or hemolysis present, wash the cells
three to four times with saline and decant the last wash
completely.
Add 2 drops of AHG reagent to the test tube
Gently shake and read the result immediately, if no
reaction, Wait for 5 min
Centrifuge at 1000rpm for 1 min
17. CONTINUE…
Shake gently and observe for agglutination or hemolysis
with optical aid
NO agglutination or hemolysis: Compatible
Agglutination or hemolysis seen : Incompatible
18. CONTINUE..
If the test is negative add one drop control IgG coated red
cells. Centrifuge again at 1000 rpm for 1 min
look for hemolysis or agglutination
if no agglutination or hemolysis, the test is invalid repeat
the procedure
21. FACTORS AFFECTING IAT
Temperature ( 37°C)
Serum : Cell ratio
Incubation time
Suspending Medium
( sensitivity of IAT increased with addition of 22 % bovine
albumin , enzyme or LISS)
22. ALBUMIN ADDITION TECHNIQUE
Put 2drops of serum of serum 1drop of 2-5% red cell
suspension in to a pre labeled test tube, Gently shake the
tube
Add 2 drops of bovine serum albumin & Gently shake the
tube
Incubate the test tube 30min at 37°c
Centrifuge 1000rpm for 1 min
23. CONTINUE…
Wash 3 times(minute amount of human protein can
neutralize AHG )ensure that the saline is completely
decanted after each wash
Add AHG 2 drops to the dry cell button
Gently shake and read the result immediately, if no
reaction, Wait for 5 min
Centrifuge at 1000rpm for 1 min
24. CONTINUE…
Shake gently and observe for agglutination or hemolysis
with optical aid
NO agglutination or hemolysis: Compatible
Agglutination or hemolysis seen : Incompatible
25. CONTINUE..
If the test is negative add one drop control IgG coated red
cells. Centrifuge again at 1000 rpm for 1 min
look for hemolysis or agglutination
if no agglutination or hemolysis, the test is invalid repeat
the procedure
28. CAUSES OF POSITIVE RESULTS IN
CROSS-MATCH
Incorrect ABO grouping of patient or donor.
An allo-antibody in the patient serum reacting with the
corresponding antigens on donor cells.
An auto-antibody in patients serum reacting with
corresponding antigen on donor red cells. This can be
solved by putting auto control which will be positive.
Donor red cells with a positive DAT.
Problems in patients serum E.g. Multiple myeloma.
Dirty glass ware.
29. DRAWBACK IN CROSS-MATCHING
Rh typing errors cannot be detected by cross-matching.
It can detect only antibody specific for red cell antigen of
the donor. A donor unit without appropriate antigen or
with very weak antigen may thus fail to detect the
corresponding antibody even if it present in serum of the
patient
Present method of compatibility testing cannot detect any
antibodies to either leucocyte antigen or platelet antigen